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PubMed1995

SmaCS: smart classification system for the design, maintenance and use of complex terminologies. Application in pediatric cardiology.

The development of a generic Smart Classification System (SmaCS) for the design, construction, maintenance, and use of complex controlled terminologies is described. The ability of SmaCS to create and maintain terminologies that are combinations of structured terms and domain-specific knowledge is an important aspect of its design. SmaCS can therefore be used both for both controlled data-collection, using integrity rules included in the terminology, and intelligent data-retrieval. The design and implementation of SmaCS and application in the domain of pediatric cardiology are described.

Cardiology↗
PubMed1995

Paranasal sinuses:anatomic terminology and nomenclature.

A consensus on the preferred modern usage of potentially confusing or ambiguous terms in sinus anatomy and nomenclature is described. These terms are intended to provide clear communication among otorhinolaryngologists and serve as a basis for discussion among anatomists. Terminology is in English and based on Latin nomenclature. An attempt has been made to reconcile or eliminate duplication, redundancy, and overlap in terminology that have arisen over the past century. A key concept is that the ethmoid complex is divided into anterior and posterior sections by the basal lamella of the middle turbinate.

Ethmoid Sinus↗
PubMed2001

Physician interpretations and textbook definitions of blinding terminology in randomized controlled trials.

CONTEXT: When clinicians assess the validity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), they commonly evaluate the blinding status of individuals in the RCT. The terminology authors often use to convey blinding status (single, double, and triple blinding) may be open to various interpretations. OBJECTIVE: To determine physician interpretations and textbook definitions of RCT blinding terms. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational study undertaken at 3 Canadian university tertiary care centers between February and May 1999. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-one internal medicine physicians who responded to a survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondents identified which of the following groups they thought were blinded in single-, double-, and triple-blinded RCTs: participants, health care providers, data collectors, judicial assessors of outcomes, data analysts, and personnel who write the article. Definitions from 25 systematically identified textbooks published since 1990 providing definitions for single, double, or triple blinding. RESULTS: Physician respondents identified 10, 17, and 15 unique interpretations of single, double, and triple blinding, respectively, and textbooks provided 5, 9, and 7 different definitions of each. The frequencies of the most common physician interpretation and textbook definition were 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65%-83%) and 74% (95% CI, 52%-90%) for single blinding, 38% (95% CI, 28%-49%) and 43% (95% CI, 24%-63%) for double blinding, and 18% (95% CI, 10%-28%) and 14% (95% CI, 0%-58%) for triple blinding, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that both physicians and textbooks vary greatly in their interpretations and definitions of single, double, and triple blinding. Explicit statements about the blinding status of specific groups involved in RCTs should replace the current ambiguous terminology.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed1998

Terminology and nomenclature for standardization in quantitative fluorescence cytometry.

Terminology in any field is a complex mix of established conventions, accepted usages, disputed terms, and occasional misnomers. The terminology that has evolved for quantitative fluorescence cytometry (QFCM) is especially multifarious, in part because QFCM encompasses a range from subjective visual assessments to objective photon counts. Thus, while descriptive terms such as "dim" and "bright" are still quite useful, quantitative terms such as "binding capacity" should be used with collective understanding of their exact meanings. This article reviews current usage and proposes definitions that, with refinement from suppliers and users of QFCM technology, can provide the required clarity.

Calibration↗
PubMed1996

Towards a new terminology for clinical anatomy, with special reference to the heart.

This article presents a new approach to the terminology of cardiac anatomy. It grew out of the Clinical Terms Project, which was initiated by the United Kingdom's Department of Health, and which aimed to produce a thesaurus of preferred terms with which to record every aspect of health care. We have attempted to rectify some of what we see as the shortcomings of the Nomina Anatomica with respect to the heart. Our approach has five, main features. First, expansion of the list of names to meet the needs of practicing physicians in recording both anatomical aspects, and functional assessment, of the heart. Second, a thematic, rather than the classical "four chambered," approach. Third, the identification of preferred or core terms, which are usually short, easily abbreviated, well understood, and widely used but often contain little detail. Fourth, the amplification of core terms by one or more qualifiers, each of which has one or more attributes, with dependent values. Fifth, the lists are constructed in English, not in Latin, and at present refer only to the morphologically normal heart. There is no claim, implicit or otherwise, that our current sets of preferred terms are either all embracing or definitive; manifestly they are not. We believe, however, that they represent a sensible first statement in what, we hope, will be a continuing dialogue. The use of the terminology will be mandatory within the United Kingdom's National Health Service and, it is hoped, it will also be used in preclinical and clinical education.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2000

Cardiac looping in the chick embryo: a morphological review with special reference to terminological and biomechanical aspects of the looping process.

