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PubMed1995

Mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in conscious dogs.

A new practical descriptor of metabolic to mechanical myocardial energy transfer (MET), termed the virtual work model, was evaluated in 32 conscious dogs and in 8 isolated canine hearts. An index of total mechanical energy expenditure (TME) was calculated as the sum of external energy (stroke work) and an internal energy index of heat (left ventricular end-diastolic volume times left ventricular mean ejection pressure). Physiological comparison of TME (x-axis) and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2; y-axis) yielded highly linear MET relationships (mean r = 0.93 +/- 0.07), with an average slope of 0.86 +/- 0.39 (SD) and a y-intercept of 9.1 +/- 6.4 mW/ml myocardium. The linear MVO2-TME relationship did not vary under steady-state vs. dynamic vena caval occlusion, increased heart rate, increased afterload, or increased inotropic state with calcium infusion. Compared with five other indexes of myocardial energetics, the virtual work model of MET was the most linear, the most practical in not requiring determination of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, and the most accurate predictor of MVO2 under normal and altered hemodynamic conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Rectal carcinoma treated with short-term preoperative radiotherapy followed by abdominoperineal resection. Significantly more presacral abscesses with absence of local recurrence.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of choice for rectal carcinoma is short-term preoperative radiotherapy (5 x 5 Gy) followed by a total mesorectal excision (TME) of the rectum. This treatment has led to a reduction in local recurrence 2 years after surgery from 8.2 to 2.4%. Side effects of this treatment seem to be marginal and of no consequence. After introduction of short-term preoperative radiotherapy we noticed a rise in the postoperative presacral abscess formation which is difficult to treat and results in readmissions and prolonged hospital stay. Research was needed to investigate whether short-term preoperative radiotherapy can be held accountable for the presumed rise in presacral abscess formation in the treatment of rectal carcinoma. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed over the period January 2000-October 2004. Two groups were formed. Group 1 existed of 30 patients who underwent a TME of the rectum without short-term preoperative radiotherapy. Group two existed of 35 patients who underwent a TME of the rectum with short-term preoperative radiotherapy. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant increase in presacral abscess formation (13 vs. 40%) after introduction of short-term preoperative radiotherapy. Radiotherapy proved to be an important risk factor. Reduction in incidence of local recurrence was not evident. CONCLUSION: We found a significant increase in presacral abscess formation strongly suggestive due to the introduction of short-term preoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of rectal carcinoma. We noticed no reduction in incidence of local recurrence. We advocate that additional research is needed in order to formulate extra patient selection criteria for the use of preoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of rectal cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Cerebrocortical degeneration in goats inoculated with mink-passaged scrapie virus.

Widespread spongiform degeneration of the cerebral cortex occurred in four African pygmy goats that became affected with scrapie after intracerebral inoculation with scrapie virus (Suffolk sheep brain origin) that had been passed three times in ranch mink. The occurrence of such cerebrocortical degeneration was a distinct departure from the topographic pattern of neuropathologic changes that characterizes scrapie in sheep and goats. But the cortical lesion was identical to the one found in goats that became affected with a disease otherwise indistinguishable from scrapie after intracerebral inoculation with transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) virus that had been passed twice in mink. If TME originated from infection with wild scrapie virus, as is generally thought, then the viruses used in these two instances would be equivalent in their passage history in this aberrant host. Given this similarity, the common occurrence of the cortical lesion is thought to be consistent with the view that TME virus almost certainly is scrapie virus whose biologic properties became altered by chance passage in ranch mink.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Tumor-associated macrophages display differential protein cargo sorting in extracellular vesicles associated with poor survival in ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer (OC) progression and metastasis are promoted by ascites, which constitutes a central part of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this fluid, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a prominent immune cell type. In addition to tumor and other host cells such as TAMs, ascites is highly enriched in soluble factors as well as extracellular vesicles (EVs). How TAMs contribute to the EV compartment of the OC TME remains, however, underexplored. In this work peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors were differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and polarized into classically activated (M1-like), alternatively activated (M2-like) and TAM-like (by ascites incubation). For all subtypes, serum-free conditioned medium was collected for 24 h and EVs were isolated and characterized by nano-flow cytometry (nFC), label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics and electron microscopy, among others. Our results demonstrated distinct traits for EV release and cargo across the different macrophage subtypes. Specifically, TAM-like macrophages exhibited impaired release of small EVs and reduced frequency of tetraspanin-positive particles. These EV subpopulations displayed sizing profiles closer to M1-like than to M2-like samples. Also, the low EV release in TAM-like MDMs was accompanied by altered expression of biogenesis-related markers like flotillin-1 (FLOT1) and a decreased N-glycosylation of CD63 protein, which was validated in patient-derived samples. Remarkably, the EV-associated proteome of TAMs displayed significant enrichment in both pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules with clinical value. Markers significantly enriched in the ascites TAM-EV signature were mostly associated with poor prognosis, whereas M1-like EV-related markers (pro-inflammatory) were mostly associated with longer survival. Our results confirmed previous data for proteins like CD163 and MRC1 to be associated to TAM-EVs, while also describing novel candidates with diagnostic (i.e., COLEC12) and/or prognostic (i.e., MSR1) value in plasma. Taken together, our data support a unique secretory profile of TAMs in OC and provide new EV-associated biomarkers with translational impact. Our results pave the way for a better understanding of the mechanisms behind TAM-EV cargo loading and function, and how these cells participate in the TME landscape.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Cost-utility analysis of preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer undergoing total mesorectal excision: a study of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group.

