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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Decolorization of textile azo dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria.

Studies were carried out on the decolorization of textile azo dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. Among the 27 strains of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria isolated from effluents of textile industries, three showed remarkable ability in decolorizing the widely utilized azo dyes. Phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence comparisons indicate that these strains belonged to the genus Halomonas. The three strains were able to decolorize azo dyes in a wide range of NaCl concentration (up to 20%w/v), temperature (25-40 degrees C), and pH (5-11) after 4 days of incubation in static culture. They could decolorize the mixture of dyes as well as pure dyes. These strains also readily grew in and decolorized the high concentrations of dye (5000 ppm) and could tolerate up to 10,000 ppm of the dye. UV-Vis analyses before and after decolorization and the colorless bacterial biomass after decolorization suggested that decolorization was due to biodegradation, rather than inactive surface adsorption. Analytical studies based on HPLC showed that the principal decolorization was reduction of the azo bond, followed by cleavage of the reduced bond.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2005

Decolorization of mixtures of different reactive textile dyes by the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete sordida and inhibitory effect of polyvinyl alcohol.

We tried to decolorize mixtures of four reactive textile dyes, including azo and anthraquinone dyes, by a white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete sordida. P. sordida decolorized dye mixtures (200 mg l-1 each) by 90% within 48 h in nitrogen-limited glucose-ammonium media. Decolorization of dye mixtures needed Mn2+ and Tween 80 in the media. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) played a major role in dye decolorization by P. sordida. Decolorization of dye mixtures by P. sordida was partially inhibited by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that wastewaters from textile industries often contain. This was caused by an inhibitory effect of PVA on the decolorization of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) with MnP reaction system. Second addition of Tween 80 to the reaction mixtures in the presence of PVA improved the decolorization of RR120. These results suggest that PVA could interfere with lipid peroxidation or subsequent attack to the dye.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2004

The evaluation of electrical energy per order (E(Eo)) for photooxidative decolorization of four textile dye solutions by the kinetic model.

Photooxidative decolorization of four textile dyestuffs, C.I. Acid Orange 7 (AO7), C.I. Acid Orange 8 (AO8), C.I. Acid Orange 52 (AO52) and C.I. Acid Blue 74 (AB74), by UV/H2O2 was investigated in a laboratory scale photoreactor equipped with a 15 W low pressure mercury vapour lamp. The decolorization of the dyes was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics, and hence the figure-of-merit electrical energy per order (E(Eo)) is appropriate for estimating the electrical energy efficiency. The E(Eo) values were found to depend on the concentration of H2O2, concentration and basic structure of the dye. This study shows that these textile dyes can be treated easily and effectively with the UV/H2O2 process with E(Eo) values between 0.4 and 5 kW h m-3 order-1, depending on the initial concentrations of dyes and H2O2. The kinetic model, based on the initial rates of degradation, provided good prediction of the E(Eo) values for a variety of conditions.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Vermiconversion of wastewater sludge from textile mill mixed with anaerobically digested biogas plant slurry employing Eisenia foetida.

Vermicomposting is commonly used for the management of organic wastes. We have investigated the potential of an epigeic earthworm, Eisenia foetida, to transform solid textile mill sludge (STMS) spiked with anaerobically digested biogas plant slurry (BPS) into vermicompost to evaluate the feasibility of vermicomposting in industries for waste management. The growth and reproduction of E. foetida was monitored in a range of different feed mixtures for 15 weeks in laboratory under controlled experimental conditions. E. foetida did not survive in fresh STMS. But worms grew and reproduced in STMS spiked with BPS feed mixtures. A greater percentage of STMS in feed mixture affected biomass gain and cocoon production by earthworms. The maximum growth was recorded in 100% BPS. The net weight gain by E. foetida in 100% BPS was two-four-fold higher than STMS-containing feed mixtures. After 15 weeks, maximum cocoons (78) were counted in 100% BPS and minimum (26) in 60% BPS+40% STMS feed. Vermicomposting resulted in pH shift toward acidic, significant reduction in C:N ratio, and increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents. Microbial activity measured as dehydrogenase activity increased with time up to day 75 but decreased on day 90, indicating the exhaustion of feed and decrease in microbial activity. These experiments demonstrate that vermicomposting can be an alternate technology for the recycling and environmentally safe disposal/management of textile mill sludge using an epigeic earthworm, E. foetida, if mixed with anaerobically digested BPS in appropriate ratios.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ecotoxicological evaluation of the short term effects of fresh and stabilized textile sludges before application in forest soil restoration.