Understanding early cardiac morphogenesis, especially the process of cardiac looping, is of fundamental interest for diverse biomedical disciplines. During the past few years, remarkable progress has been made in identifying molecular signaling cascades involved in the control of cardiac looping. Given the rapid accumulation of new data on genetic, molecular, and cellular aspects of early cardiac morphogenesis, and given the widespread interest in cardiac looping, it seems worth reviewing those aspects of the looping process that have received less attention during the past few years. These are terminological problems, the "gross" morphological aspects, and the biomechanical concepts of cardiac looping. With respect to terminology, emphasis is given to the unperceived fact that different viewpoints exist as to which part of the normal sequence of morphogenetic events should be called cardiac looping. In a short-term version, which is preferred by developmental biologists, cardiac looping is also called dextral- or rightward-looping. Dextral-looping comprises only those morphogenetic events leading to the transformation of the originally straight heart tube into a c-shaped loop, whose convexity is normally directed toward the right of the body. Cardioembryologists, however, regard cardiac looping merely as a long-term process that may continue until the subdivisions of the heart tube and vessel primordia have approximately reached their definitive topographical relationship to each other. Among cardioembryologists, therefore, three other definitions are used. Taking into account the existence of four different definitions of the term cardiac looping will prevent some confusion in communications on early cardiac morphogenesis. With respect to the gross morphological aspects, emphasis is given to the following points. First, the straight heart tube does not consist of all future regions of the mature heart but only of the primordia of the apical trabeculated regions of the future right and left ventricles, and possibly a part of the primitive conus (outflow tract). The remaining part of the primitive conus and the primordia of the great arteries (truncus arteriosus), the inflow of both ventricles, the primitive atria, and the sinus venosus only appear during looping at the arterial (truncus arteriosus) and venous pole (other primordia). Second, dextral-looping is not simply a bending of the straight heart tube toward the right of the body, as it has frequently been misinterpreted. It results from three different morphogenetic events: (a) bending of the primitive ventricular region of the straight heart tube toward its original ventral side; (b) rotation or torsion of the bending ventricular region around a craniocaudal axis to the right of the body, so that the original ventral side of the heart tube finally forms the right convex curvature and the original dorsal side forms the left concave curvature of the c-shaped heart loop; (c) displacement of the primitive conus to the right of the body by kinking with respect to the arterial pole. Third, dextral-looping does not bring the subdivisions of the heart tube and vessel primordia approximately into their definitive topographical relationship to each other. This is achieved by the morphogenetic events following dextral-looping. This review seeks to bring together data from the diverse disciplines working on the developing heart.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Reflections on eponyms in neuroscience terminology.

Eponyms have played a very significant linguistic role in technical and scientific terminology. They are an important feature of language that have contributed for a long time to engraving in history the names of those researchers who have devoted their lives to scientific discovery. In the field of medical terminology, they are an asset, although their semantic effectiveness has constituted a long-standing debate. We will analyze how language contributes to the advance of science and technology and the current position of eponyms in the health sciences. Eponymy in neuroscience has been used for a long time as a way to identify and recognize scientific issues, such as diseases, syndromes, methods, processes, substances, organs, and parts of organs as a way to honor those who, in a certain way, contributed to the progress of science. However, sometimes those honors do not correspond to the real contributors, thus receiving a nondeserved acknowledgment. Another problem with eponymic references is the lack of information about the matter in hand, because eponyms do not provide any clear information leading to the identification of the situation under study, as they are not reasonably descriptive. The aim of this article is to encourage the use of descriptive terms instead of eponyms and to establish a system of scientific nomenclature to consolidate the use of the language as a means of conveying scientific information among experts.

Communication↗
PubMed2007

Carl Friedrich Naumann and the introduction of enantio terminology: a review and analysis on the 150th anniversary.