PURPOSE: To compare the societal costs and the (quality-adjusted) life expectancy of patients with rectal cancer undergoing total mesorectal excision (TME) with or without short-term preoperative radiotherapy (5 x 5 Gy). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used a Markov model to project the clinical and economic outcomes of preoperative radiotherapy. Data on local recurrence rates, quality of life, and costs were obtained from the patients of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. In this trial, 1,861 patients with resectable rectal cancer from 108 hospitals were randomly assigned for TME surgery with or without preoperative radiotherapy. Outcome measures of the model were life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, lifetime costs per patient, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS: The base case model estimates that the loss of quality of life due to preoperative radiotherapy is outweighed by the gain in life expectancy. Life expectancy increases by 0.67 years; quality-adjusted life expectancy, by 0.39 years; and costs, by $9,800 per patient. The corresponding cost-effectiveness ratio is $25,100 per quality-adjusted life year. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the cost-effectiveness ratio remains acceptable under a wide range of assumptions. CONCLUSION: Assuming that the reduced local recurrence rate does lead to a survival advantage, the cost-utility analysis estimates that the improved survival outweighs the impaired quality of life and the increased costs. We conclude that short-term preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer undergoing TME is both effective and cost-effective.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Low rectal cancer: a call for a change of approach in abdominoperineal resection.

PURPOSE: Despite the major improvements that have been made due to total mesorectal excision (TME), low rectal cancer still remains a challenge. METHODS: By investigating a prospective randomized rectal cancer trial in which surgeons had undergone training in TME the factors responsible for the poor outcome were determined and a new method for assessing the quality of surgery was tested. RESULTS: Survival differed greatly between abdominoperineal resection (APR) and anterior resection (AR; 38.5% v 57.6%, P = .008). Low rectal carcinomas have a higher frequency of circumferential margin involvement (26.5% v 12.6%, P < .001). More positive margins were present in the patients operated with APR (30.4%) compared to AR (10.7%, P = .002). Furthermore, more perforations were present in these specimens (13.7% v 2.5%, P < .001). The plane of resection lies within the sphincteric muscle, the submucosa or lumen in more than 1/3 of the APR cases, and in the remainder lay on the sphincteric muscles. CONCLUSION: We systematically described and investigated the pathologic properties of low rectal cancer in general, and APR in particular, in a prospective randomized trial including surgeons who had been trained in TME. The poor prognosis of the patients with an APR is ascribed to the resection plane of the operation leading to a high frequency of margin involvement by tumor and perforation with this current surgical technique. The clinical results of this operation could be greatly improved by adopting different surgical techniques and possibly greater use of radiochemotherapy.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2005

