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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Strapping of curly toes in children.

This is a retrospective review of 49 children with curly toes treated by strapping; 24 children (44 toes) presented for review. The strapping produced improvement in 68% of toes while strapping was maintained, but there was a statistically significant loss of correction once strapping was stopped. There was some sustained improvement in the shape of the toes compared with the natural history, but not sufficient to warrant its use for this minor congenital deformity. Treatment should be reserved for the more severely deformed toe, as this may cause symptoms in later life, and the author recommends open flexor tenotomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1961

Multiple toe-pinch method for testing analgesic drugs.

In guinea-pigs and rats, an immediate squeak was one of the most consistent and readily observed responses to application of a light artery clip to the base of a toe. Morphine and related drugs suppressed this response. Squeak-responses from each toe of an experimental animal formed the basis of a technique for measuring activity of analgesic drugs. A statistical method was developed to analyse the correlated quantal observations obtained. It provided an estimate of the increase of information from several toes compared with one. Testing all toes of each animal yielded a substantial increase of information, because the correlation between responses of different toes was low. Among drugs having an analgesic action in man, 1-(beta-diethyl-aminoethyl)-2-(p-ethoxybenzyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole, methadone, morphine, pethidine and codeine (in descending order of potency) were active in this test in guinea-pigs. Acetylsalicylic acid, amidopyrine, amphetamine, chlorpromazine, 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid, lysergic acid diethylamide, mephenesin, nalorphine, pentetrazole, phenobarbitone, phencyclidine, phenytoin, salicylamide, strychnine and troxidone showed little or no activity. The time-courses of active drugs were estimated, and morphine had the longest action.

Aminopyrine↗
PubMed2004

Subungual squamous cell carcinoma of the toe: report on three cases.

BACKGROUND: Primary subungual squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the toe is seldom reported in the literature, with most described cases occurring on the fingernails. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, histopathologic, and laboratory findings of cases of invasive subungual SCC of the toe. METHODS: All cases of SCC of the toes retrieved from our database in the last 3 years were reviewed. A search for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA from paraffin-embedded sections was performed with polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Three patients, all male, with a subungual SCC (two well differentiated and one poorly differentiated) of the toe were identified. Treatment consisted of surgical amputation in all cases. One patient with poorly differentiated SCC and lymph node metastases also underwent inguinal lymphadenectomy. Polymerase chain reaction search for HPV DNA was negative in all samples. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike Bowen's disease and SCC of the fingernails, a causative role of HPV infection in the development of in situ and invasive subungual SCC of the toe seems unlikely.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heterogeneity of capillary density of skin over the dorsum of the foot and toes of healthy subjects.

The spatial pattern of capillaries is one of many factors important for the optimisation of oxygen and nutrient delivery in a specified region of tissue. One area of particular interest to the vascular specialist is the skin of the dorsum of the foot and toes, as these are especially prone to ulceration in patients with arterial disease. The aim of this study was therefore to establish the extent of capillary density (CD) heterogeneity in the normal skin of the dorsum of the foot and toes, since any great non-uniformity might produce regions of low perfusion, which may become vulnerable to ulceration. Using white-light (native) videomicroscopy at a magnification of x 40 in 15 healthy subjects (mean age 72 years), the dorsum of the foot and toes was systematically mapped by determining the CD at each of 25 sites on the dorsum of the foot, and at 2 sites on the distal phalanx of each toe. Off-line analysis of videoprints was then undertaken to determine CD at each site, according to a fixed protocol of measurement and data analysis. The mean value and spatial coefficient of variation of CD was then calculated for each foot. There was striking spatial heterogeneity of CD in the dorsum of the foot, some areas having low numbers of capillaries and other areas in the same foot having higher capillary numbers. This spatial heterogeneity of CD was observed in all the feet studied, and the mean coefficient of variability was 22.3%. The toes had a significantly higher mean CD (47.7/mm2) than the dorsum of the foot (33.5/mm2, p < 0.001). The finding of a significant spatial heterogeneity of CD in the foot of normal subjects has important implications in relation to function, methodology of CD measurement and the possibility that regional 'rarefaction' of CD may contribute to the pathogenesis of skin ulceration in arterial disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Floating-toe deformity as a complication of the Weil osteotomy.

