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PubMed1990

A discriminant function analysis of deciduous teeth to determine sex.

Studies of deciduous teeth have concluded that crown size differences in these teeth between males and females are not reliable sex discriminators, in contrast to such differences in permanent teeth. This study measured the mesiodistal and faciolingual crown diameters of all deciduous teeth, as well as those of the permanent first molars, of 162 children from the Burlington Orthodontic Growth Study, conducted earlier in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. All 40 deciduous tooth diameters (20 mesiolingual and 20 faciolingual) were significantly different between the sexes, as were the permanent tooth diameters. Using three to five measurements of deciduous teeth, discriminant analyses of several samplings of these children produced discriminant functions in which 76 to 90% of the holdout samples were correctly classified by sex. Combinations of deciduous and permanent measurements were used to classify 83 to 85% of the holdout samples correctly. When compared with published data on other sample populations, the Burlington group is the most dimorphic for deciduous teeth and is within the range of permanent tooth dimorphisms of other populations. The level of classification accuracy, when using discriminant analysis of the deciduous teeth, can approach the accuracy levels of analysis using the permanent teeth.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth.

To isolate high-quality human postnatal stem cells from accessible resources is an important goal for stem-cell research. In this study we found that exfoliated human deciduous tooth contains multipotent stem cells [stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)]. SHED were identified to be a population of highly proliferative, clonogenic cells capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types including neural cells, adipocytes, and odontoblasts. After in vivo transplantation, SHED were found to be able to induce bone formation, generate dentin, and survive in mouse brain along with expression of neural markers. Here we show that a naturally exfoliated human organ contains a population of stem cells that are completely different from previously identified stem cells. SHED are not only derived from a very accessible tissue resource but are also capable of providing enough cells for potential clinical application. Thus, exfoliated teeth may be an unexpected unique resource for stem-cell therapies including autologous stem-cell transplantation and tissue engineering.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[A case of a so-called congenital tooth appeared in maxilla].

The congenital teeth are not only classified by Massler et al. as a natal tooth that has erupted at birth and a neonatal tooth that erupts at neonatal period, but also divided into a normal deciduous tooth and a supernumerary tooth. The congenital teeth are mostly found in the mandibular anterior region, but extremely rare in other regions. The authors met a rare case, that had a so-called congenital tooth in the maxillary anterior region, which was a supernumerary and fused tooth. The case was a boy patient, 4 months of age, who visited the pedodontic clinic, of Ohu University Dental Hospital, with the complaint of ruber and swelling of the maxillary anterior gum pad, October 17th in 1986. By oral inspection of the dental radiogram and his past history, the authors found a odontoid material in the swelled gum pad and diagnosed it as a so-called congenital and supernumerary tooth. The tooth was extracted. The extracted tooth was investigated histopathologically. It had the v-shaped incisula at the middle of its edge, and seemed as if two teeth had coalesced. The serial preparations by the labio-lingual section showed no partition, such cementum as to divide the enamel, the dentin and the pulp near the incisula. Therefore it was diagnosed as fused tooth correctly. In the labial surface of the root formed about a third root length, the thickness of the cellular cementum was observed. It was considered as a physiological reaction to no support of the alveolar bone and to the excess mobility of the tooth. The prognosis after its extraction was good, and all normal deciduous incisors appeared in his mouth, 7 month later.

Fused Teeth↗
PubMed1995

Identifying a deciduous dentigerous cyst.

While the dentigerous cyst is not uncommon, its development as a result of an impacted deciduous tooth is rare. According to the authors' search, this case is only the fifth of its type reported in the dental literature. The authors review the presentation and treatment of a deciduous dentigerous cyst.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pattern of dental extraction in children in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.

