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PubMed1986

Heterosexual bias in psychological research on lesbianism and male homosexuality (1979-1983), utilizing the bibliographic and taxonomic system of Morin (1977).

Utilizing the concept of heterosexual bias, recent research on homosexuality is evaluated to see if this bias has lessened in recent years. In 1977 the suggestion was made that a new vision of homosexuality as an alternate and equally valid lifestyle would result in changes in the questions posed, the data collected, and the interpretations made in research on homosexuality. Recent journal article abstracts are examined and weighed to find the extend to which they reflect a change in the social values of the behavior under study. These findings are compared to those of the original study in 1977 and assessed to see if the predicted changes have come about. Strong evidence of such a change was found.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Confidentiality and disclosure of HIV infection: HIV-positive persons' experience with HIV testing and coping with HIV infection in Latvia.

The objective of the study was to explore retrospectively HIV-infected individuals' experience with HIV testing, counselling and the issue of confidentiality in the Latvian context. A qualitative study using grounded theory approach and based on semi-structured in-depth interviews was implemented. Thirteen HIV-positive individuals above 18 were selected, using purposeful sampling, from the 63 HIV-positive individuals registered in Latvia between 1987 and 1997. HIV-infected people are worried that doctors sometimes disrespect confidentiality. Confidentiality was found to be a basic prerequisite for building trusting relationships between an HIV-infected individual and a doctor within the counselling process from the first visit to follow-up counselling and as one of the most important factors of the formation and proper functioning of the physician-patient relationship. Trusting relationships will not be established in situations when an HIV-infected individual is not seen by a doctor as a human being with needs, worries and without understanding his or her situation. Breaches of confidentiality should be seen as shortsighted and can diminish the public's trust in physicians. Counselling should be sensitive to the cultural, historical traditions and prevailing public health practices, social values and political differences in attitude toward the importance of treating someone as a private individual.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1993

Cultural and psychosocial determinants of weight concerns.

Several sociocultural and psychological factors underlie Western society's intense preoccupation with the body. These factors include the social value of attractiveness, the strong correlation between attractiveness and perceived fitness, the interrelation among attractiveness, a good body image, and feelings of self-worth, and the relation between pressures to succeed in both the appearance- and work-related domains. The strong societal emphasis on appearance and slimness has translated to both intense body preoccupation and a willingness to try almost any weight-loss strategy. Thus, dieting occurs across all weight categories in response to these powerful social and psychological motivators.

Body Image↗
PubMed1995

Organ wars: the battle for body parts.

Transplantation surgeries contribute to conceptions of the body as a collection of replaceable parts and of the self as distinct from all but its neural locus. There remains substantial cultural resistance to these conceptions, which leads the medical community to attempt to link the surgeries to social values that are sufficiently powerful to minimize the sense of a disjuncture between traditional concepts of personhood and those consistent with transplantation. The controversy over how to increase the supply of transplantable organs reveals two diametrically opposed sets of values invoked by advocates of transplantation: altruism and individual rights. The article analyzes these as the ideological equivalents of immunosuppressant drugs, designed to inhibit cultural rejection of transplantation and its view of the body.

Altruism↗
PubMed1990

Women and alcohol--trends in Australia.

Analysis of significant trends in self-reported alcohol consumption by women is presented, using data from surveys carried out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in three Australian States: Western Australia, South Australia and New South Wales. Three indices of alcohol consumption were used to characterize consumption in 1977 and subsequently in 1983 or 1985. Little change was observed in the proportion of women who consumed alcohol in the previous week, although significant increases were recorded in the average daily consumption of female drinkers in all three States. These overall increases reflect increased levels of consumption by younger women. Women aged 18-24 years in all three States, as well as those aged 25-44 years in South Australia, consumed more alcohol in the later survey than did women of the same ages in 1977. The proportion of younger female drinkers whose average daily consumption reached hazardous levels showed marked increases in all three States. Analysis of beverage choices in Western Australia and South Australia indicated that older women in both States were consuming significantly less beer, and that South Australian women aged 25-64 years were consuming less fortified wine than were women of the same ages in 1977. These decreases were overshadowed by significant increases in wine consumption in both States for all age groups, and by increasing spirits' consumption in the 18-24 year olds. Several sources of underestimation of consumption are cited. Observed trends are discussed in the light of changing social values, alcohol marketing strategies and the employment status of women. Likely short- and long-term consequences of the observed consumption patterns are predicted and the challenge to prevention strategies is highlighted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The Oral Risk Assessment and Early Intervention System--a clinician's tool for integrating the bio/psycho/social risk into oral disease interventions.