BACKGROUND: The Weil osteotomy for treatment of central metatarsalgia is an oblique osteotomy of the metatarsal neck and shaft parallel to the ground that provides controlled shortening of the metatarsal without additional depression. It offers many advantages over more traditional osteotomies, including stability and a large area of bone-to-bone contact. However, a floating-toe deformity appears to be a common complication after this osteotomy. METHODS: Between February, 2000 and February, 2003, 70 Weil osteotomies (in 26 patients) were done at one institution. Follow-up averaged 18.3 (6 to 36) months. Weightbearing radiographs were examined for shortening, subluxation, and for evidence of nonunion or malunion of the metatarsal head. Floating-toe deformity and mild recurrent tenderness were noted in the history and physical examination. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Lesser Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale (LMIS) was used for outcome rating. At final follow-up, nonunion and malunion also were evaluated. RESULTS: The median score of the AOFAS scale was 81 (19 to 95) points. Fifty-four percent of the osteotomies were done with a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis of the same ray, and we observed a higher occurrence of floating-toe deformity in this group of patients. CONCLUSION: Although it may be associated with some complications, the Weil osteotomy is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of central metatarsalgia. We conclude that floating-toe deformity is a common complication associated with PIP joint arthrodesis. Although it appears not to cause a functional impairment, concurrent PIP arthrodesis should be avoided to reduce the occurrence of floating toes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Crossover second toe deformity.

The crossover second toe deformity occurs when the lateral collateral ligament and joint capsule of the second metatarsophalangeal joint deteriorate. The second toe initially deviates in a medial direction but with time deviates dorsally and crosses up and over the great toe. A total of 17 patients (22 toes) were evaluated and 11 patients (15 toes) underwent surgical correction. A 90 degree satisfactory rate was noted at 42 months follow-up.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The toe-spreading reflex of the rabbit revisited--functional evaluation of complete peroneal nerve lesions.

Although a variety of electrophysiological and morphological tests are available for studying nerve regeneration in animals, these endpoints do not necessarily correlate with the return of muscle function. Recent efforts have focused on the assessment of function as the endpoint of nerve regeneration. One of the best known of these tests is the sciatic function index in rats. For rabbits, the toe-spreading reflex has been suggested as a valuable index of peroneal function. We examined the reliability and sensitivity of the toe-spreading reflex in a study of nerve regeneration of the peroneal nerve in 10 New Zealand White rabbits. Eleven weeks after the transection and immediate suturing of the peroneal nerve in both hind legs (at two slightly different sites), a toe-spreading reflex could always be elicited on that side where the level of the severed nerve was closer to the dependent muscles. Also on this hind leg the muscle weight of the peroneal target muscles was significantly higher (P = 0.031) than on the contralateral side, which corresponds well to the results of the toe-spreading reflex. The toe-spreading reflex is an excellent and sensitive indicator of the onset of motor recovery in the peroneal nerve-dependent muscles of rabbits. Even small differences in the localization of lesions in both hind legs can be differentiated with this test.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Plantar fat-pad displacement in neuropathic diabetic patients with toe deformity: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to quantify the association between claw/hammer toe deformity and changes in submetatarsal head (sub-MTH) fat-pad geometry in diabetic neuropathic feet. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirteen neuropathic diabetic subjects (mean age 56.2 years) with toe deformity, 13 age- and sex-matched neuropathic diabetic control subjects without deformity, and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects without deformity were examined. From high-resolution sagittal plane magnetic resonance images of the second and third ray of the foot, toe angle (a measure of deformity), sub-MTH fat-pad thickness, and subphalangeal fat-pad thickness were measured. The ratio of these thicknesses was used to indicate fat-pad displacement. RESULTS: Sub-MTH fat pads were significantly thinner (2.5 +/- 1.3 vs. 6.0 +/- 1.4 mm, P < 0.001) and subphalangeal fat pads significantly thicker (9.1 +/- 1.9 vs. 7.6 +/- 1.2 mm, P < 0.005) in the neuropathic group with deformity compared with neuropathic control subjects. As a result, thickness ratio was substantially smaller in the deformity group: 0.28 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.79 +/- 0.14 in neuropathic control subjects (P < 0.001). A significant correlation of 0.85 was present between toe angle and thickness ratio (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between neuropathic and healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a distal displacement and subsequent thinning of the sub-MTH fat pads in neuropathic diabetic patients with toe deformity and suggests that, as a result, the capacity of the tissue in this region to reduce focal plantar pressure is severely compromised. This condition is likely to increase the risk of plantar ulceration in these patients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Systematic tactile error of judgment in finger-toe correspondence.

