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PubMed1998

Imaging unconscious semantic priming.

Visual words that are masked and presented so briefly that they cannot be seen may nevertheless facilitate the subsequent processing of related words, a phenomenon called masked priming. It has been debated whether masked primes can activate cognitive processes without gaining access to consciousness. Here we use a combination of behavioural and brain-imaging techniques to estimate the depth of processing of masked numerical primes. Our results indicate that masked stimuli have a measurable influence on electrical and haemodynamic measures of brain activity. When subjects engage in an overt semantic comparison task with a clearly visible target numeral, measures of covert motor activity indicate that they also unconsciously apply the task instructions to an unseen masked numeral. A stream of perceptual, semantic and motor processes can therefore occur without awareness.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Binocular utilization of monocular cues that are undetectable monocularly.

The latency time of tracking dynamic random-dot stereograms can be shortened by as much as 100 ms when monocular cues are added by introducing a difference in dot density between target and surround. It has been tacitly assumed that perception time will be reduced only if the added monocular cues are above the detection threshold for each eye. However, the experiments reported here clearly show that stereoscopic performance as measured by an eye tracking task can be greatly enhanced by added monocular cues that cannot be detected. Observers were instructed to track a suddenly displaced vertical bar (portrayed as a dynamic random-dot stereogram) while their eye movements were recorded by EOG. The bar had either a given binocular disparity or zero binocular disparity with respect to its surround. For the target with a disparity (in a wide range), the latency time of tracking decreased by more than 30 ms (10%) as density difference increased from 0 to 4%, whereas in the control conditions with no stereoscopic cues (zero disparity) subjects were unable to track the bar at all within that range of density difference. Thus stereopsis is greatly aided by minimal monocular cues that by themselves elude monocular detection.

Cues↗
PubMed2005

A direct intracranial record of emotions evoked by subliminal words.

A classical but still open issue in cognitive psychology concerns the depth of subliminal processing. Can the meaning of undetected words be accessed in the absence of consciousness? Subliminal priming experiments in normal subjects have revealed only small effects whose interpretation remains controversial. Here, we provide a direct demonstration of semantic access for unseen masked words. In three epileptic patients with intracranial electrodes, we recorded brain potentials from the amygdala, a neural structure that responds to fearful or threatening stimuli presented in various modalities, including written words. We show that the subliminal presentation of emotional words modulates the activity of the amygdala at a long latency (>800 ms). Our result indicates that subliminal words can trigger long-lasting cerebral processes, including semantic access to emotional valence.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition mediated quantal model for brain evolution.

The hypothalamus secretes an endogenous membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibitor, digoxin. A digoxin-mediated model of quantal perception is proposed. In the quantal state, self replication of self-organized macromolecules is possible. This leads to the origin of molecular organisms like prions. Macromolecules group together to form organelle, which in evolutionary terms are independent bacteria. The organelle/bacteria symbiotically cluster together to form the cell. The human organism, including the brain, can be visualized as an organized cluster or colony of unicellular, symbiotically grouped flagellated bacteria. Synaptic connections form in the bacterial cluster leading to the evolution of the primitive neuronal networks, and later the human brain. The role of quantal perception and the observer function of consciousness in the origin of matter is important. Symbiotically clustered intergalactic magnetotactic bacterial networks are important in the evolution of the universe.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1990

The effects of mellow and frenetic music on reported cognitions resulting from auditory subliminal messages.

Building on the work of Henley and Dixon (1974) and Mykel and Daves (1979), we investigated the effects of mellow and frenetic music on reported cognitions resulting from auditory subliminal stimuli. College students (N = 120) were randomly assembled into six groups. One third of the students heard four subliminally transmitted water-related words, one third heard four subliminally transmitted family-related words, and one third heard no subliminal stimuli. Either mellow or frenetic masking music was played for half the students in each group. Students reported more word-related imagery in the mellow music conditions than in the frenetic conditions, although the reported imagery did not correspond with the subliminal messages presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Distinguishing detection from identification in subliminal auditory perception: a review and critique of Merikle's study.

Assertions made by Merikle (1988) regarding audio subliminal messages were tested. Seventeen participants were presented subliminal messages embedded in a white-noise cover, and three signal-to-noise (S/N) detection ratios were examined. Participants were asked to guess message presence and message content, to determine subjective/objective thresholds. Results showed that participants were unable to identify target words presented in this audio subliminal stimulus format beyond chance levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Forgetting congruent and incongruent stereotypical information.

In 2 studies, the authors investigated the directed-forgetting effects of stereotypically congruent, incongruent, and irrelevant information, after the in-group (Swedish) and out-group (immigrant) social categories had been subliminally primed. Because of recent theories of the role of attention and level of processing in the cognitive development of stereotypes, we hypothesized that directed-forgetting effects would be found for stereotype-congruent and irrelevant information but not for stereotype-incongruent information. The results supported our hypothesis, suggesting that the level of processing demanded by the type of information (regardless of whether congruent, incongruent, or irrelevant) may moderate directed-forgetting effects. The authors discussed the social implications of the results.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Directed remembering: subliminal cues alter nonconscious memory strategies.

Much research on memory function has focused on changes in recognition performance brought about by differences in the processes engaged during encoding. In most of this work, participants either receive explicit instructions to remember particular items or they perform orienting (i.e., encoding) tasks that support different levels of memory performance. In daily life, however, the retention or dismissal of information often occurs without conscious intent, thereby suggesting an alternative, nonconscious route through which purposive remembering and forgetting can occur. Based on this line of reasoning, we speculated that recognition performance in a standard item-based forgetting paradigm may be moderated by subliminal cues that trigger the automatic activation of different mnemonic strategies. We report the results of two experiments that supported this prediction. In each experiment, the basic item-based forgetting effect was replicated, but via the subliminal presentation of "remember" and "forget" cues. In addition, cue-dependent differences in memory performance were traced to the operation of a covert rehearsal mechanism during encoding. We consider the implications of these findings for the non-conscious#10; operation of memory processes in everyday life.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

True and false memory in the absence of perceptual identification.

Two experiments are reported in which, after attempting to identify a briefly flashed, masked test word, participants were asked to rate the likelihood that it had been presented in an earlier study list. Even when people were unable to identify such items, they demonstrated an ability to discriminate between those that were studied and those that were not studied; ratings given to studied items were significantly higher than ratings given to nonstudied items. This effect does not appear to be a data-driven phenomenon. In Experiment 1 it was found when the presentation modality was changed from study to test. In Experiment 2 false memory for unidentified items that were related to studied items was shown.

Adult↗