Changes that occurred in the pattern of tooth extraction in the last 13 years among a population of children in Nigerian were studied. The result of this study was then compared to that of a past study done in the same institution 13 years earlier. Information on age, gender, and indication of tooth extraction was collected prospectively from 379 consecutive patients who visited the outpatient Pediatric Dental Clinic for the first time during the year 2002. Results showed tooth extraction due to caries decreased, while there was an increase in tooth extraction from an apparent increase in orthodontic treatment needs. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), a significant cause of tooth loss in the last decade, decreased significantly. The pattern of deciduous tooth loss also changed as more anterior teeth were lost for orthodontic reasons in this present study. The pattern of tooth loss in the permanent dentition remains very similar to that of the past study, though more premolars were lost in the present study. There appears to be an increasing need for tooth extractions in orthodontic treatment for this population of children. The focus of planned dental health care provisions, treatment policies, and training emphasis in child dental care may need to shift to addressing orthodontic needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Immunocompetent cells in the pulp of human deciduous teeth.

This immunohistological study sought to determine how the distribution and density of various immunocompetent cells change in the pulp of human deciduous teeth during the process of physiological root resorption. Forty-three extracted deciduous teeth at various stages of resorption were subjected to immunoperoxidase staining with the use of antibodies directed to HLA-DR, CD68, factor XIIIa and lymphocyte subsets. In intact deciduous teeth (group 0), all types of cells examined, except for CD20+ B lymphocytes, were detected. In teeth in which resorption was less than 1/3 of the root length (group 1), all types of cells showed a statistically significant increase compared with group 0 (P<0.05; Mann-Whitney's U-test). HLA-DR+, CD68+, and factor XIIIa+ cells with a dendritic profile kept their distribution in the periphery of the pulp, and oval and round, newly recruited macrophages accumulated in the central portion of the pulp and near the resorption sites. In teeth where resorption was 1/2 to 2/3 (group 2), all the cell types increased further. Aggregations of HLA-DR+, CD68+, and factor XIIIa+ cells were frequently seen in the central portion of the pulp, and T and B lymphocytes occasionally formed some clusters. Comparisons with group 1 revealed that the density of these cells, except for CD20+ cells, showed significant increases (P<0.05; Mann-Whitney's U-test). These results provided evidence showing that immunocompetent cells of deciduous tooth pulp increase with the progress of physiological root resorption, suggesting that immunocompetency of deciduous teeth is altered by this process.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

Development, growth and eruption of permanent incisor teeth in Romney sheep.

The development of permanent incisor teeth of sheep was followed from the age of six weeks to 116 weeks. The teeth were observed through the bud, cap and bell stages, and the development of enamel and dentine. At the same time that amelogenesis started, the papillary layer developed from the intermediate layer and the outer dental epithelium began to form the cell rests of Malassez. The ameloblasts went through secretory, transitional and maturational phases, and in due course disappeared, after which cementum was laid down over the enamel surface. Initially the connective tissue of the follicle surrounding the growing tooth was very loose, but was replaced from the crown end as the tooth developed, by more dense connective tissue. Around the time of eruption, melanocytes were found on the lingual surface of the coronal end of the follicle. The root was formed under the influence of Hertwig's epithelium, and the cell rests of Malassez appeared to continue to develop from the outer enamel epithelium. Odontoblasts, which arose from the pulp connective tissue, were initially cuboidal but became fusiform as the tooth matured. At the time of eruption, amelogenesis was almost complete and cementum covered the majority of the tooth surface. The cell rests and melanocytes of the tootth follicle appeared to migrate with the tooth as it erupted. The deciduous tooth was resorbed from the lingual surface. The junctional epithelium of the erupted permanent tooth may have arisen from the cell rests, remnants of the dental lamina or gingival epithelium, depending on the presence or absence of inflammation.

Amelogenesis↗
PubMed1999

The effect of physiological root resorption on repair potential of primary tooth pulp.

