Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Toothbrushing”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effects of an antimicrobial additive to toothbrushes on residual periodontal pathogens.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have reported the link between residual microbial contamination of toothbrushes and periodontal diseases. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of an antimicrobial additive (Microban) to toothbrushes on residual retention of periodontal pathogens. METHODOLOGY: Twenty patients had one side of their mouths brushed with a toothbrush containing the antimicrobial agent (experimental side), and the other side with a toothbrush containing no agent (control). Toothbrushes were air-dried (25 degrees C) for four or 24 hours. Toothbrush heads were vortexed and cultured for Prevotella species (Ps), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and non-specific colony-forming units (NS). The plates were incubated and counted. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and data were analyzed using a series of t-tests (paired and unpaired) and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. RESULTS: No significant inter- or intra-group differences in mean counts were found; however, when four-hour and 24-hour data for Aa, Pg, or NS were combined, experimental counts were lower than controls in 39/50 (78%) of the matched pairs (Wilcoxon signed-rank test p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Toothbrushes containing the antimicrobial additive showed lower microbial counts than those without, but between-group means were not statistically significant.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed2005

Plaque removal efficacy and safety of the next generation of manual toothbrush with angled bristle technology: results from three comparative clinical studies.

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of a novel angled-bristled toothbrush in comparison with three established brushes. METHODS: The Oral-B CrossAction Vitalizer toothbrush was compared with two manual toothbrushes, the Oral-B CrossAction and Oral-B Advantage, and the battery-operated Crest SpinBrush Pro brush in three independent single-use, examiner-blind, crossover studies. In each study, over 50 healthy subjects from a normal population brushed with their randomly assigned toothbrush for 1 minute without instruction. Subjects returned after a 1-week washout period and brushed with the alternate toothbrush. At each visit, oral hard and soft tissues and plaque were examined before and after brushing. Plaque was evaluated using the Rustogi Modified Navy Plaque Index. RESULTS: Each tested toothbrush significantly (P=0.0001) reduced plaque levels after a single brushing. However, in all three studies, the CrossAction Vitalizer was significantly (P=0.0001) more effective than the comparator brushes in plaque removal from the whole mouth, the gingival margin and approximal surfaces. All toothbrushes were found to be safe with no evidence of oral hard or soft tissue trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Single-use plaque removal efficacy of three power toothbrushes.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and plaque removal efficacy of two oscillating/rotating/pulsating toothbrushes (Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000 [PC 7000] and Oral-B 3D Excel [3DE]) and a high-frequency toothbrush (Sonicare Advance, Philips Oral Healthcare; SA) in a single-use, examiner-blind, three period crossover study. METHODS: After refraining from all oral hygiene procedures for 23-25 hours, subjects received an oral tissue examination and those with pre-brushing whole mouth mean plaque scores > or = 0.6 based on the Rustogi et al. Modified Navy Plaque Index were randomly assigned to treatment sequence. After brushing with the assigned toothbrush and a commercially available dentifrice for 2 minutes, oral tissues were then re-examined and post-brushing plaque scores recorded. Following a brief washout period between two additional visits, the above procedures were repeated with the two alternate toothbrushes. One examiner, blinded to the treatment sequence, performed all clinical measurements. RESULTS: A total of 79 subjects (28 males and 51 females) were enrolled and completed the study. Each toothbrush was found to be safe and significantly reduced plaque levels after a single brushing. The PC 7000 and 3DE were equally more effective in plaque removal than the SA, at all tooth areas, reducing plaque by 59.0%, 59.7% and 51.8%, respectively on whole mouth surfaces, and by 67.5%, 67.8% and 59.4%, respectively on approximal surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The action of the oscillating/rotating/pulsating toothbrushes (Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000 and Oral-B 3D Excel) was more effective in plaque removal than the high-frequency toothbrush (Sonicare Advance).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surface roughness of different dental materials before and after simulated toothbrushing in vitro.

