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PubMed1998

Importance of mother/young contact at parturition and across lactation for the expression of maternal behavior in rabbits.

We prevented mother/pup contact at parturition or across early or midlactation to investigate the importance of such interaction for maintaining material behavior in rabbits. When pup contact was prevented across lactation Days 1-7 or 11-17 (by anesthetizing multiparous mothers during the oxytocin-induced milk letdown; Experiment 1), nursing incidence was reduced to 40% and 83%, respectively, on the day following anesthesia withdrawal. Both groups also showed a decreased milk output, long latencies to initiate nursing, and several entrances into the nest box not associated with nursing. In Experiment 2 we prevented mother/litter contact at parturition to determine the specific role of pup contact at this time. We found a reduction in the incidence of nursing on postpartum Day 1 from 80% (in control primiparous mothers) to 33%. By contrast, 100% of both deprived and control multiparous mothers displayed nursing on Day 1. These mothers also showed the unusual behaviors found in Experiment 1 and an extemporaneous nest-building. We conclude that: (a) mother/young contact at parturition is crucial for establishing maternal responsiveness in primiparous does, (b) the experience acquired by raising a previous litter allows the retention of maternal responsiveness despite a lack of pup contact at parturition, (c) maternal responsiveness is maintained across early lactation by daily interaction with pups, and (d) interaction with pups across midlactation allows the finely tuned display of maternal behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Transition from suckling to drinking at weaning: a kinematic and electromyographic study in miniature pigs.

The movements of the tongue, hyoid, and jaw were recorded cineradiographically in preweaning pigs as they suckled bariumized milk from a veterinary teat or drank it from a bowl. The movements were quantified by measuring the X, Y coordinates of radioopaque markers embedded in the tongue and attached to both jaws and to the hyoid. EMG activity in masseter, anterior digastric, geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, sternohyoid, stylohyoid, and omohyoid muscles was recorded synchronously with cineradiography at 100 frames/sec. In both suckling and drinking, the movements were characterized by minimal movements of the jaw and hyoid but extensive movements of the tongue. In suckling, the movements were largely confined to the midposterior part of the tongue. A seal was formed between the posterior tongue and soft palate while a depression formed in the mid-tongue; this was associated with fluid moving into the depression probably because of a reduced intraoral pressure. The depression was associated with increased EMG activity in the genioglossus muscle and overlapping activity in digastric, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and sternohyoid muscles. In drinking cycles, significant movement occurred in all parts of the tongue; milk ingestion was associated with tongue movements that combined elements characteristic both of suckling (mid-tongue depression with a posterior seal) and of lapping (extensive anteroposterior movements within the tongue itself). In drinking, compared to suckling, there was a major reduction in EMG activity in masseter, digastric, geniohyoid, and sternohyoid muscles. After milk had accumulated in the valleculae, swallows usually occurred in every other cycle during suckling and in every third or fourth cycle during drinking. The emptying of the valleculae was an event that was embedded in the early jaw-opening phase of an otherwise normal suckling or drinking cycle. Emptying of the valleculae was associated with posteriorly directed movement of the back of the tongue and increased EMG activity in hyoglossus, styloglossus, and omohyoid muscles. No differences were noted in the kinematics associated with swallowing in the two activities, but, in the normalized and averaged EMG data, there were significant differences in the timing of genioglossus activity and in the relative balance of hyoglossal and stylohyoid activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Ontogeny of urine preference and its relationship to NH4Cl preference and sodium hunger in suckling rat pups.

We chart the postnatal ontogeny of urine preference in the suckling rat. Twelve-day-old sucklings, when offered urine, NH4Cl, or NaCl, ingest more urine and NH4Cl than NaCl. When rendered sodium hungry by ivc renin or by sodium depletion, these sucklings prefer urine and NH4Cl to NaCl, dilute urine, or an NaCl and KCl mineral mix equimolar to urine; however, by 18 days of age, urine and NH4Cl are no longer preferred to NaCl. Hence, urine preference in the suckling may be specific and preparatory for the variety of purposes urine preference serves in the adult rat, and it might guide the pup to urinary sodium in the nest. Since preference for urine and NH4Cl covary during postnatal development, the high preference for NH4Cl in midterm sucklings might be because its ammonium flavor is similar to urine.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1995

Role of the nutritional status of the litter and length and frequency of mother-litter contact bouts in prolonging lactational diestrus in rats.