Enantiomorphism and enantiomorphous were the first enantio-based terms, introduced 150 years ago, by Carl Friedrich Naumann, a German crystallographer, to refer to non-superposable mirror-image crystals. The terminology was not adopted by Pasteur, the discoverer of molecular chirality, and was not embraced at first in the stereochemical context, until it was accepted in 1877 by Van't Hoff in the German edition of his proposal for the tetrahedral asymmetric carbon atom. In the 1890s the use of enantio terms began to spread in the research literature, and many new derivatives of Naumann's original two terms were subsequently introduced. Problems in the usage of some of the terms are often found in the literature, e.g., enantiomorphism is sometimes confused with chirality; enantiomeric is often misused; the meaning of some of the many derived terms, e.g., enantiosymmetric, enantioposition, etc., is unclear. All in all, Naumann should be remembered as the creator of essential terminology in the realm of chirality.

Chemistry, Analytic↗
PubMed2005

Terms without borders: an international approach to terminology.

This article describes the similarities between different terminological systems for reporting the spectrum of abnormalities that comprise pre-cancerous, malignant and equivocal cellular changes in epithelial cells of the uterine cervix. In particular, the new terminology proposed by the British Society for Clinical Cytology (BSCC) is closely aligned with the Bethesda system (TBS) as modified in 2001. Both make a clear distinction between high-grade and low-grade intraepithelial abnormalities and identify certain categories of atypical or borderline changes that are suspicious for high-grade abnormalities.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed2006

Heterogeneity of terminology and clinical definitions in adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a critical appraisal from literature analysis.

We have carried out a literature review on diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in adults, based on the articles published during the years 2000-2005, aimed at assessing the variability in the terminology and clinical definitions. A total of 85 articles were considered eligible. In particular, the platelet level for initiating treatment, the definition of response to treatment in terms of platelet count and timing, the evaluation of bleeding symptoms, the criteria to define chronic and refractory forms were compared in the different articles. The study revealed confounding terminology and an unacceptable heterogeneity for clinical definitions relevant to management decisions and outcomes reporting.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Some ways that technology and terminology distort the euthanasia issue.

Technology and terminology often detract from a reasoned appraisal of the euthanasia option, especially in those discussions that argue for euthanasia's incorporation into a beneficence-based medical model. "Beneficent euthanasia," assuming there is such a thing, poses special challenges to the traditional provider-patient relationship. These challenges argue for well-defined limits of beneficence and a more equitable distribution of responsiblity between participants. We should not allow technology and terminology to generate an unrealistic portrayal of patient death and its ramifications. Participants need to acknowledge their roles in the decision to kill and the obligations that those roles entail. Perhaps we can reach ethical consensus concerning euthanasia by first reasserting our span of control over the technology that can extend the near-death period and by openly discusssing euthanasia's implications.

Altruism↗
PubMed1995

Terminology and the current limitations of time capnography: a brief review.

The carbon dioxide (CO2) trace versus time (time capnography) is convenient and adequate for clinical use. This is the method most commonly utilized in capnography. However, the current terminology in time capnography has not yet been standardized and is, therefore, a potential source of confusion. Standard terminology that is based on convention and logic to represent the various phases of a time capnogram is essential. The time capnogram should be considered as two segments: an inspiratory segment and an expiratory segment. The inspiratory segment is termed as phase ); the expiratory segment is divided into phases I, II, III, and, occasionally, IV. Phase I represents the CO2-free gas from the airways (anatomical dead space); phase II consists of a rapid S-shaped upswing on the tracing due to mixing of dead space gas with alveolar gas; and phase III, the alveolar plateau, represents CO2-rich gas from the alveoli. The physiologic basis of phase IV, the terminal upswing at the end of phase III, which is observed in capnograms recorded under certain circumstances (such as in pregnant subjects and obese subjects) is discussed in detail. The clinical implications of the alpha angle, which is the angle between phases II and III, and the beta angle, which is the angle between phases III and the descending limb of phase 0, are outlined. The subtle but important limitations of time capnography are reviewed; its current status as well as its future potential are explored.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alice-in-Wonderland terminological usage in, and communicational concerns about, that peculiarly American flight of technological fancy. The CQT polygraph.