Impact of short-term preoperative radiotherapy on health-related quality of life and sexual functioning in primary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Few prospective studies have been performed about the impact of preoperative radiotherapy (PRT) or total mesorectal excision (TME) on health-related quality of life (HRQL) and sexual functioning in patients with resectable rectal cancer. This report describes the HRQL and sexual functioning of 990 patients who underwent TME and were randomly assigned to short-term PRT (5 x 5 Gy). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Rotterdam Symptom Check List supplemented with additional items was used with questionnaires before treatment and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery. Patients without a recurrence the first 2 years were analyzed (n = 990). RESULTS: Few differences were found in HRQL between patients treated with or without PRT. Daily activities were significantly less for PRT patients 3 months postoperatively. Irradiated patients recovered slower from defecation problems than TME-only patients (P = .006). PRT had a negative effect on sexual functioning in males (P = .004) and females (P < .001). Irradiated males had more ejaculation disorders (P = .002), and erectile functioning deteriorated over time (P < .001). PRT had similar effects in patients who underwent a low anterior resection (LAR) versus an abdominoperineal resection (APR). Patients with an APR scored better on the physical (P = .004) and psychologic dimension (P = .007) than LAR patients, but worse on voiding (P = .0007). CONCLUSION: Short-term PRT leads to more sexual dysfunction, slower recovery of bowel function, and impaired daily activity postoperatively. However, this does not seriously affect HRQL. The comparison between LAR and APR patients demonstrates that the existence of a permanent stoma is not the only determinant of HRQL.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tegumental Ca-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity in adult Schistosoma mansoni worms.

A Ca-stimulated ATPase activity (pH 9.5) associated with the tegumental membrane enriched (TME) fraction of Schistosoma mansoni adults was partially inhibited by NAP-taurine or by increasing concentrations of chlorpromazine; endogenous calmodulin was found associated with the TME fraction. A similar activity (pH 8.6) was histochemically visualized within the tegument of fixed worms on the cytoplasmic leaflet of both the double surface membrane and the basement membrane; this reaction was inhibited by 1 microM chlorpromazine and it was also observed on the inner side of double membrane vesicles present in the TME fraction. No ATPase activity could be seen at alkaline pH with added Mg or Na/K ions. Without ATP, the addition of external Ca to the fixed worms induced the appearance of lead precipitates on the tegumental discoid bodies; this reaction was inhibited by molybdate and not by chlorpromazine. The intrategumentary regulation of calcium by the systems described and the possible use of phenothiazines against schistosomes are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of pesticides on soil invertebrates in model ecosystem and field studies: a review and comparison with laboratory toxicity data.

A systematic review was carried out to investigate the extent to which higher-tier (terrestrial model ecosystem [TME] and field) data regarding pesticide effects can be compared with laboratory toxicity data for soil invertebrates. Data in the public domain yielded 970 toxicity endpoint data sets, representing 71 pesticides and 42 soil invertebrate species or groups. For most pesticides, the most frequent effect class was for no observed effects, although relatively high numbers of pronounced and persistent effects occurred when Lumbricidae and Enchytraeidae were exposed to fungicides and when Lumbricidae, Collembola, and Arachnida were exposed to insecticides. No effects of fungicides on Arachnida, Formicidae, or Nematoda or of herbicides on Lumbricidae, Formicidae, or Nematoda were observed in any studies. For most pesticides, higher-tier no-observed-effect concentration or lowest-observed-effect concentration values cannot be determined because of a lack of information at low pesticide concentrations. Ten pesticides had sufficient laboratory data to enable the observed higher-tier effects to be compared with 5% hazardous concentrations (HC5) estimated from acute toxicity laboratory data (atrazine, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, gamma-hexachlorocy-clohexane, lambda-cyhalothrin, parathion, pentachlorophenol, and propoxur). In eight cases, higher-tier effects concentrations were within or below the 90% confidence interval of the HC5. Good agreement exists between the results of TME and field tests for carbendazim, but insufficient information is available for a comparison between TME and field studies for other pesticides. Availability and characteristics (e.g., taxonomic composition and heterogeneity) of the higher-tier effects data are discussed in terms of possible developments in risk assessment procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances-based gene signature links prognosis to immune landscapes in thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer (THCA) is the most common endocrine malignancy with a rising global incidence and significant heterogeneity. Although per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure is linked to thyroid dysfunction, the prognostic value of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances-related genes (PFASRGs) and their role in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) remain poorly understood. This study aims to systematically screen key PFASRGs and evaluate their prognostic value as biomarkers for THCA. METHODS: Utilizing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-THCA transcriptomic data and PFASRGs, we constructed a prognostic model through differential expression analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). The model's robustness was validated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and clinical nomograms. Furthermore, the TME, immunotherapy response, and drug sensitivities were systematically evaluated. Distinct molecular landscapes were characterized by stratifying the cohort via unsupervised consensus clustering analysis. RESULTS: The eight-gene prognostic model demonstrated robust performance, with area under the curve (AUC) values exceeding 0.85 across all validation cohorts. High-risk patients exhibited significantly shorter overall survival and an "inflamed" TME characterized by high immune scores and checkpoint expression. In contrast, the therapeutic efficacy of anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) agents was more pronounced in the low-risk category, as evidenced by a superior objective response. Furthermore, distinct molecular subtypes and risk-specific sensitivities to targeted agents, such as sorafenib and sunitinib, were identified, highlighting the model's clinical utility for personalized treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We established a novel THCA prognostic framework based on eight PFASRGs. This model exhibits superior performance in risk stratification, effectively distinguishing cohorts with divergent clinical trajectories, unique immune microenvironment features, and varied therapeutic responses. Our findings provide a powerful predictive tool for refining prognostic evaluation and facilitating the implementation of personalized management strategies for THCA patients.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances-related genes ↗
PubMed1997