An association between oral diseases and systemic diseases has been suspected for centuries. More recently, investigation has provided insight into the impact of psychologic factors, social value systems, beliefs about disease processes and predictive treatment outcomes. Historically, dentistry has focused primarily on the restoration of physical function rather than broader multifactorial issues that impact long-term health maintenance. Dental patients are a complex interaction of biologic susceptibilities, lifestyle behaviors, values, and disease risk variables, which require an interdisciplinary approach to provide optimal health care. This article provides information-processing tools to assist clinicians in developing appropriate patient interventions by employing on Oral Risk Assessment and Early Intervention System.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed2006

Investments in cancer genomics: who benefits and who decides.

The Cancer Genome Atlas--formerly the Human Cancer Genome Project--provides an opportunity for considering how social concerns about resource allocation are interrelated with practical decisions about specific research strategies--part of a continuing convergence between scientific and public evaluations of priorities for biomedical research funding. For example, the manner, order, and extent that The Cancer Genome Atlas selects tumor types and populations to be sampled will determine who benefits most from its findings. Those choices will be determined on the basis of both scientific and social values. By soliciting public involvement and conducting rigorous policy analysis in the design of large scientific projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, cancer researchers can help democratize the allocation of scientific resources and foster public confidence in biomedical research.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed1997

A content analysis of obstetrics and gynecology scholarship: implications for women's health.

In the context of studying the medicalization of women, we sought insight into the reflexive and mutually influential relationships between the prevailing social agenda and the formal knowledge base by analyzing the content, purpose and funding source of the scholarly work published in the three major, English-language obstetrics and gynecology journals. Our analysis of the 6103 articles published in 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1993 led us to the conclusion that, rather than responding to changing social needs and life-styles, the obstetrics and gynecology specialty has continued to emphasize the reproductive nature of women rather than the health and well-being requirements of non-pregnant and non-fertile women. The social values and attitudes toward women inferred from the priorities evident in these data are ideologically consistent with the view that women's primary role is that of reproduction. The implied importance of certain themes and the consequent allocation of resources may serve to perpetuate the politically oppressive view of women as biologically motivated and determined.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Normative and prescriptive criteria: the efficacy of organ transplantation allocation protocols.

Normative criteria adopted to assure just, equitable, and efficient allocation of donor organs to potential recipients has been widely praised as a model for the allocation of scarce medical resources. Because the organ transplantation program relies upon voluntary participation by potential donors, all such programs necessarily rely upon public confidence in allocation decision making protocols. Several well publicized cases have raised questions in North America about the efficacy of allocation procedures. An analysis of those cases, and the relevant technical literature, suggest consistent structural deficits exist in the organ allocation process as it is applied by many individual transplantation centres. These irregularities are based upon both the failure of rank waiting as a method to guarantee just treatment and a general failure to recognize the extent to which prescriptive criteria--social values--are commonly used to screen potential organ transplant candidates. Resulting idiosyncratic determinations, and a devaluation of rank waiting as a criterion, raise fundamental questions regarding justice, fairness, and equability in the application procedure at large. To correct these structural problems in organ allocation procedures, a multicriterion model defining prescriptive criteria through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is proposed.

Consensus↗
PubMed2003

Biological explanations and social responsibility.

The aim of this paper is to show that critics of biological explanations of human nature may be granting too much to those who oppose such explanations when they argue that the truth of genetic determinism implies an end to critical evaluation and reform of our social institutions. This is the case because when we argue that biological determinism exempts us from social critique we are erroneously presupposing that our social values, practices, and institutions have nothing to do with what makes biological explanations troublesome. My argument is that what constitutes a problem for those who are concerned with social justice is not the fact that particular behaviours may be genetically determined, but the fact that our value system, and social institutions create the conditions that make such behaviours problematic. Thus, I will argue that even if genetic determinism were correct, the requirement of assessing and transforming our social practices and institutions would be far from superfluous. Biology is rarely destiny for human beings and the institutions they create.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Social evaluation of health care versus personal evaluation of health states. Evidence on the validity of four health-state scaling instruments using Norwegian and Australian surveys.

In most of the cost-utility literature, quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gains are interpreted as a measure of social value. Given this interpretation, the validity of different multi-attribute health-state scaling instruments may be tested by comparing the values they provide on the 0-1 QALY scale with directly elicited preferences for person trade-offs between different treatments (equivalence of numbers of different patients treated). Norwegian and Australian public preferences as measured by the person trade-off suggest that the EuroQol Instrument assigns excessively low values to health states. This seems to be even more true of the McMaster Health Classification System. The Quality of Well-being Scale appears to compress states toward the middle of the 0-1 scale. By contrast, the Rosser/Kind index fits reasonably well with directly measured person trade-off data.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

When is development disordered? Developmental psychopathology and the harmful dysfunction analysis of mental disorder.