The short term (eco)toxicity potential of fresh and stabilized textile sludges, as well as the short term (eco)toxicity of leachates obtained from both fresh and stabilized textile sludges, was evaluated by a battery of toxicity tests carried out with bacteria, algae, daphnids, fish, earthworms, and higher plants. The (eco)toxicological results showed that, after 120 d of stabilization, the experimental loading ratio of 25% sludge:75% soil (v/v) (equivalent to 64.4 ton/ha) did not significantly increase toxicity effects and increased significantly the biomass yield for earthworms and higher plants. The rank of biological sensitivity endpoints was: Algae approximately Plant biomass > Plant germination approximately Daphnids > Bacteria approximately Fish > Annelids. The lack of short term toxicity effects and the stimulant effect observed with higher plants and earthworms are good indications of the fertilizer/conditioner potential of this industrial waste, which after stabilization can be used in the restoration of a non-productive forest soil.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Process intensification in the textile industry: the role of membrane technology.

Process intensification is a concept that was recently introduced in the chemical industry for the purpose of reducing environmental emissions, energy consumption and materials consumption. The principle of process intensification can be used in related industries as well; textile finishing is an exemplary activity where it may have a significant long-term added value. Membrane technology can be a key factor in the recycling and reuse of energy, water and chemicals. In this paper, an integral approach for treatment of aqueous process streams in the textile finishing industry is proposed. The proposed process includes microfiltration pretreatment of used finishing baths, followed by a dual nanofiltration (NF) unit. These can be operated at elevated temperatures so that no further energy is needed for preheating of recycle streams. In the proposed treatment scheme, the first of the NF units uses a loose nanofiltration membrane that retains most of the organic fraction but not the dissolved salts. The second unit uses a tight nanofiltration membrane, which produces a permeate fraction that can be directly reused, and a concentrated brine that is fed to a membrane crystallizer. In this unit, salts are recovered and recycled for use in new dye baths. The concentrate stream from the first NF unit is fed to a membrane distillation unit, where the high temperature is advantageously used for further concentration. The remaining fraction is not reusable, given the fact that most dyes are hydrolyzed after exhaustion of the bath, but has a significant energetic value, which can be utilized for compensation of energy losses and preheating of suppletion water, by using an incineration process with energy recovery. The concept was not tested experimentally, but a simulation for a 500 m3/d production unit shows that it is feasible, although modifications may be necessary depending on the nature of the finishing baths. Furthermore, the membrane choice in the first NF unit is a critical aspect.

Conservation of Energy Resources↗
PubMed2006

Some properties of a granular activated carbon-sequencing batch reactor (GAC-SBR) system for treatment of textile wastewater containing direct dyes.

Resting (living) bio-sludge from a domestic wastewater treatment plant was used as an adsorbent of both direct dyes and organic matter in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. The dye adsorption capacity of the bio-sludge was not increased by acclimatization with direct dyes. The adsorption of Direct Red 23 and Direct Blue 201 onto the bio-sludge was almost the same. The resting bio-sludge showed higher adsorption capacity than the autoclaved bio-sludge. The resting bio-sludge that was acclimatized with synthetic textile wastewater (STWW) without direct dyes showed the highest Direct Blue 201, COD, and BOD(5) removal capacities of 16.1+/-0.4, 453+/-7, and 293+/-9 mg/g of bio-sludge, respectively. After reuse, the dye adsorption ability of deteriorated bio-sludge was recovered by washing with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The direct dyes in the STWW were also easily removed by a GAC-SBR system. The dye removal efficiencies were higher than 80%, even when the system was operated under a high organic loading of 0.36kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d. The GAC-SBR system, however, showed a low direct dye removal efficiency of only 57+/-2.1% with raw textile wastewater (TWW) even though the system was operated with an organic loading of only 0.083kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d. The dyes, COD, BOD(5), and total kjeldalh nitrogen removal efficiencies increased up to 76.0+/-2.8%, 86.2+/-0.5%, 84.2+/-0.7%, and 68.2+/-2.1%, respectively, when 0.89 g/L glucose (organic loading of 0.17kgBOD(5)/m(3)-d) was supplemented into the TWW.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of levafix orange textile dye solution by electrocoagulation.

The decolorization of the levafix orange textile dye in aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using aluminum sacrificial anode has been investigated. The process performance is analyzed in terms of decolorization efficiency and the important cost-related parameters such as electrode and energy consumptions, as a function of initial pH, conductivity, current density, initial dye concentration and electrolysis time. The present study proves the effectiveness of electrochemical treatment for the textile dye solution. 95% decolorization efficiency may be obtained at suitable operating conditions such as; current density 100 A/m(2), operating time 12 min and initial pH 6.4. The corresponding electrode and energy consumptions during the electrolysis were found to be 1.8 kg Al/kg dye and 35 k Wh/kg dye.

Color↗
PubMed2006

Electrochemical treatment of textile dyes and dyehouse effluents.