Food restricting lactating rat dams over the first 2 weeks of lactation results in a prolongation of the period of lactational diestrus. Such food restriction has not only a direct effect on the dam but also the pups are undernourished, and the pattern of dam-litter contact is also changed. In a series of studies, we investigated the effects of nursing undernourished pups and the change in dam-litter interaction on the prolongation of lactational diestrus. While nursing undernourished pups in the last 2 weeks of lactation is sufficient to extend lactational diestrus in ad lib-fed dams nursing well-nourished pups in the last 2 weeks of lactation is not necessary for the prolongation of lactational diestrus seen in food-restricted dams. Further, neither nursing underfed pups nor increased nest time in the first 2 weeks postpartum are necessary factors for the prolongation of lactational diestrus in food-restricted dams.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Development of oral-motor skills in the neurologically impaired child receiving non-oral feedings.

Treatment of children with swallowing dysfunction requires a holistic approach based on a global view of their problems and needs. The connection of the swallowing mechanism with the sensorimotor organization of postural tone and movement throughout the body is a critical factor in the evaluation and treatment of children whose dysphagia is rooted in a neurologic disorder. An appropriate program includes work with the development of movement skills, sensory processing, learning, social skills, and communication. The initial focus is placed on oral-motor treatment, rather than direct work on oral feeding. The primary goal of the program is to develop the appropriate use of the mouth, respiratory, and phonatory systems in exploration, sound play, and as much oral feeding as possible. Oral feeding is the by-product of a total program, not its major goal.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Newborn skin temperature two days postpartum during breastfeeding related to different labour ward practices.

AIM: To investigate (1) the skin temperature pattern in newborns two days after birth in connection to breastfeeding and to examine (2) if the administration of epidural analgesia (EDA) and oxytocin (OT) infusion during labour influences this parameter at this point of time. METHOD: Forty-seven mother-infant pairs were included in the study: nine mothers had received OT stimulation during labour (OT group), 20 mothers had received an EDA and OT during labour (EDA group), while 18 mothers had received neither EDA nor OT stimulation during labour (control group). A skin temperature electrode was attached between the newborn's shoulder blades. The newborn was placed skin-to-skin on the mother's chest and covered with a blanket. The temperature was recorded immediately after the newborn was put on the mother's chest and at 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. RESULTS: The temperature measured when the newborns were put skin-to-skin on their mothers' chest was significantly higher in the infants of the EDA group (35.07 degrees C) when compared to the control group (34.19 degrees C, p=0.025). Skin temperature increased significantly (p=0.001) during the entire experimental period in the infants belonging to the control group. The same response was observed in infants whose mothers received OT intravenously during labour (p=0.008). No such rise was observed in infants whose mothers were given an EDA during labour. CONCLUSION: The results show that the skin temperature in newborns rises when newborns are put skin-to-skin to breastfeed two days postpartum. This effect on temperature may be hampered by medical interventions during labour such as EDA.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Early maternal behaviors predictive of the survival of suckling rats with intergenerational malnutrition.

Mother-pup interactions during the first 12 hours post partum were studied in intergenerationally malnourished and control rats. Pup mortality during the suckling period was found to be associated with nutritional status with only 50% survival in the malnourished series, as compared to 100% survival in the control series. Litters with subsequent high pup mortality were distinguished by abnormal mothering patterns during the first 12 hours of life and reduced pup weight at the end of this period. High pup mortality was associated with increased active nursing, and reductions in passive nursing, pup licking, amount of contact with the pups and time spent in the nest by the lactating female. Thus, the stimulus to active nursing is most intense under conditions where the pups are least likely to survive, whereas the amount of stimulation provided to such pups is reduced. Maximal associations between early mother-pup interactions and subsequent pup weight and survival were present 7-9 hours after birth.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivational interviewing to promote sustained breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of using motivational interviewing to promote sustained breastfeeding by increasing a mother's intent to breastfeed for 6 months and increasing her breastfeeding self-efficacy. DESIGN: A longitudinal experimental two-group design with repeated measures was selected to explore the feasibility of using motivational interviewing to promote sustained breastfeeding in primiparous mothers. SETTING: Three Western rural community hospital sites. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 73 primiparous breastfeeding mothers ranging between the ages of 19 and 38, M = 25 (SD = 4.5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mothers reported the date of their last day of breastfeeding, defined as any breastfeeding during the previous 24-hour period. Breastfeeding behavior was confirmed at each visit by infant test weights. RESULTS: The motivational interviewing group (M = 98.1 days, SD = 75.2) breastfed longer than the comparison group (M= 80.7 days, SD = 71.9); however, this difference was not significant, t(69) = 0.991, p = .325, Cohen's d = 0.24, related to the variability in the sample. CONCLUSIONS: Although not a statistically significant difference, the mean number of days that mothers in the intervention group breastfed was 98 days compared to the mean of 81 days by the comparison group; therefore, motivational interviewing may be useful as a strategy to test in a comprehensive intervention plan.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1983

Mechanisms of control of milk intake in suckling rats.