Total mesorectal excision--the new golden standard of surgery for rectal cancer.

Rectal cancer persists as a significant worldwide problem. Currently, surgery is associated with a poor prognosis, a high likelihood of permanent colostomy and a high rate of local recurrence in patients with regional disease (transmural penetration or involvement of regional mesenteric lymph nodes). Functional changes such as impotence and bladder dysfunction remain distressingly common consequences of conventional surgery. Over the past two decades, a fundamental change in operative technique has taken place. Conventional surgery (which is performed using blunt technique along undefinable tissue planes) has given way to sharp dissection along definable planes. The technique known as total mesorectal excision (TME) or complete circumferential mesorectal excision (CCME) produces the complete resection of an intact package of the rectum and its surrounding mesorectum, enveloped within the visceral pelvic fasia with uninvolved circumferential margins. As a result of TME, 5-year survival figures have risen from 45-50% to 75%, local recurrence rates have declined from 30% to 5-8%, sphincter preservation has risen by at least 20% for mid- and lower rectal cancers, and the rates of impotence and bladder dysfunction have declined from 50-85% to 15% or less. Patients with rectal cancer can now have a good prognosis, and intact image and high quality of life. The integration of multidisciplinary radiation therapy and chemotherapy into the care of patients undergoing TME or CCME for rectal cancer is presently under clinical trial.

Chemotherapy, Adjuvant↗
PubMed1980

The effects of dietary cellulose and sand on the combined metabolic plus endogenous energy and amino acid outputs of adult cockerels.

Two experiments were made with adult, Leghorn cockerels to measure the effects of inert materials on metabolic plus endogenous (M+E) excretions. In the first experiment birds starved for 24 hr were force-fed 25 g of either a laying hen diet (OHR) or corn supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 g of cellulose. Excreta voided were collected quantitatively during the two 24 hr periods postfeeding. A group of 4 birds was maintained unfed. Diets and excreta were assayed for amino acids (AA) and gross energy (GE). Supplemental cellulose had no effects on AA excretion nor on the availabilities of the AA within the OHR and corn. All AA, in the form of feed residues, were excreted within 24 hr of feeding. During the period 24 to 48 hr postfeeding the OHR fed birds excreted more AA than did the corn fed birds, probably because they were less depleted in protein. The AA excretions of the unfed birds decreased with the duration of starvation. The true available AA values for the diets were calculated using a series of three corrections for M+E AA outputs. The true metabolizable energy (TME) values of the OHR and corn were unchanged by the cellulose which indicates that the cellulose contained no available energy and had no effect on the availability of the energy within the OHR and corn. It also demonstrated that the cellulose did not change the M+E energy excretion. The second experiment was a 4 X 4 factorial with four diets: nil, corn, wheat, oats (25 g/bird), and four levels of sand: 0, 1, 2, 3 g/bird. The birds were starved for 24 hr prior to feeding and excreta were collected quantitatively during the two 24 hr periods postfeeding. Feeding sand to the birds had no effect on their GE outputs but it was noted that little sand was voided within 48 hr postfeeding. The TME values were determined for the grains. A number of significant differences were observed but there was no evidence that the sand altered the TME values. It was therefore concluded that the sand had no effect on the M+E energy excretion of the assay birds. It is concluded that supplemental cellulose had no effect on the AA excretion of adult Leghorn cockerels. Neither cellulose nor sand, in the levels fed, altered M+E energy excretion. Neither diluent appeared to alter the utilization of the materials with which they were fed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Variability in metabolic plus endogenous energy losses of adult cockerels and in the true metabolizable energy values and rates of passage of dehydrated alfalfa.