One goal of developmental psychopathology is to understand the origins and course of mental disorders. I argue that pursuit of this goal requires a valid conceptual understanding of disorder and that this understanding can be provided by the "harmful dysfunction" analysis of the concept of disorder. The harmful dysfunction analysis holds that a disorder is a condition that is both harmful according to social values and caused by an internal dysfunction, that is, by a failure of an internal mechanism to perform a function for which it was naturally selected. This analysis explains why many of the distinctive features of developmental psychopathology are appropriate to the study of disorder. It is argued that the harmful dysfunction analysis is a necessary supplement to other proposed criteria for disorder, such as developmental deviation or predictive validity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

An overview of HIV prevention in central and eastern Europe.

HIV and AIDS present a major challenge to the countries of central and eastern Europe. The manner in which this is being addressed differs from country to country, depending upon historical traditions and prevailing public health practices, social values and political priorities. This paper provides an overview of HIV prevention policies in six central and east European counties: Russia, Romania, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland and Lithuania. By homing in on particular aspects of these policies, the paper aims to highlight some of the more interesting contrasts that exist within this region. The paper concludes that, while significant comparisons can be made between the countries, tight parallels cannot.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2003

Preferences and person trade-offs: forcing consistency or inconsistency in health-related quality of life measures?

We consider assumptions about preferences implicit in the person trade-off exercises used to derive health-related quality of life measures for the Global and US Burden of Disease Projects. Because these methods and their results have the potential of being adopted by other researchers, a critical review of this methodology and its assumptions is warranted. Exercise participants are told that quality of life valuation is approached using two different questions to reveal logical inconsistencies in each person's responses. An inconsistency is claimed to exist if a participant's two responses violate a particular mathematical relationship, and participants are forced to modify their responses to satisfy that relationship. We demonstrate that this supposed 'logical' relationship need not hold for logically consistent, rational individuals, and we prove that the relationship will in fact hold only for a particular class of social value functions exhibiting two characteristics that may not be consistent with the preferences of some participants. These results imply that the forced modification may invalidate some responses, as it may require some participants to provide final answers that are inconsistent with their true preferences. We then discuss preference characterizations in the existing person trade-off literature, from which this relationship may have been derived.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

[Ecosystem health and human health].

The study of ecosystem health is a relatively recent discipline that has already provided new insights into numerous aspects of environmental management. One of the most interesting fields of study is the one investigating the relationships between ecosystem and human heath. In this paper some basic terms of reference are given in order to help the understanding of this new approach. One definition of ecosystem health is given, possible causes of degradation are indicated and links with human health are addressed. The ecosystem approach to human health stresses the importance of cultural and social values in shaping the concept of health, both at human and at ecosystem level. Two case-studies showing man-ecosystem interactions are described: mining activities, that provide a suitable field of application of the ecosystem approach, and the case of malaria and DDT, that shows the risks of certain policies neglecting basic human expectations such as health. As a conclusion, some suggestions for possible research activities are given and a few recommendations for sound public health policies are indicated.

Aedes↗
PubMed1993

Attitudes toward and beliefs about smoking in grade school children.

A questionnaire was developed to study attitudes toward and beliefs about the health consequences and social value of smoking. After initial evaluation of the instrument's reliability, it was administered to approximately 400 children, ranging in age from 7 to 15 years. Significant age effects for some items were demonstrated, but no significant sex effects or sex by age interactions were revealed. Children as young as 7 years were found to be well aware of the health hazards of smoking and likely to express negative attitudes concerning it. We conclude that if smoking prevention programs are to have more than minimal success with youth, they must offer something more than mere information about the health hazards of smoking.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1994

Outcomes evaluation in TBI rehabilitation. Part III: Ethical perspectives and social policy.

The choice and interpretation of rehabilitation outcomes are suffused with personal and social values. In this article we examine the ethical implications of outcomes evaluation. The viewpoints of key parties to the rehabilitation process are considered. Self-determination of persons served is of central significance. Valuative conflicts in practice frequently obscure the meaning of a "good" outcome. Outcome studies can contribute to the development of a just policy but bear serious ethical responsibilities. Although these issues are general to rehabilitation, persons with TBI are at special risk of being disenfranchised. A new paradigm or clinical philosophy is needed to respond to the new and divergent pressures facing clinical rehabilitation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

The impact of cultural changes on the internal experience of the adolescent.

This paper examines the impact on adolescence of major cultural changes brought about by the advent of television, the combined threat of Nuclear War and Aids and changes in social values and family structures. The main thesis is that the volume and pace of these contemporary changes have an unsettling effect on internal experience and create conditions in society that replicate those that give rise to the development of narcissistic disturbance in early childhood development. Narcissism is seen as central in adolescence and inadequately modulated in the prevailing "culture of narcissism". An example is given of such disturbance in a young man. The relevance of psychoanalysis as a body of knowledge and as an activity concerned with self and object relatedness is discussed, followed by an illustration of psychoanalysis in practice in a therapeutic community for adolescents, Peper Harow.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