The electrochemical oxidation of textile effluents over a titanium-tantalum-platinum-iridium anode was investigated. Batch experiments were conducted in a flow-through electrolytic cell with internal recirculation at current intensities of 5, 10, 14 and 20A, NaCl concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% and recirculation rates of 0.81 and 0.65 L/s using a highly colored, synthetic effluent containing 16 textile dyes at a total concentration of 361 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 281 mg/L. Moreover, an actual dyehouse effluent containing residual dyes as well as various inorganic and organic compounds with a COD of 404 mg/L was tested. In most cases, quantitative effluent decolorization was achieved after 10-15 min of treatment and this required low energy consumption; conversely, the extent of mineralization varied between 30 and 90% after 180 min depending on the operating conditions and the type of effluent. In general, treatment performance improved with increasing current intensity and salinity and decreasing solution pH. However, the use of electrolytes not containing chloride (e.g. FeSO4 or Na2SO4) suppressed degradation. Although the acute toxicity of the actual effluent to marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri was weak, it increased sharply following treatment, thus suggesting the formation of persistent toxic by-products.

Aliivibrio fischeri↗
PubMed2004

Mutagenicity of different textile dye products in Salmonella typhimurium and mouse lymphoma cells.

Textile dyes used within the European Union (EU) were examined for available published and unpublished mutagenicity data. Fifty-three dye products that had so far not been investigated for mutagenicity were tested in the bacterial reverse mutation assay with Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) according to a modification of the OECD 471 guidelines (instead of five strains, only TA98 and/or TA100 were used with and without metabolic activation (S9-mix)). About 28% (15 out of 53) of the dye samples were positive in the Ames test. Fifteen samples showed positive results with TA98, two were positive in TA100. The mutagenicity of nine Ames-positive textile dye products was further investigated in the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) (OECD 476). Sixty-seven percent (6 out of 9) induced genotoxic effects in the MLA. The induction rates (IR) were between 2.1 and 132 in the bacterial reverse mutation assay and between 2.1 and 15.2 in the MLA. The results confirm previous findings that dye products are marketed that are not sufficiently tested and that show mutagenic effects in in vitro tests.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Performance of ion-exchanger grafted textiles for industrial water treatment in dynamic reactors.

The performance of a special class of grafted textiles in removing metal cations from industrial wastewaters was examined in continuous reactors. The influence of various parameters on the ion exchange process (reactor geometry, inlet metal ion concentration, solution flow rate, concentration and type of reagent, etc.) was studied over the complete service cycle of the exchanger (saturation, desorption, regeneration, rinsing). Dynamic ion exchange characteristics were determined and compared with those of resins under identical operating conditions. Higher efficiency of fibrous ion exchangers compared to analogous resins, was shown at all stages of the service cycle. Results were expressed as a function of breakthrough capacity, exchanger utilisation efficiency, volume of solution treated, eluted metal concentration. The use of different reactor geometries showed two of the many possible applications of grafted textiles in water treatment processes.

Industrial Waste↗
PubMed2006

Decolorizing and detoxifying textile wastewater, containing both soluble and insoluble dyes, in a full scale combined anaerobic/aerobic system.

The wastewater originating from the bleaching and dyeing processes in the textile factory Ten Cate Protect in Nijverdal (the Netherlands) was successfully treated in a sequential anaerobic/aerobic system. In the system, a combination of an anaerobic 70-m3 fluidized bed reactor and a 450-m3 aerobic basin with integrated tilted plate settlers, 80-95% of the color was removed. The color was largely removed in the preacidification basin and the anaerobic reactor. Color, deriving from both reactive as well as disperse, was anaerobically removed, indicating that these type of dyes were reduced to colorless products. Interestingly, the vat dyes, the anthraquinones and indigoids, which were thought to be removed mainly aerobically, were largely anaerobically decolorized. Apparently the anaerobic system is capable of effectively removing the color of both soluble as insoluble dyes. The treated effluent of the sequential anaerobic/aerobic treatment showed no toxicity towards the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri (EC20 (95%) > 45%). Partially bypassing the anaerobic stage resulted in increased toxicity (EC20 (95%) of 9% and 14%) in the effluent of the aerobic treatment and caused significant decrease of color removal. The results of this study show a main contribution of anaerobic treatment in decolorizing and detoxifying the textile wastewater in the sequential anaerobic/aerobic system.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2006

Treatment of textile dyehouse wastewater by TiO2 photocatalysis.