The aim of this study was to determine, the effects of root resorption on repair potential of healthy deciduous tooth pulps. Fourteen canine teeth which needed to be extracted for orthodontic purposes and in which resorption had just begun (1st group, resorption did not exceed 1/3 of root length) or was in advanced resorption stage (2nd group, resorption was between 1/3 and 2/3 of root length) were used for this study. Direct pulp capping treatment was implemented in vivo, to 7 teeth in each group. Reparative dentin formation was determined three months later following extraction. The teeth were examined histopathologically under light microscope. As a result, in the teeth with different resorption levels, dentin bridge formation in the capping area was observed. Although maturation of the thin dentin bridges was completed in all teeth, maturation of the thick dentin bridges was still continuing at the 90th day.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Reducing the incidence of unerupted palatally displaced canines by extraction of deciduous canines. The history and application of this procedure with some case reports.

The procedure of extracting the deciduous canine to reduce the incidence of the unerupted palatally displaced canine was first described in 1951, and an article solely devoted to the technique appeared in 1959. The procedure then virtually vanished until 1981. A prospective study published in 1988 created the first widespread interest in the method which now appears in major texts. Why the procedure succeeds is uncertain. In the 1950s non-resorption of the deciduous canine was thought to cause palatal deflection of its successor and therefore it appeared appropriate to extract the obstructing deciduous tooth. It has been estimated that the technique should be successful in approximately one in three of all cases in the population aged 10 to 13 years. The earlier the detection the better the prognosis, because the unerupted canine frequently moves more mesially with time. Before the procedure is attempted it is important to discuss possible outcomes with the patient. Three successfully treated cases are illustrated. The first conformed with the guidelines of having an uncrowded maxillary arch and being aged between 10 and 13 years. The second was aged 15 years 2 months at commencement. An unsuccessful surgical exposure of the permanent canines followed by extraction of the deciduous canines was carried out in the third case.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The effect of birthweight on tooth-size variability in twins.

Studies indicate that low birthweight (LBW) children display reduced deciduous tooth size but there is little information about permanent tooth size. It has also been shown that dental fluctuating asymmetry (FA) increases in response to various environmental influences, but the relationship between birthweight and FA remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare tooth size and asymmetry, according to birthweight, in the deciduous and permanent dentitions of a sample of Australian twins. The study sample comprised 436 twins, classified into 2 groups: normal birthweight (NBW > 2500 g) and low birthweight (LBW < or = 2500 g). For each individual it was generally possible to measure maximum mesiodistal crown diameters of both deciduous and permanent central incisors from serial dental models. Correlations were calculated between tooth-size variables and birthweight; subsequently comparisons of tooth size and FA were made between the LBW and NBW samples using Student's t tests. Small positive correlations (around .1) were noted between birthweight and tooth-size variables. There was no evidence of tooth-size reduction in the LBW male sample, but the LBW females displayed tooth-size reduction of approximately 2-3% for both deciduous and permanent incisors, compared to the NBW females. There was no evidence of increased FA in the LBW individuals of either sex. These findings indicate that developing teeth are generally well-protected from developmental disturbances during prenatal and perinatal periods. Further research is needed to clarify the biological basis of an apparently true but weak association between tooth size and birthweight.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1991

Fluorosis of deciduous teeth and first permanent molars in a rural Kenyan community.

The severity and distribution of fluorosis in the deciduous dentition of 76 children in a low-income community near Nairobi were studied. Seventeen children comprised a low-F (fluoride) group (water less than 0.7 ppm F) and 59 a high-F group (water approximately 9 ppm F). The high-F group had scores greater than or equal to 5 in the Thylstrup & Fejerskov classification system for 29% of the deciduous tooth surfaces, compared with 7% in the low-F group. Comparison between the scores of the second deciduous and the first permanent molars showed no significant difference in the high-F group (p greater than 0.001), whereas the deciduous molar was significantly less severely affected in the low-F group (p less than 0.001). The deciduous molars of the two groups differed significantly (p less than 0.002), but not the permanent molars (p greater than 0.10). Early introduction of tea might have been a major contributor to the distributions of fluorosis, particularly in the low-F group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Mesiodistal size of deciduous teeth in subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was an association between presence of a cleft and reduced size of deciduous tooth on the cleft side. In this investigation, 58 study models of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate with deciduous dentition were analyzed. The largest mesiodistal dimension of deciduous teeth was measured by a sliding caliper. The size of the same teeth on the side of the cleft and on the non-cleft side was compared. The results of the investigation were statistically analyzed. A difference between the genders was found. In the sample of boys the lateral deciduous incisor and the second deciduous molars on the cleft side were smaller than those on the non-cleft side, while in girls the central and lateral deciduous incisors were smaller on the cleft side than on the non-cleft side. It was concluded that the presence of a unilateral cleft lip and palate was associated with smaller tooth size.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