40 normal adults were tested for finger-toe correspondence identification. A systematic differential pattern of tactile judgment of errors for the five toes (with more errors in the case of the middle three toes) was obtained. The pattern was similar for both men and women and across right- and left-foot toes. These results are discussed in terms of poor sensory representation (or overlapping sensory pathways) of toes in the cerebral cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Analysis of toe pressures under the foot while dynamic standing on one foot in healthy subjects.

Dynamic balance is a crucial element in performing many activities of daily living. The one-leg stance test is a valuable test for balance impairment. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationships between body sway and toe pressure for dynamic balance test of one-leg standing on a perturbation platform. The subjects were 15 volunteers (six males and nine females, age = 21.1 +/- 1.8 years). The instrument used for evaluation of balance was the Balance System, whose software provides information on the subject's stance balance through calculation of two main variables: 1) body sway parameters (cm) and 2) peak pressure (percent of body weight/cm2) under the toes. The Balance System includes actuators which move the foot platform back and forth (+/- 40 mm perturbation at 0.25 Hz) at an average velocity of 20 mm/sec. The subjects were asked to balance on each leg for 20 seconds. The trials were repeated on the opposite foot after 5 minutes of rest. The dynamic postural control induced by low frequency perturbation in the anterior/posterior direction used the ankle strategy. Body sway was more significantly correlated with the peak anterior/posterior sway component than with lateral sway (p < 0.01). The peak pressure value of the great toe was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than the sum of the peak values of the other four toes for both sides. The study indicates the importance of the strength of the toes and somatosensory information from the sole and ankle during the dynamic one-foot standing balance as goals in rehabilitation for poor balance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Three-dimensional kinematics of the distal forelimb in horses trotting on a treadmill and effects of elevation of heel and toe.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Comprehensive understanding of the 3-dimensional (3D) kinematics of the distal forelimb and precise knowledge of alterations induced by dorsopalmar foot imbalance remains incomplete because in vivo studies performed with skin markers do not measure the actual movements of the 3 digital joints. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effects of 6 degree heel or toe wedges on the 3D movements of the 4 distal segments of the forelimb in horses trotting on a treadmill. METHODS: Three healthy horses were equipped with ultrasonic markers fixed surgically to the 4 distal segments of the left forelimb. The 3D movements of these segments were recorded while horses were trotting on a treadmill. Rotations of the digital joints were calculated by use of a joint coordinate system. Data obtained with 6 degree heel or toe wedges were compared to those obtained with flat standard shoes. RESULTS: Use of heel wedges significantly increased maximal flexion and decreased maximal extension of the proximal (PIPJ) and distal (DIPJ) interphalangeal joints. Inverse effects (except for PIPJ maximal extension) were observed with the toe wedges. In both cases, neither flexion-extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint nor extrasagittal motions of the digital joints were statistically different between conditions. CONCLUSIONS: At a slow trot on a treadmill, heel and toe wedges affect the sagittal plane kinematics of the interphalangeal joints. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Better understanding of the actual effects of toe and heel wedges on the 3D kinematics of the 3 digital joints may help to improve clinical use of sagittal alteration of hoof balance in the treatment of distal forelimb injuries.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Abnormal extension of the big toe as a cause of ulceration in diabetic feet.

Relief from external pressure and repetitive stress is a main concept in treating diabetic neuropathic ulcers. Ulcers on the tip of the big toe may be caused by abnormal extension of the big toe, which can be diagnosed only by observing the patient during barefoot walking. A flexor pad underneath the big toe eliminates the phenomenon, but in case of rigidity of the toe, extremely roomy toe boxes must be prescribed. Out of a series of 272 diabetic patients with skin lesions on the feet 18 suffered this phenomenon, in one case with bilateral ulcerations. Fifteen ulcers healed and below the knee amputation had to be carried out in 4 legs due to ischaemia.

Diabetic Neuropathies↗
PubMed1985

An economic analysis of performance data from toe-clipped laying hens housed at variable stocking densities.