This study measured the effect of toothbrushing with a slurry of toothpaste on different dental materials that have been optimally polished. Specimens (n=8) of 21 dental materials, 16 resin composites, 1 amalgam and 4 ceramic materials, were subjected to 36,000 cycles (approximately five hours) of circular toothbrushing with a force of 1.7 N and a slurry of toothpaste (RDA 75) in a device for simulated toothbrushing. The unpolished enamel and dentin of extracted anterior teeth were used as a control. The mean roughness (Ra) was measured with an optical sensor (FRT MicroProf) before and after toothbrushing. To compare the roughness of the different materials, ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey B test was applied (p<0.05). Among the resin composites, the hybrid composites showed the greatest increase in mean roughness, while the microfilled composites and the compomer Compoglass F demonstrated the lowest increase. No statistically significant difference in roughness was found before and after simulated toothbrushing for the Amalcap amalgam, Esthet-X resin composite, TPH Spectrum resin composite, d.SIGN ceramic and the experimental ceramic. The other ceramic materials and dentin and enamel specimens showed a statistically significant decrease in mean roughness after simulated toothbrushing. Glazed Empress demonstrated a statistically significant higher initial roughness than polished Empress. For resin composites, no correlation was found between the mean particle size and mean roughness after simulated toothbrushing.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toothbrush age, wear, and plaque control.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effect of toothbrush age and wear on plaque control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 36 dental students were recruited for the 3-month double blind trail. Each participant received commercially purchased soft toothbrush and nonfluoridated toothpaste. Group I (n= 18) used the same brush for 3 months and Group II (n=18) replaced the brush every month. Toothbrush wear was recorded using Rawls formula (1989) and Plaque score was recorded using Patient Hygiene Performance index (1968). Recalls for the participants were scheduled after 1 (T1), 2 (T2) and 3 months (T3). OBSERVATIONS: Results indicated that the toothbrush wear varied widely amongst the participants. 25-62% wear was observed in Group I and 6-24% in Group II. The participants using the same toothbrush for 3-months did not exhibit statistically significant different plaque scores compared to those who replaced their toothbrush every month. Toothbrush age and wear was not related to plaque control.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Proliferative response of gingival cells to ultrasonic and/or vibration toothbrushes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of ultrasonic and/or vibration toothbrushes on cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. METHODS: In eight dogs, teeth and gingivae were stimulated once a day as follows: the first quadrant with an ultrasonic toothbrush (1.6 MHz); the second one with a mechanical vibratory toothbrush (141 Hz); and the third one with a toothbrush generating both the ultrasound and the vibration. The fourth quadrant served as a control. Proliferative activity and collagen synthesis of gingival cells were evaluated by assaying the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and procollagen type I C-peptide (PIP), respectively. RESULTS: After 5 weeks, ultrasonic or vibratory toothbrushes increased the numbers of PCNA-positive fibroblasts and PIP-positive fibroblasts. Toothbrushing with a combination of ultrasound and mechanical vibration increased the numbers of PIP-positive fibroblasts, total fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells to a greater extent than the one with only ultrasound alone. Vibratory toothbrush, but not the ultrasonic one, induced an increase in collagen density without gingival overgrowth.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term oral effects of manual or electric toothbrushes used by mentally handicapped adults.

This study investigated the long-term oral hygiene effects in mentally handicapped patients using an electric toothbrush as compared to manual brushing. Twenty-three moderately handicapped patients were selected and sampled into two study and two control groups. The two study groups used electric toothbrushes, while the control groups used manual toothbrushes. One of each study and control groups were aided by parent or staff in brushing. Plaque and gingival indexes were scored at day 0, after 3 months and after 16 months. Instruction in toothbrushing procedures and information about oral hygiene was given. When the study was completed, no significant changes were found in or between the groups regarding plaque scores. The gingival score of the unaided electric toothbrush group was significantly reduced after 16 months. This improvement was probably attributed to frequent recalls and a well-designed prophylactic program. The main conclusion of this study is that an electric toothbrush is not superior to a manual toothbrush.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

An electron microscopic comparison of bristle end-rounding of three commercial toothbrushes.

