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PubMedDate not supplied

[Interchangeability among the percentages of body fat estimated by mid-arm adipose area, triceps skinfold thickness and arm-to-arm segmental bioimpedance analysis].

BACKGROUND: Assessing nutritional status based on the upper limbs is useful at the clinical level. The aim of this study is to evaluate the agreement degree of the body fat percentages (%BF) estimated by the mid-arm adipose area (%BFARM), the Siri triceps skin-fold equation (%BFTRICEPS) and the arm-to-arm segmental bioimpedance analysis (%BFBIA), as well as the Siri four-skinfold equation (%BFSIRI), assessing their interchangeability. METHODS: A cross-sectional study. Body fat assessments were made on a total of 145 subjects (83 males, 62 females) anthropometrically and by bioelectrical impedance analysis (Omron BF 300). The agreement between methods were analyzed using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The ICC between %BFARM and %BFTRICEPS was 0.8322 (CI .95% 0.7672-0.8791); between %BFARM-%BFBIA 0.7337 (0.6305-0.8080) and between %BFTRICEPS-%BFBIA 0.9290 (0.9015; 0.9488). For the Bland-Altman method, the agreement interval between %BFARM-%BFTRICEPS (-11.2; 16.96) and between %BFARM-%BFBIA (-13.04; 21.76) exceeded the cutoff point (+/- 10%), but not between %BFTRICEPS-%BFBIA (-6.64; 9.6), %BFSIRI-%BFTRICEPS (-5.27; 4.52) and %BFSIRI-%BFBIA (-6.31; 8.52). The BMI has no bearing on the results. CONCLUSIONS: The method utilized influences the nutritional assessment made based on the upper limbs. The mid-arm adipose area method overestimated the %BF with relationship to the Siri triceps skinfold or four-skinfold equation and to the bioelectrical impedance analysis, and although this result suggests that mid-arm adipose area may not be a good indicator of global adiposity, this must be confirmed against a gold standard.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Estimation of body fat from skinfold thickness.

The fat content of the human body has physiological and medical importance. It may influence morbidity and mortality, it may affect the ability to withstand exposure to cold and starvation, and it may alter the effectiveness of drugs and anaesthetics. It may also be the cause of reduced insulin sensitivity in some population groups. Thus, the measurement of the total body fat provides useful information. A computer program, written in quick basic language, was developed, to compute the equivalent fat content, as a percentage of body-weight, for a range of values for the sum of the four skinfolds, of Egyptian males and females of different ages. This is based on a table developed by Durnin and Womersley. The computer program was run using skinfolds of Egyptian males and females of different ages. Satisfactory results were obtained. This program can be used to calculate the total body fat with relative ease and reasonable accuracy. This should make it of common use in many fields of medicine, physiology, nutrition and anthropology, particularly in population studies comprising a large number of subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

[Physical dimensions and skinfold thickness in childhood].

Five measurements of body circumferences were related to the results of determinations of the subcutaneous fat thickness using caliper measurements. The analysis of data obtained from 10,661 infants and children aged between 1.5 to 15 years do not show constant correlations of the parameters measured during the periods of childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Calculation of body fat by skinfold thickness].

This paper describes the method of determining the sizes of the subcutaneous fat folds found in the biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and submandibular. One is shown how to make the calculation of body fat and the areas of the section of the arm as related to the sizes of the folds and, finally, the author provides some recommendations so that one may correctly evaluate the data obtained.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment of body composition in groups of subjects with different body size. Comparison of skinfold thickness and impedance methods].