Data from a previously reported study investigating the interaction of toe-clipping and stocking density on laying-hen performance were subjected to economic analyses to determine optimal profit-producing combinations of these two management practices. In three separate trials, toe-clipped (TC) and intact (IN) pullets were examined at caging densities of either 4 (465 cm2/hen) or 5 (372 cm2/hen) birds per cage. In each trial, beginning at 22 wk of age, hen production performance (hen-day egg production, hen-housed egg production, feed consumption, body weight, and mortality) was assessed for 12 28-day periods of lay. Performance criteria were averaged over all trials and used to determine per cage returns ($) above feed and pullet rearing costs (irrespective of fixed costs) and per cage profits (gross returns minus total costs) for the four treatment combinations. Economic analyses were also adjusted for hatchery toe-clipping costs. Profits (or losses) from each toe treatment stocking-density combination were calculated under variable egg and feed prices. At a blended egg price of $.35/doz, all cage systems lost money. Housing hen TC, 5/cage, yielded the greatest profits or least losses in 76% of the toe treatment stocking-density combinations studied. Economic returns were greatest for TC hens, 5/cage, at an egg price of $.55/doz when feed costs ranged from $140 to $230/ton and at egg prices higher than $.55/doz, regardless of feed prices. However, when these price combinations exist, housing hens IN, 4/cage is more profitable than housing hens TC, 4/cage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1991

Syndactylization for the treatment of fifth toe deformities.

The authors describe a procedure to syndactylize the fourth and fifth toes for the correction of failed fifth toe arthroplasty, flail fifth toe, overriding fifth toe, cocked-up fifth toe, heloma molle, and congenital digitus minimus varus. The procedure is technically simple and produces good cosmetic results.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed2003

Heated socks maintain toe temperature but not always skin blood flow as mean skin temperature falls.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to examine whether toe skin blood flow (Q(toe)) could be maintained in subjects exposed to cold air by warming the foot using a heated sock. METHODS: Four male subjects were exposed to air at 4 degrees C. They wore aramid shirt and trousers, a coverall made from metalized spun bonded polyethylene ("space blanket" fabric), arctic mittens, a 4-ply aramid balaclava, and loose fitting padded boot liners. The subjects rested recumbent on a couch with a pair of heated socks turned on for 120 min and with socks turned off for a further 60 min. Q(toe) was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. RSULTS: Although the heated socks maintained the skin temperature of the feet above 37 degrees C, Q(toe) was not maintained in two of the four male subjects for the 120 min that the socks were turned on. DISCUSSION: Heated socks cannot be relied on to maintain Q(toe) or to prevent non-freezing cold injuries during prolonged exposure to cold conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Postural changes in finger and toe pulse waves].

Finger and toe pulse waves were simultaneously recorded in medical students and outpatient hypertensive patients. The delay of the rise of toe pulse to that of finger pulse (t) was almost halved in students on postural change from the supine position to the sitting position. This was mainly due to an increase in the pulse wave velocity in the aorta, which was thought to be induced by the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the aorta. In students a marked dicrotic wave was observed in both finger and toe pulse waves. That the interval between the main and dicrotic waves (T) was shorter for finger pulse than toe pulse also seems to be ascribable to the influence of the intraaortic pressure: Pulse was transmitted faster in the systolic phase than in the diastolic phase. The features of pulse waves of hypertensive patients were that (t) was short even in the supine position, and that dicrotic wave was small or absent especially for toe pulse. These differences were considered to be accounted for by the high blood pressure and the structural change of arterial wall in the hypertensive patients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hand reconstruction by microsurgical free toe transfer].

Reconstruction of complex hand mutilations with multi-digital or thumb amputations are best treated with microsurgical toe transfers. We present the results of the first 15 cases operated by the first author, of which 12 are thumb reconstructions (6 great toe and 6 second toe transfers) and 3 long fingers reconstructions with combined second and third toe transfers. There were no microsurgical complications. Cortical integration and functional integration was achieved for all transferred toes, with discriminatory sensibility (m2PD between 5 and 13 mm) and active mobility range between 30 and 60 degrees.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

[Finger reconstruction with extended free second toe flap transfer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate an ideal method for finger reconstruction with extended the second toe flap transfer. METHODS: The second toe free flap was created, combined with an pedicled skin flap from the fibular side of the great toe inlaid in the ventral side of the second toe, a double-wing flap and the distal part of the metatarsal bone. The composite free flap was transferred by vascular anastomosis for finger reconstruction. RESULTS: The reconstructed finger exhibited nice looking and better function. The procedure had little influence to the appearance and function of the donor foot. CONCLUSION: This method is effective in ameliorating the appearance and function of the reconstructed finger with the second toe transfer.

Adult↗