The oxidative degradation of an actual textile dyehouse wastewater was investigated by means of photocatalysis in the presence of TiO2. The UV-A-induced photocatalytic oxidation over TiO2 suspensions was capable of decolorizing the effluent completely, as well as reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) sufficiently (COD reduction generally varied between about 40% and 90% depending on the operating conditions) after 4 h of treatment. Two crystalline forms of TiO2, viz. anatase and rutile, were tested for their photocatalytic activity and anatase was found to be more active than rutile. The extent of photocatalytic degradation was found to increase with increasing TiO2 concentration up to 0.5 g/L TiO2, above which degradation remained practically constant, reaching a plateau. Furthermore, textile effluent degradation was enhanced at acidic conditions (i.e. pH = 3) and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. To assess catalyst activity on repeated use, experiments were performed where the catalyst was recovered and reused; after three successive uses, TiO2 had sufficiently retained its photocatalytic activity. Finally, the luminescent marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri was used to assess the acute ecotoxicity of samples prior to and after the photocatalytic treatment and it was found that ecotoxicity was fully eliminated following photocatalytic oxidation.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2006

Effect of textile wastewaters on Saccharomyces cerevisiae using DNA microarray as a tool for genome-wide transcriptomics analysis.

Textile mill effluents (TMEs) discharged from the textile industry can be considered as one class of hypothetical toxicants in the environment. To investigate the potential toxicity of TMEs, we applied cDNA microarray technology to examine the genome-wide expression profiles in model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results revealed a rich source of genetic information for the yeast cells that were exposed to the untreated and treated TMEs. Among the 5956 valid genes, 275 genes were up-regulated and 40 genes were down-regulated for the untreated TMEs. On the other hand, only 90 genes were up-regulated, and 29 genes were down-regulated upon exposure to the treated TMEs. The changes in gene expression were also confirmed by RT-PCR. The potent up- and down-regulation of genes suggest that yeast cells undergo genome-wide changes in mRNA expression, indicative of a stress response. Additionally, a classification into specific functional gene categories indicated that untreated and even treated TMEs still had toxicity. Especially, the genes related to oxidative stress, such as AHP1, ATX1, GRX1, TRX1 and TRX2, were up-regulated in treated TMEs that can directly reach to surface and ground waters, and sediments.

Down-Regulation↗
PubMed1999

Application of electrospray mass spectrometry in the detection and determination of Remazol textile dyes.

The electrospray (ES) behaviour of selected Remazol textile dyes, their hydrolysis products and the latters' reaction, following elution from a strong anion-exchange cartridge, with 30% concentrated HCl in MeOH, is studied and applied to the direct analysis of dye containing effluent. For unambiguous identification and determination of these textile dyes in effluents, it is necessary to resort to ES utilising MS-MS and MS3. Further, a tabular review of recent applications of HPLC-ES-MS and, to a lesser extent, CE-ES-MS with reference to drug and pesticide analysis is presented.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1999

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of some anthraquinone and naphthoquinone dyes occurring in historical textiles.

A reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed for identification and quantitation of nine natural quinone dyes and applied to historical textile fibres. A Purospher RP18e column was used with a convex gradient of methanol in a mobile phase of 0.1 M aqueous citrate buffer (pH 2.5) and spectrophotometric diode-array detection at 270 nm. For identification of alizarin, purpurin and xanthopurpurin, occurring together in the madder plant, an isocratic method was used with a methanol-0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 4.3) (75:25) as the mobile phase. After an acid extraction of textile fibres and the analysis of the extracts, alizarin and purpurin were identified and quantitated in three fibres.

Anthraquinones↗
PubMed2002

Anaerobic/aerobic treatment of coloured textile effluents using sequencing batch reactors.

Conventional biological wastewater treatment plants do not easily degrade the dyes and polyvinyl alcohols (PVOH) in textile effluents. Results are reported on the possible advantages of anaerobic/aerobic cometabolism in sequenced redox reactors. A six phase anaerobic/aerobic sequencing laboratory scale batch reactor was developed to treat a synthetic textile effluent. The wastewater included PVOH from desizing and an azo dye (Remazol Black). The reactor removed 66% of the applied total organic carbon (load F: M 0.15) compared to 76% from a control reactor without dye. Colour removal was 94% but dye metabolites caused reactor instability. Aromatic amines from the anaerobic breakdown of the azo dyes were not completely mineralised by the aerobic phase. Breakdown of PVOH by the reactor (20-30%) was not as good as previous reports with entirely aerobic cultures. The anaerobic cultures were able to tolerate the oxygen and methane continued to be produced but there was a deterioration in settlement.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2002

Removal of dyes from a synthetic textile dye effluent by biosorption on apple pomace and wheat straw.

This paper deals with two low-cost, locally available, renewable biosorbents; apple pomace and wheat straw for textile dye removal. Experiments at total dye concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/l were carried out with a synthetic effluent consisting of an equal mixture of five textile dyes. The effect of initial dye concentration, biosorbent particle size, quantity of biosorbent, effective adsorbance, dye removal and the applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were examined. One gram apple pomace was found to be a better biosorbent, removing 81% of dyes from the synthetic effluent at a particle size of 2 mm x 4 mm and 91% at 600 microm. Adsorption of dyes by apple pomace occurred at a faster rate in comparison to wheat straw. Both the isotherms were found to be applicable in the case of dye adsorption using apple pomace.

Adsorption↗