[A study on interdental spaces of the deciduous dental arch in Indian sample].

The primate spaces are described as a genetic characteristic of all primate dentitions. In homo sapiens, they are limited to the deciduous dentition. We have now investigated the prevalence of primate spaces and interdental spaces in the deciduous dentition by sex and arch in samples from Indian children and the relationship between these spaces and other morphological characteristics of the deciduous dental arches. The samples were taken from 55 school children, 26 males and 29 females aged 5-7 years, belonging to the middle class of socio-economic status and living in New Delhi. The samples were taken during January of 1988. All were free of dental malformations, extractions or caries and a certain children had erupted permanent first molars. The result were as follows: 1. There was a wide variation in the pattern of the interdental spacing. The most common areas of spacing were mesial to the maxillary primary canine (primate spaces) and mesial to the mandibular primary canine (developmental spaces) for all ages. The mandibular primate spaces were considerably less frequent than the maxillary ones. The prevalence of primate spaces and developmental spaces were higher in the maxillary deciduous arch than in the mandibular deciduous arch. 2. Frequent distribution of the occlusal termination type were found to be more variable. The bilateral vertical terminal plane was found in about 50% at ages 5 to 6 of both sexes. The vertical terminal occlusal pattern existed even in the deciduous arches in which the first permanent molars had erupted. 3. The mesiodistal crown diameters of each deciduous tooth were greater in males than in females. The sex differences in mesiodistal crown diameters were significant for mandibular second deciduous molars. The sum of mesiodistal crown diameter in the closed deciduous arches was larger than in the spaced deciduous arches. 4. The dental arch increased slightly in width but decreased a little in length with changes in age during the deciduous dentition period. The deciduous arch diameters in the spaced arches were larger than in the closed arches. Statistically significant differences were found between the spaced arches and the closed arches for the mandibular anterior or posterior arch lengths and the anterior arch width for both arches. Generally, spacing of the deciduous arches was significantly related to the mesiodistal crown diameter, intercanine width and intermolar width, but there was no significant relationship to the eruption of the permanent first molars.

Child↗
PubMed1993

A histological study of the exfoliation of human deciduous teeth.

For clarification of the histological details of the shedding of human deciduous teeth, exfoliated and extracted deciduous teeth were examined by light and electron microscopy. After the roots were completely resorbed, the dentogingival junction migrated along the inner resorbing surface and finally reached the pulpal surface of the crown. At the same time, the gingival epithelium also proliferated and migrated under the crown of the deciduous tooth in such a way that part of it lined the residue of the pulp and another part lined the surface overlying the erupting successional tooth. This phenomenon took place from various sides of the tooth surface. Therefore, just before exfoliation, the migrated gingival epithelium formed narrow necks of tissue, and the crown was only superficially attached to the gingiva by them. The final shedding of the tooth appeared to occur by a tearing of these narrow tissue regions. The results of the present study suggest that the dento-gingival junction as well as gingival epithelium play important roles in the process of exfoliation of human deciduous teeth.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1990

[The study of root resorption of human deciduous teeth. I. Histological observation by light microscope].