The results from three separate examinations using SEM photomicrographs and shape factor (SF) measurements show that Oral-B P-35 brushes have a highly significant difference in bristle end-rounding when compared to Colgate Precision and Crest Complete toothbrushes. The proportion of Oral-B P-35 bristles with highly rounded ends was substantially greater than that for Colgate Precision and Crest Complete toothbrushes. Oral-B also had fewer bristles in the very sharp-edged category than both Complete and Precision toothbrushes. Each toothbrush sample in these studies was purchased from geographically dispersed retail outlets throughout the United States. Scanning electron micrographs were made from a representative random sample of bristles, then digitized and evaluated using image analysis software. The comparisons were made on the basis of the number and distribution of bristles having varying degrees of roundness as determined by shape-factor analysis. Previous studies asserted that low shape-factor values indicate sharp bristle edges that are less conducive to good oral hygiene than end-rounded bristles with high SF values. In separate studies, Oral-B P-35 had a significantly higher number of highly end-rounded bristles than did either the Colgate Precision or Crest Complete toothbrushes. The averages for end-roundness fall in the order of Oral-B P-35 > Complete > Precision. Thus we conclude that the potential for harming dental tissues is less for the Oral-B P-35 toothbrush than for either the Colgate Precision or Crest Complete toothbrushes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Clinical plaque removal efficacy of three toothbrushes.

A single-blind, randomized clinical study compared plaque removal efficacy of three toothbrush designs under conditions simulating normal use. Ninety (90) subjects with substantially complete dentition used one of the three toothbrushes: Advanced Design Reach, Crest Complete and Oral-B 40. Subjects were examined for plaque before and after a single brushing using the Global Plaque Index to estimate plaque on the entire tooth surface, and the Proximal/Marginal Plaque Index (PMI), a new index, was used to estimate plaque at proximal and marginal surfaces of the teeth. The Advanced Design Reach toothbrush reduced plaque scores significantly more than did the other toothbrushes tested (p < 0.05) using either scoring method. At marginal and proximal sites, combined or separate, Advanced Design Reach toothbrush was significantly more effective than the other toothbrushes in plaque removal and produced significantly more plaque free sites than the other two toothbrushes. Evaluation of all anterior and posterior parts of the dentition with the Global Plaque Index indicated that Advanced Design Reach was superior in removing plaque in these regions. Both plaque indices were highly correlated (correlation coefficient 0.91) indicating excellent consistency by the dental examiner.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Plaque removal efficacy of two children's toothbrushes: a one-month study.

Reach Wonder Grip toothbrush for children was evaluated for plaque removal efficacy and compared to the Colgate Plus Junior (extra soft). The subjects appeared at the test site with overnight (14-18 hours) plaque accumulation. After qualifying for the study, sixty-eight (68) subjects were randomly assigned one of the test brushes. They then participated in the test evaluation at the clinical site wherein plaque levels were measured before and after a one minute brushing. Plaque removal efficacy was evaluated by the Global Plaque Index (percent of tooth surface covered by stained deposit). The subjects then used the assigned toothbrush at home for one month and returned to the test site to repeat the baseline evaluations. After their final plaque evaluations, the subjects were given a new toothbrush from each brand to use at home for one week and the subject and the parent were asked to complete a preference questionnaire. Sixty-seven (67) subjects completed the one month study. After one month's use of twice per day brushing, neither of the test toothbrushes demonstrated any evidence of oral irritation that could be related to toothbrushing. The results indicated that Reach Wonder Grip for Children was significantly more effective (p < 0.05) than Colgate Plus Junior in removing overall (Global) plaque at the initial exam period. The preference questionnaire indicated that the Reach Wonder Grip toothbrush was preferred by both the children and their parents. It is concluded that the new Reach Wonder Grip toothbrush for children is safe and effective for plaque removal.

Child↗
PubMed1993

A clinical study of comparative plaque removal performance of two manual toothbrushes.

A single-blind, two-phase cross-over clinical trial compared the plaque removal performance of two commercially available manual toothbrushes, Colgate Precision Full Head soft and Crest Complete soft. One hundred and one eligible adult male and female subjects refrained from toothbrushing for 24 hours and were then scored for dental plaque using the Rustogi, et al. refinement of the Modified Navy Plaque Index (Rustogi, et al. Index) on the facial and lingual surfaces of all natural teeth. Upon qualifying, subjects were stratified according to Mean Plaque Index (MPI) values and randomly assigned to one of two balanced groups. Seven days later, having refrained from oral hygiene procedures for a period of 24 hours, subjects returned for plaque scoring and the initial test toothbrushing. Their plaque was disclosed with a red disclosing solution and pre-brushing plaque scores were recorded. Subjects were assigned a test toothbrush (according to group) and brushed for an unsupervised, timed 60 seconds. They returned to the clinic and were again disclosed and evaluated for plaque. These post-brushing plaque scores were also recorded. This completed Visit 1. Subjects were instructed to resume their normal, unsupervised routine and return to the clinical site one week later for Visit 2, again with 24-hour oral hygiene abstention. At that time the alternate test toothbrush was assigned to each group in a cross-over design. Plaque scoring, toothbrushing and repeat plaque scorings were performed and recorded as at Visit 1. Before and after disclosing, plaque scoring and toothbrushing were again performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The role of the electric toothbrush in the control of plaque and gingivitis: a review of 5 years clinical experience with the Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover [D7].

The Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover (D7) (previously known as D5) is a well established electric toothbrush available worldwide. It has a round brush head with a diameter of 13 mm, with bristle tufts arranged in three circular rings, and an oscillating/rotating action. Since its introduction in 1991, a significant number of well designed clinical investigations have been published comparing the D7 with manual toothbrushes, as well as with other electric devices. A review of the findings from these various studies indicates that while both the D7 and manual toothbrushes effectively remove plaque and improve gingival condition, the efficacy of the D7 is clearly greater than that of the manual toothbrush. It is suggested that this advantage is related in particular to greater efficiency in interproximal, vestibular and lingual sites. Compared to other electric toothbrushes, there is evidence that the D7 also offers greater efficacy, but this requires clarification in further clinical investigations. It is concluded that the greater efficacy of the D7 over that of a manual toothbrush, together with the motivational effect that has been shown to be associated with electric toothbrush use, should offer potential for improved oral hygiene control.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of a new electronic toothbrush in removing bacterial dental plaque in young adults.

Although a high level of oral cleanliness is essential for long-term maintenance of dental health, many people cannot maintain good oral hygiene consistently. A new electronic toothbrush has been developed that induces a small electric charge onto tooth surfaces. This charge damages electrostatic bonding of plaque proteins to tooth surfaces; thus, plaque removal is enhanced while the toothbrush is used. Young men were issued identical toothbrushes; some were electrically active. Plaque levels were assessed at baseline, and after two and four weeks, concurrently with oral-hygiene instruction and professional prophylaxis. The electrically active toothbrushes demonstrated better plaque removal than the inactive toothbrushes. This better performance was statistically significant linguopalatally, indicating that significantly more plaque was removed where mechanical access was poorest. Thus, the electrical activity of this toothbrush significantly enhances plaque removal where toothbrushing access is limited.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical study of comparative plaque removal performance of two manual toothbrushes.

A clinical study was performed to evaluate and compare plaque removal performance of the two commercially available products; the Colgate Precision Full Head Soft toothbrush and Reach Full Head soft toothbrush. Twenty high school students, male and female subjects participated, each refraining from toothbrushing for 24 hours. Plaque was scored according to the Personal Hygiene Performance (PHP) Index of Podshadley and Haley, as modified by Martens and Meskin. Following screening, the subjects were divided into two balanced groups on the basis of initial plaque scores. At Visit 1, each group having refrained from toothbrushing for 24 hours, was evaluated for plaque before brushing for 60 seconds with the assigned toothbrush, after which plaque was again scored. At Visit 2, one week later, the same procedure was followed. Subjects were instructed to resume their normal routine and return to the clinical site for Visit 2. On completion of the study, the data collected were subjected to statistical analysis which indicated that the Colgate Precision Full Head soft toothbrush removed significantly more plaque than Reach Full Head soft toothbrush.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An in vitro investigation of the efficacy of CPC for use in toothbrush decontamination.

PURPOSE: A product designed as a toothbrush disinfectant containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound, recently was introduced. The purpose of this study was to provide additional evidence that CPC provides a practical solution for destroying residual microorganisms on air-dried toothbrushes and toothbrushes stored in a travel container. METHODS: Sterile synthetic toothbrushes were inoculated with optical density standardized laboratory cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis or Candida albicans. Half were then disinfected with CPC and half were used as untreated controls. The toothbrushes were vortexed in sterile saline solution, diluted in a ten-fold series, and plated on 5% blood agar or Sabouraud dextrose agar. The plates were incubated at 37 degrees C in a normal atmosphere for 48 hours, and colonies were counted. RESULTS: CPC produced significant decreases in residual microorganisms. Using the CPC spray treatment on air-dried toothbrushes, Staphylococcus epidermidis essentially was reduced 100-fold, while Candida albicans had a 94% reduction of growth. Bacterial counts were higher in the samples stored in closed containers as compared to the air-dried samples. CONCLUSION: CPC appeared to be an effective toothbrush disinfectant for the organisms evaluated. It is practical and economical. CPC could easily fit into the recommendations of a practice committed to infection control.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1998

A new in vitro method for testing the interproximal cleaning potential of toothbrushing.