Alice-in-Wonderland (AW) terminological usage employs basic terms in a systematically misleading and taxonomically anarchic way. The so-called "control" question "test" (CQT) polygraph procedure, which enjoys a controversial but nevertheless scientific status in North America, involves such AW terminological usage. The basic concepts of "test," "control," and "quantification" are loosely employed. There is loose talk about the "detection of deception," which generates the paradox that in the CQT it is in the innocent that deception should be detected. Moreover, deception is not really assessed either in the CQT or in the more scientically-based Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT). Finally, there is loose practice in evaluating the CQT, which should not be primarily assessed in terms of its overall accuracy, but in terms of its specific effects in improving accuracy through the provision of physiological information to the examiner. Such as assessment has not been carried out even in laboratory analogues of polygraphy. The treatment of the CQT exemplifies most psychophysiologists' reluctance to treat basic definitional issues seriously, and also means that opponents of the CQT are unable to communicate clearly about it with non-psychophysiologist professionals and with the lay community.

Arousal↗
PubMed1997

Acromial morphology: the enigma of terminology.

Variation in acromial morphology has been associated with the pathogenesis of subacromial impingement syndrome and rotator cuff disease. However, the use of a multitude of different descriptive terminology has lead to confusion in the literature concerning acromial architecture. This review is aimed to show the discrepancy in the literature of acromial morphology and advise suitable terminology to prevent confusion in the future.

Acromion↗
PubMed2004

Terminology in coloproctology.

On the matter of the terminology used for large intestine, its sections and different pathologies, a general observation would be that there is a quantity of different sections, words and interchanges that in the end cause some distress in the medical community. The correct terminology assists in the understanding between doctors, some terms, though are standard and unchangeable. Some of those terms are somewhat false but can always be used in a better way. When the relevant knowledge exists, then cooperation between doctors is easier and could help in avoiding mistakes in the future.

Colonic Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Neuroanatomical term generation and comparison between two terminologies.

An approach and software tools are described for identifying and extracting compound terms (CTs), acronyms and their associated contexts from textual material that is associated with neuroanatomical atlases. A set of simple syntactic rules were appended to the output of a commercially available part of speech (POS) tagger (Qtag v 3.01) that extracts CTs and their associated context from the texts of neuroanatomical atlases. This "hybrid" parser. appears to be highly sensitive and recognized 96% of the potentially germane neuroanatomical CTs and acronyms present in the cat and primate thalamic atlases. A comparison of neuroanatomical CTs and acronymsbetween the cat and primate atlas texts was initially performed using exact-term matching. The implementation of string-matching algorithms significantly improved the identification of relevant terms and acronyms between the two domains. The End Gap Free string matcher identified 98% of CTs and the Needleman Wunsch (NW) string matcher matched 36% of acronyms between the two atlases. Combining several simple grammatical and lexical rules with the POS tagger ("hybrid parser") (1) extracted complex neuroanatomical terms and acronyms from selected cat and primate thalamic atlases and (2) and facilitated the semi-automated generation of a highly granular thalamic terminology. The implementation of string-matching algorithms (1) reconciled terminological errors generated by optical character recognition (OCR) software used to generate the neuroanatomical text information and (2) increased the sensitivity of matching neuroanatomical terms and acronyms between the two neuroanatomical domains that were generated by the "hybrid" parser.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

Descriptive terminology for jaw anomalies.

A descriptive terminology for jaw abnormalities was developed and has been used for many years. This terminology was based primarily on inspection of patients and evaluation of cephalometric x-ray images and defines the anatomic location of abnormalities. Its aids in communication between doctors of different specialties.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Development of a compositional terminology model for nursing orders.

AIM: Develop a compositional terminology model for nursing orders that would conform to the existing standard health level seven (HL7) messaging standard for clinical orders. Develop and evaluate the set of attributes needed for a pre-coordinated concept for a single nursing order, using a replicable three-step modeling process. RESULTS: A terminology model for nursing orders was developed using empirical data. The model was validated against nursing research and standards literature, and evaluated using 609 nursing orders that were successfully mapped to the structure. The representative services came from 20 Intermountain Health Care (IHC) hospitals, demonstrating the generalizability of the model and its attributes across many care settings.

Health Personnel↗