The aim of our study was to compare plicometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis as methods for body composition assessment (fat mass-FM%, fat-free mass-FFM) and to extrapolate population-specific equations in order to predict the plicometrically-derived FM and FFM on the basis of body resistance. A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Diabetes Out-Patient Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy. We examined 102 subjects (45 men, 57 women, age range 30-45 years) divided into three groups: Group N (36 normal weight subjects, body mass index-BMI = weight/height2 = 24.5 +/- 0.8), Group O (35 obese subjects, BMI = 35.1 +/- 0.4), and Group GO (morbid obese subjects, BMI = 49.2 +/- 1.2) as well as a control group of 30 subjects (12 men, 18 women, age range 30-45 years, BMI = 20.9-63.1). We measured the following parameters: bioelectrical impedance analysis (body resistance: R), plicometry (triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds), height (Ht), weight (W). The two methods were comparable in Groups N and O. In Group GO, however, especially in men and for FM%, measurements were significantly different. Plicometrically-determined FM% and FFM-Kg were significantly correlated to R.W/Ht2 (r = 0.821, p < 0.0001) and to Ht2/R (r = 0.867, p < 0.0001) respectively. The following prediction formulas for plicometric FM and FFM from body resistance and anthropometric variables were obtained: 1) FM% = 22.3 (R.W/Ht2)-2.2, and 2) FFM-Kg = 1.1 (Ht2/R)-3.1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Factors associated with weight for height and skinfold thickness in British children.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of social and biological factors with measures of obesity in children. DESIGN: The study had a cross sectional design. SETTING: The analyses were based on data from two national study of health and growth cross sectional surveys. The "representative sample" comprised 1990 data from 22 English areas and 1990-91 data from 14 Scottish areas; the "inner city sample" comprised 1991 data from 20 English areas. PARTICIPANTS: The subjects were primary school children aged mainly 5-11 years living in England and Scotland. The "representative" sample included 10,628 children--6463 living in England and 4165 living in Scotland. The "inner city" sample included 7049 children--2183 white, 1124 Afro-Caribbean, 2696 Indian subcontinent, and 1046 from other groups. Due to missing values on continuous variables, 8374 children were included in the analyses. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The relation between social environment and childhood overweight was studied using several indicators of obesity. Triceps, subscapular, the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds, and weight for height were used as dependent variables. The analyses were carried out in two stages. Firstly, multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the factors associated with dependent variables treated as continuous. Secondly, multiple linear logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between independent factors and overweight and fatness defined as binary variables. Birth weight, mother's body mass index (BMI), and father's BMI were consistently associated (p < 0.001) in all models and were the variables that contributed most to the explained variation in the dependent variables. In the multiple regression analyses there was a consistent interaction between the effects of ethnic origin and family size on each outcome variable. In the logistic regression analyses the interaction was not significant, and highly significant associations between both overweight and fatness with the number of children were shown. Ethnic group was not significantly associated with overweight but it was with fatness. The strengths of the remaining significant associations were slight and inconsistent in relation to the dependent variables or the type of analysis. CONCLUSION: Very few variables were associated with measures of overweight and fatness. The only useful factor that was highly associated with all measures of fatness was the parents' BMI. Strategies to prevent childhood obesity should be aimed at the total population and special emphasis should be placed on families in which one or both parents are overweight.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1990

Skinfold thickness in well-nourished school children in Haryana.

Skin fold thickness of 4405 (2212 male and 2193 female) well-nourished school children between 5 to 15 years of age in five public schools of Haryana was measured by standard accepted technique. The findings of the present study were comparable with earlier studies conducted in well-nourished Indian school children at Hyderabad and with the British children. Children belonging to low income groups had smaller fat folds at all ages as compared to the present study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Adipose tissue cellularity and skinfold thickness of the deltoid and retrotrochanteric areas in obese women (author's transl)].

301 women, 261 of them obese, were the subject of an anthropometric study of brachial and femoral adipomuscular ratio, adipocytometry in the deltoid and retro-trochanteric areas and oral glucose tolerance. Deltoid adipocyte volume was highly correlated (p less than 0,001) with total fat deposition in this area, while no such relationship was found in the retrotrochanteric area. In obese women with chemical or overt diabetes, deltoid adipose cells were significantly larger than those of non-diabetic obese women. This, however, was not the case for retro-trochanteric adipose cells.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

[Correlation of skinfold thickness with bone density and estradiol, FSH and prolactin level in a sample of 231 women].