To reconcile reported differences in the development of internal controls over milk intake via suckling, infant rats 5-20 days of age were allowed to withdraw milk from anesthetized dams periodically induced to let down milk by intravenous infusion of oxytocin. In experiment 1, milk supply was made unlimited by providing pups with a series of milk-replete dams. Five- and ten-day-old pups withdrew inappropriately large volumes of milk, whereas 15- and 20-day-old pups limited intake to moderate volumes. In experiment 2, intake of deprived and nondeprived pups was measured after only 10 oxytocin-induced milk letdowns, comparable to the normal nursing bout. When milk availability was thus limited, pups of all ages consumed volumes of milk dependent on their level of deprivation. Moreover intake of pups 10-20 days of age was highly correlated with incidence of nipple shifting. Thus rats as young as 5 days of age can vary the rate at which milk is taken from a limited source; however, not until 15 days are they able to control the volume withdrawn from an unlimited source.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Motor patterns of herbivorous feeding: electromyographic analysis of biting in the parrotfishes Cetoscarus bicolor and Scarus iseri.

The motor patterns of the herbivorous feeding bite were investigated in two species of parrotfish (Cetoscarus bicolor and Scarus iseri) with functionally distinct biting modes using electromyographic recordings. Behavioral data revealed that S. iseri utilized faster bites, took more bites per feeding bout, and bit at a higher frequency than did C. bicolor. EMGs recorded from the epaxialis (EP), levator operculi (LOP), 3 subdivisions of the adductor mandibulae (A1-A3), and the sternohyoideus (SH) muscles displayed a high degree of within-individual variance. Duration of muscle activity and onset time relative to LOP were shorter in S. iseri than in C. bicolor and S. iseri displayed a greater EMG amplitude in the LOP and SH muscles than did C. bicolor. We calculated the duty factors of the muscles as the relative timing of EMG variables divided by the total feeding cycle time. Patterns of duty factors of the feeding muscles were similar in both species, though muscles were active for a longer portion of the total bite cycle in S. iseri. In addition to its typical bite, S. iseri employed additional motor patterns when taking particularly hard bites. A multivariate comparison of EMGs from biting and suction feeding taxa revealed that the biting motor pattern was significantly different from suction feeding, although there was a high degree of overlap among all feeding strikes. The activity of the sternohyoideus muscle was significantly different between suction feeders and biters. Despite strong similarities of the general motor pattern in a wide range of teleost fishes, components of this pattern are shown to be evolutionarily plastic.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-flavored milk on the nursling's behavior.

The present study investigated whether prior consumption of garlic by nursing mothers modifies their infant's behaviors during breast-feeding when the mothers again consume garlic. Three groups of mother-infant dyads were studied. The groups differed in the type (placebo or garlic) or the timing (d 5-7 or 8-10) of capsule ingestion by the mothers and, consequently, in the amount and recency of exposure their infants had to garlic-flavored milk during an 11-d experimental period. Each mother-infant pair was observed during two 4-h test sessions. The first session occurred at the beginning of the experimental period, when the mothers ingested placebo capsules (d 4); the second occurred at the end of the experimental period, when they ingested garlic capsules (d 11). During test sessions, the infants fed on demand and were weighed before and after each breast-feeding to determine the amount of milk ingested, and their behaviors during breast-feeding were monitored by videotape. The results demonstrated an effect of prior experience with garlic in mother's milk. The infants who had no exposure to garlic volatiles in their mothers' milk during the experimental period spent significantly more time breast-feeding after their mothers ingested garlic capsules compared with those infants whose mothers repeatedly consumed garlic during the experimental period. Moreover, the former group of infants spent significantly more time attached to their mothers' breasts during the 4-h test session in which their mothers ingested the garlic compared with the session in which she ingested the placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Breast Feeding↗