Sixty-four human non-carious deciduous teeth were used to observe the root resorption of deciduous teeth by means of light microscope. The extent of root resorption was classified into 6 grades: Res. O, Res. i, Res. 1/4, Res. 1/2, Res. 3/4, Res. Co. In the physiological root resorption of deciduous tooth, there are numerous, large multinucleated odontoclasts and mononuclear fibroblasts or macrophages residing at the Howship's lacunae. The odontoclasts resorbed hard dental tissues, including cementum, dentin. A characteristic of active or "resorbing" odontoclasts, but not in free or inactive odontoclasts is cytoplasmic projections, or brush borders, which were found near the underlying hard dental tissues. The deciduous root resorption was found to be most advanced in the apical areas. Because of the different eruption path of the permanent successors, the position of deciduous root resorption varied. Generally, the lingual surface was resorbed more extensively than the labial surface in the deciduous anterior teeth; the resorption of the furcal area and interradicular cementum surface of the roots were more advanced in the deciduous molars. Predentin can be resorbed by odontoclasts, too. However, it seems more resistant to resorption than dentin. Resorption lacunae could be observed in the root canal and pulp chamber. This means that the internal root resorption probably occur simultaneously. Periodontal fiber attachment was observed in some Howship's lacunae of the root surface. Inflammatory changes occurred in the pulp of deciduous teeth during the shedding process, especially when the deciduous root was resorbed more than one half way. The appearance of the repairing cellular cementum and periodontal fiber attachment was clearly observed in some deciduous roots.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[A bacteriological study of frontal deciduous dental caries in children].

Bacteriological factors of caries in anterior deciduous teeth were studied by analysing the flora in 25 children, aged 3 to 4 years. Samples were collected from the caries of labial surfaces of maxillary anterior deciduous teeth, including caries lesions, white spot margins of these lesions and caries-free smooth enamel surfaces. Plaques were obtained from the cervical third areas of the maxillary labial anterior deciduous tooth surfaces in caries-free children and served as controls. The results show the detectable rate of S. mutans and their amount against total streptococci in the 3 sampling sites are both significantly higher than that of caries-free children. This suggests S. mutans may be the major pathogenic bacteria of caries of anterior deciduous teeth.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Changes in the arch length following premature loss of deciduous molars.

When the normal physiological process of deciduous tooth exfoliation and eruption of its successor is disrupted, a series of changes are observed in the dental arches. The aim of the study was to evaluate the amount of changes in arch length after the premature loss of deciduous molars. The sample consisted of 82 children, 53 without premature loss and 29 with premature loss of either deciduous first or second molar or both, unilaterally. A reduction in arch length was observed both in the maxilla and mandible at the molar region and an increase in arch length at the canine region in the mandible. Reduction in arch length was due to mesial migration of the molar and the increase in arch length was due to the distal migration of canine. It was seen that arch length reduction was more in maxilla as compared to the mandible and that distal drifting of canine was observed only in the mandible.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Mononuclear odontoclast participation in tooth resorption: the distribution of nuclei in human odontoclasts.

Osteoclasts and odontoclasts have been considered multinucleated giant cells which resorb hard tissue by ruffled borders. Recently, the authors reported the presence of a mononuclear osteoclast and odontoclast with a ruffled border. However, the relative frequency of such cells and the distribution of the number of nuclei including mononuclear cells in them have not been elucidated. Six human deciduous teeth were used in this study. After fixation and decalcification, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity was detected with the azo dye method, and then TRAP-positive cells were observed on resorbing areas of teeth by light microscopy. The cells for investigation were serially sectioned by semithin sections to observe the presence of resorptive lacuna and the number of nuclei. The TRAP activity was detected in both multinucleated and mononuclear odontoclasts from serial semithin sections, and 242 TRAP-positive cells which formed lacunae on dentin were investigated to determine the frequency distribution of the number of nuclei. The mean number of nuclei per cell was 5.3, and median was 4. Only 2.9% of odontoclasts were mononucleus and 93.8% had 10 or fewer nuclei. The majority of odontoclasts forming lacunae on the dentin were cells with 10 or fewer nuclei, and mononuclear odontoclasts participated in human deciduous tooth resorption together with multinucleated ones.

Acid Phosphatase↗