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PubMed1985

Perception of social distributions.

Accurate representation of the distribution of social attitudes and behaviors can guide effective social behavior and is often essential for correct inferences. We examined the accuracy of people's beliefs about the distributions of a large number of attitudinal and behavioral dimensions. In two studies we measured actual attitudes and behaviors in a student population, and we assessed beliefs by asking subjects to estimate the distribution of 100 students on these dimensions. We examined the accuracy of subjects' perceptions of the means, standard deviations, and distribution shapes. Subjects showed a number of systematic biases, including overestimation of dispersion and overestimation of the means of behavioral distributions and a false consensus bias, but their overall accuracy was impressive.

Attitude↗
PubMed1986

Factors related to coercive sexual behavior in a nonclinical sample of males.

The sexual coercion literature has suggested numerous factors related to aggressive sexual behavior. The present investigation explores a number of these factors in a community sample. Data collected from 189 volunteers from the community included measures of sexual arousal, social perception, personality variables, attitudes toward women, and self-reported likelihood to rape. Multiple-regression analyses were used to determine the relative association of these factors to coercive sexual behavior. The present findings suggested that social perception, Extraversion and Neuroticism from the Eysenck Personality Inventory, sexual arousal, and self-reported likelihood to rape all contributed to the multiple regression. Rape Myth Acceptance, although not contributing significantly to the multiple regression, did show a significant zero-order correlation with coercive sexual behavior. Additional analyses were performed in an attempt to replicate an earlier predictive study by Malamuth and Check (1983) that found self-reported sexual arousal to be predicted by a combination of self-reported likelihood to rape, Psychoticism and Neuroticism from the Eysenck Personality Inventory, power motivation, and sexual experience. In the present study, both self-reported sexual arousal and penile tumescence measures were significantly related to attitudinal measures, social perception measures, and self-reported likelihood to rape. Limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Associations among perceptions of social support, negative affect, and quality of sleep in caregivers and noncaregivers.

The authors used structural equation modeling to examine associations among perceptions of negative affect, social support, and quality of sleep in a sample of caregivers (n = 175) and noncaregiver control participants (n = 169). The authors hypothesized that caregiver status would be related to sleep quality directly and also indirectly by way of negative affect and social support. This hypothesis was partially supported in that caregiving was found to be indirectly related to sleep quality. However, after accounting for the indirect effects of negative affect and social support, the direct effect of caregiving on sleep quality was no longer statistically significant. The structural model accounted for approximately 43% of the variance in sleep quality. The present findings may be useful in the development of successful sleep interventions for caregivers.

Affect↗
PubMed1998

Wife caregivers' and supportive others' perceptions of the caregivers' health and social support.

Perceptions of health and social support held by 75 wives caring for their mentally impaired husbands at home were compared with those of 75 supportive others, that is, secondary caregivers. Ratings by the two groups were significantly correlated, suggesting that the reports of wife caregivers may be considered valid. Supportive others rated physical help received by wife caregivers significantly higher than did the caregivers. Nondepressed caregivers perceived themselves to be significantly healthier than their supportive others perceived them. Depressed caregivers reported larger social networks than did their supportive others. Findings point to the importance of gaining the perspectives of both primary and secondary caregivers in order to understand the total reality of the caregiving situation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Parents with first time major depression: perceptions of social support for themselves and their children.

The aim of this study was to ascertain the perceptions of parents, with first time major depression, regarding the social support for themselves and their children. Eighteen parents, with children under the age of 19, were interviewed on admission to an inpatient unit and of these 16 were followed up 1 year later. In addition, the severity of parents' depression and their functional status was measured. The results showed that although the parents did regain their mental health and functional capacity to a certain extent, they nevertheless remained in a vulnerable position, increasing the strain on the whole family. The parents' and their children's social support was low and came mostly from outside the family. The parents were worried about their children, due to problems related to the depressive episode as well as ordinary teenage rebellion. Important questions concerned practical problems such as whether there was someone to take care of the children if the parent is incapable of doing so. There were also concerns pertaining to how the changed family situation might interfere with the child's natural development or whether depression was a question of heredity. This highlights the need to investigate the importance of social support for the family as a whole when one of them suffers from depression. There is a need for improved treatment of parental depression to reduce symptoms such as decreased functional status that may impair parenting. The study also emphasises the need for healthcare practitioners to assess multiple aspects of social support so that care planning will target all relevant domains.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Social anxiety and perception of early parenting among American, Chinese American, and social phobic samples.