An experiment with four groups of 12 adult cockerels allowed true metabolizable energy (TME) to be estimated in several ways. The birds were alternately fed one of two samples of dehydrated alfalfa meal or starved to serve as a negative control for the measurement of metabolic and endogenous energy loss (FEm + UEe). Each bird was fed twice and served as a control twice. The correction for FEm + UEe, therefore, could be estimated from the same bird, at a different period, or from a different bird at the same period. The FEm + UEe was largely characteristic of the bird. The correlation of the first observation with the second observation for each bird was .744 (44 DF). Variation in body weight did little to explain variation in FEm + UEe (r = .069, 90 DF). The most precise TME estimates were obtained by using each bird as its own negative control. A group mean value for FEm + UEe was somewhat inferior but the decrease in precision may be offset by reduced time and cost. The TME values provided additional evidence that the FEm + UEe output is characteristic of the bird. Although some birds consistently voided alfalfa residues more slowly than other birds, the pattern was not sufficiently consistent between birds to be significant.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Additivity of true metabolizable energy values as measured with roosters, broiler chicks and poults.

True metabolizable energy (TME) values were determined for five feed ingredients (yellow corn, dehulled soybean meal, corn gluten meal, menhaden fish meal, and poultry byproduct meal), and three combinations of these ingredients, using Single Comb White Leghorn roosters, 6-week-old broiler males (Cobb), and 6-week-old male turkey poults (Large White). There was generally good agreement in th TME values between roosters, broilers, and poults although the values for broilers tended to be slightly lower than for roosters or poults. Values for the ingredient combinations as assayed with the three classes of birds showed differences of 3% or less between "predicted" and "determined" in seven of nine comparisons, indicating a satisfactory degree of additivity of TME values for these ingredients.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of three methods of excreta collection used in estimation of energy and nitrogen excretion.

Three methods of excreta collection: plastic trays (T), human colostomy bags affixed to the bird (B), and B containing 25 ml .5 N HCl (A) were compared in three experiments with adult, Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels. There were 128, 130, and 120 birds in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively, from which 97, 84, and 105 excreta samples were obtained; most of the losses occurred among the B- and A-groups. Birds were fasted for 24 hr prior to the experiments and then precision-fed, by intubation, with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 g of fish meal (Exp. 1) or soybean meal (Exp. 2). In the third experiment, the inputs were 30 g of corn, fish meal, soybean meal, and a 50:50 (wt/wt) blend of fish meal and soybean meal; control birds were fasted. Excreta were collected for 48 hr after feeding, and the outputs of excreta energy (FE + UE), excreta nitrogen (FN + UN), and (FE + UE) corrected to zero nitrogen balance (FEn + UEn) were measured. True metabolizable energy (TME) values and TME corrected to zero nitrogen balance (TMEn) were calculated. In Experiments 1 and 2, the regressions of (FE + UE), (FN + UN), and (FEn + UEn) on feed input had slopes which were independent of excreta collection methods (P greater than .05), indicating that estimates of TME and TMEn based upon the linear regression assay were not different (P greater than .05). In both experiments, the levels of excreta and energy output using T were greater (P less than .01) than when using B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Nutritive value of high oil corn for poultry.

Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of high oil corn for poultry relative to that of conventional (CONV) corn. The variety of high oil corn (HO1) evaluated in most trials contained 6.0% oil and 9.6% protein on a 10% moisture basis. The protein quality of HO1 and CONV corn was assessed with female crossbred chicks fed corn as the sole source of dietary protein. There was no difference in either protein efficiency ratio or in net protein ratio between the two types of corn. True metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected TME (TMEn) values of HO1 corn were determined using adult roosters. The TME and TMEn values of HO1 corn were approximately 4.5% higher than those of CONV corn. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of high oil corn varieties, containing from 6 to 13% oil, in practical diets of commercial broiler chicks from 8 to 22 days posthatching. Weight gain, gain-to-feed ratio, and skin and plasma pigmentation were improved in chicks fed 24% protein diets containing high oil corns compared with those fed the same diet containing CONV corn; magnitude of response was highly correlated to oil content of the corn. The relative value of HO1 corn in practical laying hen diets was examined in a 15-wk experiment. Hens fed a 17% protein diet containing HO1 corn from 23 to 38 weeks of age had a better feed-to-egg ratio than those fed the same diet containing CONV corn when the corn sources were substituted on an isonitrogenous basis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The utilization of calcium soaps from animal fat by laying hens.

Ground wheat was employed as a carrier to evaluate the utilization by laying hens of animal fat, calcium soaps of fatty acids from animal fat (CS), and animal fat in the presence of 3.8% added calcium. Birds trained to consume their daily feed in two 1-h periods were fed ground wheat with 0, 3, 6, and 9% animal fat, CS, or 10% ground limestone and animal fat to provide 11 experimental diets. Animal fat and preformed CS were highly available to laying hens with total fatty acid availabilities of 100.2 +/- 1.2 (SE) and 99.2 +/- 3.6%, respectively, estimated by the regression of added fat on determined fat retentions. However, 3.8% calcium reduced animal-fat fatty acid availability to 86.3 +/- .7%. The true metabolizable energy of animal fat, as determined by regression from bomb-calorimetry data, was 9.63 +/- .58 kcal per g; a value of 9.36 kcal per g was obtained from fat-retention data [100.2% of the gross energy (GE) of 9.34 +/- .78 kcal per g]. With added limestone, the respective TME values were 9.36 +/- 1.30 kcal per g (regression) and 8.06 kcal per g (retention). The TME of the CS fatty acids was 7.20 +/- 1.05 kcal per g, estimated by regression; and the value calculated from CS fat retentions was 8.14 kcal per g, representing 99.2% of the GE (8.20 +/- .58 kcal per g). Discrepancies between calorimetric and fat-retention TME estimates represented animal-fat effects on wheat starch, fat, and amino-acid retentions.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

A modified bioassay for energy utilization in newly hatched chicks. 1. Determination of optimum durations for feed withdrawal and excreta collection.

Three experiments were conducted with view of a more suitable bioassay system for determination of energy utilization in newly hatched chick based on the TME assay system. The optimum duration for feed deprivation prior to tube feeding was determined with chicks aged 0, 2, 6, and 13 d old. In order to determine an appropriate duration for excreta collection after feeding, chicks deprived of feed for 24 h were force-fed and energy excretion was monitored every 12 h for the next 72 h. Irrespective of the age, energy excretion decreased to a low level at 24 h after feeding and then reached a constant rate: the endogenous energy excretion. In 0- and 2-d-old chicks, N excretion tended to increase from 12 h after commencement of feed withdrawal. On the other hand, energy excretion in the chicks force-fed paste or pellet of basal diet attained constant rates beyond 24 h after force-feeding at all ages, and the rates of excretion were almost comparable to the endogenous energy excretion for the corresponding age. In the chicks force-fed a high-fat diet, however, 36 h was required for the excreted energy to attain a constant rate. The increase in N excretion was also observed following 24 h after feeding in 1- and 3-d-old chicks. Deutectomy at 1 d posthatch modified the patterns of energy and N excretion after the commencement of feed withdrawal but not TME and TMEn values of diets. A modified bioassay system for the determination of energy utilization in newly hatched chicks based on TME assay system is proposed.

Animal Feed↗