A new laboratory method was developed and used to evaluate the approximal penetration of different toothbrushing techniques. Before brushing, the approximal surfaces on teeth numbers 33 to 38 were covered by a colored coating. After brushing from both the buccal and lingual sides, the teeth were removed and the remaining coatings on the approximal surfaces were photographed and magnified, and their areas were determined by computerization. Two conventional toothbrushing techniques and two toothbrushing techniques specially designed to enhance interproximal access were used. It was found that considerable areas on the approximal surfaces were left untouched by the toothbrush bristles, regardless of the toothbrushing technique employed. The findings suggest that improvements in toothbrush design will be a more important contribution to the attainment of effective interproximal brushing than the development of new brushing techniques. This test method shares many similarities with in vivo conditions and seems also well suited for evaluating interproximal cleaning potential of new toothbrushes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Single-use plaque removal efficacy of three power toothbrushes.

OBJECTIVES.: To compare the safety and plaque removal efficacy of two oscillating/rotating/pulsating toothbrushes (Oral-B ProfessionalCaretrade mark 7000 [PC 7000] and Oral-B 3D Excel [3DE]) and a high-frequency toothbrush (Sonicare(R) Advance, Philips Oral Healthcare; SA) in a single-use, examiner-blind, three period crossover study. METHODS.: After refraining from all oral hygiene procedures for 23-25 hours, subjects received an oral tissue examination and those with pre-brushing whole mouth mean plaque scores 0.6 based on the Rustogi et al. Modified Navy Plaque Index were randomly assigned to treatment sequence. After brushing with the assigned toothbrush and a commercially available dentifrice for 2 minutes, oral tissues were then re-examined and post-brushing plaque scores recorded. Following a brief washout period between two additional visits, the above procedures were repeated with the two alternate toothbrushes. One examiner, blinded to the treatment sequence, performed all clinical measurements. RESULTS.: A total of 79 subjects (28 males and 51 females) were enrolled and completed the study. Each toothbrush was found to be safe and significantly reduced plaque levels after a single brushing. The PC 7000 and 3DE were equally more effective in plaque removal than the SA, at all tooth areas, reducing plaque by 59.0%, 59.7% and 51.8%, respectively on whole mouth surfaces, and by 67.5%, 67.8% and 59.4%, respectively on approximal surfaces. CONCLUSIONS.: The action of the oscillating/rotating/pulsating toothbrushes (Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000 and Oral-B 3D Excel) was more effective in plaque removal than the high-frequency toothbrush (Sonicare Advance).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

[Toothbrushes in the ecology of Candida albicans].

Two hundred and twenty nine patients were sorted out at random from different services at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Venezuela, to investigate simultaneously the presence of Candida albicans in the mouth and in their toothbrushes. None of them showed signs of candidiasis. From the oral cavity of each patient two samples were taken by rubbing throughout the mucous membrane. One of them was cultured in oxgall agar and the other one in diluted milk agar. At the same time, the toothbrushes of the patients were cultured in oxgall agar or in diluted milk agar. The results showed evidence of C. albicans in the mouth of 28% of the patients hospitalized for different reasons, and in the 18% of the toothbrushes studied. Both media were found equally efficient for the diagnosis and identification of C. albicans in nascent culture, even with material contaminated with other yeasts and bacteria. The use of dental prosthesis, in patients without teeth and those with a few teeth, appears to be a predisposing factor for the colonization by C. albicans in healthy mouths. Out of 57 healthy mouth-carriers of C. albicans, 33 (58% of them ) had also C. albicans in their toothbrushes. These findings seem to point to the toothbrushes as being the possible reservoir and reinfection source in some cases of candidiasis. To patients suffering with oral candidiasis the use of some method for disinfecting the toothbrushes must be recommended when planning the treatment.

Candida albicans↗