Emotionally distant and controlling child-rearing attitudes have been reported to characterize the parents of American or western European social phobics in previous research. However, the notion that these parental attitudes may be associated with social anxiety only in some cultures has not been investigated. The present study examined social anxiety among American social phobics and American and Chinese/Chinese American volunteer samples and how it may relate to their parents' child-rearing attitudes. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed overall group differences. Both volunteer samples reported lower levels of anxiety than social phobics. Parents of Chinese/Chinese Americans and social phobics were reported to be similar in their (1) isolation of children from social activities; (2) over-emphasis of others' opinions; and (3) use of shame tactics for discipline (more so than American volunteers' parents). However, parents of nonsocial phobics were more likely to attend family social activities than social phobics' parents. Overall, the association between a reported parenting style emphasizing others' opinions and shame tactics and social anxiety in their adult children was more evident in both American samples than among Chinese/Chinese Americans.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Perception and social consequences of tuberculosis: a focus group study of tuberculosis patients in Sialkot, Pakistan.

Treatment defaulting is one of the major causes of the failure of TB control programs. In Bethania Hospital, Sialkot, defaulting rates are high: 72% for the standard 12 months course and 56% for the 8 months course. Attrition is especially important in the first weeks of treatment: < 70% of the patients start the 10th week of treatment. A focus group discussion study has been carried out to gain a better understanding of the impact of social stigmatization, treatment cost and pregnancy on defaulting. The study population consisted of 3 male and 3 female groups each with 8 hospitalized TB patients. The study shows that TB is perceived as a very dangerous, infectious and incurable disease. This perception has many social consequences: stigmatization and social isolation of TB patients and their families: diminished marriage prospects for young TB patients, and even for their family members: TB in one of the partners may lead to divorce. Due to fear patients often deny the diagnosis and reject the treatment. While both male and female TB patients face many social and economical problems, female patients are more affected. Divorce and broken engagements seem to occur more often in female patients. Females are usually economically dependent on their husbands and family in law, and need their cooperation to avail of treatment. The belief that pregnancy enhances the risk for relapse decreases their marriage prospects. Pregnancy is also a reason for stopping TB treatment as both are considered as incompatible. The findings of this study reveal the urgent need for a health education campaign to convince the general population that tuberculosis is curable. All health care providers should act as destigmatizers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Occipitotemporal activation evoked by the perception of human bodies is modulated by the presence or absence of the face.

We investigated the degree to which activation in regions of the brain known to participate in social perception is influenced by the presence or absence of the face and other body parts. Subjects continuously viewed a static image of a lecture hall in which actors appeared briefly in various poses. There were three conditions: Body-Face, in which the actor appeared with limbs, torso, and face clearly visible; Body-Only, in which the actor appeared with his or her face occluded by a book; and Face-Only, in which the actor appeared behind a podium with only face and shoulders visible. Using event-related functional MRI, we obtained strong activation in those regions previously identified as important for face and body perception. These included portions of the fusiform (FFG) and lingual gyri within ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOTC), and portions of the middle occipital gyrus (corresponding to the previously defined extrastriate body area, or EBA) and posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) within lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC). Activation of the EBA was strongest for the Body-Only condition; indeed, exposing the face decreased EBA activation evoked by the body. In marked contrast, activation in the pSTS was largest when the face was visible, regardless of whether the body was also visible. Activity within the lateral lingual gyrus and adjacent medial FFG was strongest for the Body-Only condition, while activation in the lateral FFG was greatest when both the face and body were visible. These results provide new information regarding the importance of a visible face in both the relative activation and deactivation of brain structures engaged in social perception.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women's perceptions of their social roles after heart surgery and coronary angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to describe the influence of physical health on social role perceptions, role performance, and role balance in women after heart surgery and coronary angioplasty. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was used. SETTING: The study was undertaken at a Midwestern community hospital. SAMPLE: The study considered 58 midlife and older women who had received heart surgery or coronary angioplasty. OUTCOME MEASURES: The following measures were used: Inventory of Adult Role Behavior, Role Discrepancy Measure, Role Balance Measure, and Salient Social Roles Measure. RESULTS: Women in poorer health had lower role performance and more negative role perceptions. In general, the balance of rewards and concerns in roles rated most important were not affected by health status. CONCLUSION: Dimensions of women's social roles are related to physical health after heart surgery and angioplasty. Knowledge about the effect of physical health on women's social role experiences is important information for clinicians who care for women with heart disease. If a woman can be helped to achieve better functional health to perform role and daily living tasks, she may feel more positive about her current and future health states.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Barriers and opportunities for social participation in health: the main social actors' perceptions].