Skin thickness was measured by means of ultrasound and correlated with the results of bone densitometry and hormonal parameters. Skin thickness and bone density were significantly correlated (p < 0.0001). These results indicated that not only bone, but also skin is a hormone-dependent organ, which responds to the menopausal decrease in sexual steroids. Hence, skin ultrasound, just like bone densitometry, can be useful implemented in the differential diagnostic procedure, as well as the therapy of the menopausal syndrome. Additionally, the estrogen-dependent postmenopausal decrease in collagen tissue can be assessed by ultrasound and a successful therapeutic outcome achieved by optimizing the dosage of estrogen substitution.

Bone Density↗
PubMed1989

[Analysis of the results of the measurements of adipose tissue in the human body based on the study of skinfold thickness].

The method of Durnin and Womerslay of fatty tissue content in human body was analysed for determining the reproducibility of measurements and agreement of the results depending on the number of measured folds and number of measurement repetitions. The analysis was based on the results of the first cross-sectional study POL-MONICA Warsaw. An agreement was demonstrated between the results of one and two measurements of the folds and four measurements, and between the body fat content determined by means of these measurements. This made possible reduction of the number of measurements in the second cross-sectional study. A small but statistically significant difference was noted between the mean values of body fat content determined from various combinations of skin-fat folds.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

[Role of genetic and environmental factors in the determination of body weight and skinfold thickness in children having different blood pressure (a familial study)].

Based on intrafamilial correlations, a component genetic analysis was used to evaluate the contribution made by genetic and environmental factors to variance in body weight and skin fold thickness in children who had various blood pressure. In children with initially elevated and normal blood pressures, the phenotypic variation in the body weight and adipopexia is largely determined by genetic factors, whereas in those with initially lower blood pressure, the phenotypic variation in the above parameters is greatly affected by environmental factors, mainly by those of occasional nature. The findings provide evidence for a differential approach to the primary prevention of hyper- and hypotension in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Measurements of skinfold thickness and musculature in the assessment of growth and nutritional status of malnourished children.

Measurements of the mid-upper arm circumference and the triceps skin-fold thickness were made at six montly intervals in 15 malnourished children. From these measurements, values were obtained for 'muscle bulk' and 'fat bulk' using local standards. Over a 12 month period, both measurements increased among the overtly malnourished children. The fat increased most in the children who were initially underweight (marasmic children). All these indicated an improvement in the nutritional status of these children. The Oje group of children deteriorated in all the parameters without any evidence of acute illness. A possible reason for this situation was a false sense of confidence on the part of the children's mothers and consequently, inadequate provision of food. The use of subcutaneous fat as an index of inadequate intake, and skeletal muscle for evidence of protein depletion, was also highlighted.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of glucose tolerance, serum insulin, serum lipids and skinfold thickness between 50- and 60-year-old men.

Two apparently healthy male groups, one 60 (n = 67) and one 50 (n = 367) years of age were compared with respect to blood glucose, serum lipid and serum insulin concentration and intravenous glucose tolerance. These groups were recruited from two health surveys performed on male populations of these ages in the municipality of Uppsala. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the two health survey populations were 4.5% and 0.9%, respectively. No significant differences in serum triglycerides, serum cholestrol and fasting serum insulin concentrations were found between the two age groups. Significantly higher k-values and higher early serum insulin response to i.v. glucose were found in the younger than in the older age group. The older age group was more obese, than the younger group. It is concluded that the prevalence of diabetes increases considerably in males between 50 and 60 years of age. In parallel, the prevalence of decreased glucose tolerance is increasing, which might partly be explained by increased body weight and partly by an impaired pancreatic beta-cell function.

Adipose Tissue↗