OBJECTIVE: Analysing barriers to and opportunities for user involvement as perceived by the social actors involved in implementing Colombian policy regarding social participation in health. METHODS: An exploratory qualitative study was carried out in the Colombian towns of Tuluá and Palmira between 2000 and 2001. There were 10 focus groups having 260 users and leaders. Semi-structured individual interviews were given to health personnel (36) and policy-makers (3). Narrative content, mixed categories and data segmentation by informants and topics were then analysed. RESULTS: Users and leaders considered their own lack of knowledge, apathy and fear of revenge as barriers for participation. However, there were institutional factors such as lack of institutional transparency, limited receptiveness and responsiveness regarding participation. These opinions were shared by policy-makers. Most health personnel identified users' knowledge and attitudes as barriers for participation; few mentioned any institutional barriers such as the behaviour of personnel, institutional opacity and the lack of resources for fostering work in the community. Opportunities for participation were described in terms of suitable and possible scenarios. Users perceived their great ability to achieve change through their direct participation appeared to them as presenting an important opportunity. CONCLUSIONS: Users' and leaders' perceptions of the current barriers and opportunities seemed to show that they are critical of their own reality and constitute important potential actors for becoming key interlocutors with institutions and the state. A similar attitude would be necessary on the part of institutional actors to build a real and permanent participatory culture.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Here's looking at you, kid: neural systems underlying face and gaze processing in fragile X syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Children with fragile X syndrome (fraX) are at risk for manifesting abnormalities in social function that overlap with features of autism and social anxiety disorder. In this study, we analyzed brain activation in response to face and gaze stimuli to better understand neural functioning associated with social perception in fraX. METHODS: Eleven female subjects with fraX, aged 10 to 22 years, were compared with age-matched female control subjects. Photographs of forward-facing and angled faces, each having direct and averted gaze (4 types of stimuli), were presented in an event-related design during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects were instructed to determine the direction of gaze for each photograph. Activation in brain regions known to respond to face and gaze stimuli, the fusiform gyrus (FG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS), were compared between groups to isolate neural abnormalities in the perception of directed social stimuli. RESULTS: The fraX subjects had decreased accuracy in determining the direction of gaze compared with controls. Region of interest analysis of the FG revealed a significant interaction between diagnostic group and face orientation. Specifically, control subjects had greater FG activation to forward than to angled faces, whereas fraX subjects had no difference in FG activation to forward and angled faces. Controls showed greater left STS activation to all stimuli compared with fraX subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that gaze aversion in fraX subjects is related to decreased specialization of the FG in the perception of face orientation. Decreased STS activation in fraX suggests aberrant processing of gaze. These data suggest that gaze aversion in fraX may be related to dysfunction of neural systems underlying both face and gaze processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Disease perception and social behaviour in persistent rhinitis: a comparison between patients with allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Although the understanding of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of rhinitis has increased within recent years, few studies have examined the impact of rhinitis on patients' behaviour. AIM: To compare perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) and perennial nonallergic rhinitis (PNR) in terms of patients' perception of their disease and its psychosocial concomitants. METHODS: Thirty-one PAR patients and 32 PNR patients responded to a standard symptom list and were interviewed in-depth regarding their complaints and the impact of rhinitis on their daily lives. RESULTS: PAR and PNR patients reported similar somatic and psychosocial complaints. In both disease groups the adverse effects of rhinitis were reported to be substantially limiting, particularly in social contacts, the impact appearing to be more severe in the women. CONCLUSION: Rhinitis has a severe impact on the daily lives of patients, women reporting more severe psychosocial effects. Disease perception and social adjustment appear to not depend appreciably on whether or not an objective diagnosis of rhinitis can be established.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Social cue perception and intelligence in schizophrenia.

Previous research has shown that both acutely ill and remitted schizophrenic patients are more sensitive to the concrete, than the abstract, cues of a social situation. The purpose of this study is to determine whether this difference is attributable to a generalized performance deficit by determining whether difference in concrete and abstract cue recognition correlates with verbal intelligence. A second goal of this study is to determine whether differences in the cue perception of schizophrenic and normal control samples is also attributable to differences in verbal intelligence. Samples of inpatients (n = 23) and outpatients (n = 20) with DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder completed the Social Cue Recognition Test, the Vocabulary Subtest of the WAIS-R, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Standardized residual scores representing differences in sensitivity across abstract and concrete cue recognition were not found to correlate significantly with verbal IQ in either sample. However, overall sensitivity was significantly associated with intelligence in both samples and standardized residual scores were significantly associated with thinking disturbance in the inpatients. Differences in cue perception across schizophrenic and normal control samples remained significant after adjusting cue perception scores by scores on the Vocabulary Subtest. These findings suggest that the differential deficit in cue recognition may not be attributable to generalized performance deficit.

Adult↗