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Improved smoking cessation in smokers given ultrasound photographs of their own atherosclerotic plaques.
BACKGROUND: We examined whether making smokers aware that they had developed peripheral atherosclerosis would improve smoking cessation. METHODS: Smokers selected from the general population were randomly allocated to undergo high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography of their carotid and femoral arteries. All smokers received quit-smoking counseling. Smokers with > or =1 atherosclerotic plaque were given two photographs of a plaque with a relevant explanation. Quit rates were assessed by telephone 6 months later. RESULTS: Seventy-nine smokers did not undergo ultrasonography (A). Among the 74 smokers submitted to ultrasonography, 20 had no plaque (B) and 54 had > or =1 plaque (C). Quit rates were, respectively, 6.3, 5.0, and 22.2% in groups A, B, and C. Quit rates were higher in smokers submitted to ultrasonography (B + C vs A; P = 0.031) and in those receiving photographs (C vs A + B; P = 0.003). Smoking cessation was independently associated with intervention C (OR = 6.2; 95% CI = 1.8-21) and a white-collar job but not with age or gender. CONCLUSIONS: Providing smokers with photographs demonstrating atherosclerosis on their own person was an effective adjunct to physician's advice to quit smoking. Since ultrasonography is used increasingly often in clinical practice for cardiovascular risk stratification, this can provide an additional opportunity and means to deter smokers from smoking.
Low allozyme and mtDNA variability in the island endemic species Drosophila sechellia (D. melanogaster complex).
Genetic variability of D. sechellia is investigated at both mitochondrial and nuclear levels. The results reveal the existence of a single main type of mtDNA with very few variants and a very low enzyme polymorphism. This situation is consistent with the small population size of this specialized species.
Occupational injuries due to sting-rays.
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Pause Patrol: Negative Elongation Factor's Role in Promoter-Proximal Pausing and Beyond.
RNA polymerase (Pol) II is highly regulated to ensure appropriate gene expression. Early transcription elongation is associated with transient pausing of RNA Pol II in the promoter-proximal region. In multicellular organisms, this pausing is stabilized by the association of transcription elongation factors DRB-sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF) and Negative Elongation Factor (NELF). DSIF is a broadly conserved transcription elongation factor whereas NELF is mostly restricted to the metazoan lineage. Mounting evidence suggests that NELF association with RNA Pol II serves as checkpoint for either release into rapid and productive transcription elongation or premature termination at promoter-proximal pause sites. Here we summarize NELF's roles in promoter-proximal pausing, transcription termination, DNA repair, and signaling based on decades of cell biological, biochemical, and structural work and describe areas for future research.
Control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections.
In recent years significant progress has been made in understanding the ecology, epidemiology and related morbidity and development of new tools for the control of soil-transmitted helminths. Such knowledge has recognized the impact of helminth infections on the health of infected groups and has created a rational basis for their control. Schoolchildren harbour some of the most intense helminthic infections, which produce adverse effects on health, growth and scholastic performance. However, although great effort has been put into targeting school-age children, women of child-bearing age and pre-school children are two other groups at high risk of morbidity due to intestinal nematode infections. Highly effective and safety-tested, single-dose anthelminthic drugs are now available, permitting periodical deworming of schoolchildren and other high-risk groups at affordable prices. Four anthelminthics against all intestinal nematodes are included in the WHO Essential Drug List (albendazole, levamisole, mebendazole and pyrantel). Recently ivermectin has also been registered for use against Strongyloides stercoralis in humans. Several well-monitored country experiences have shown that chemotherapy-based control of morbidity due to soil-transmitted helminths is possible and highly cost-effective.
Abortion laws in African Commonwealth countries.
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Genetic analysis of Drosophila sechellia specialization: oviposition behavior toward the major aliphatic acids of its host plant.
Oviposition behavior of the four species in the Drosophila melanogaster complex (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. mauritiana, D. sechellia) was investigated versus natural morinda fruit (the normal resource of D. sechellia) and the two major aliphatic acids of this fruit (hexanoic acid, C6, and octanoic acid, C8). Two different experimental techniques were compared. When control and experimental food were set on the same egg laying plate, three species (D. sechellia, D. mauritiana, D. melanogaster) exhibited a significant preference for morinda; with aliphatic acids, only D. sechellia manifested a preference. With separate oviposition sites, a preference was found in D. sechellia for morinda and acids, and a general avoidance behavior in the three other species. Genetic analysis of the behavioral response toward C6 and C8 was done with the two plates technique on D. sechellia, D. simulans, F1 hybrids and backcrosses. Significant behavioral differences were observed with major effects due to genotype, concentration and their interaction. Hybrid behaviors were intermediate between those of their parents. In several cases, a qualitative reversal from preference to avoidance was observed with increasing concentration. In F1 flies, a dominance reversal was observed with increasing C8 concentration. Different reaction thresholds in different receptors might explain such observations.
Biogeography: the coelacanth of frogs.
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Letter: Fortification of salt with iron.
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Prospective analysis of parasitic infections in Canadian travelers and immigrants.
BACKGROUND: International travel is associated with increased risk of vector-borne illnesses, particularly malaria. The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the relative frequency of parasitic diseases in Canadian travelers and to characterize demographic and travel-related predictors of these infections. METHODS: Data on Canadians and new immigrants who crossed international borders and were seen in the Tropical Disease Unit of Toronto General Hospital between November 1997 and June 2003 were prospectively collected and entered into the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database. RESULTS: Of 3,528 returned Canadian travelers and new immigrants in the database, 1,010 had a parasitic infection diagnosed. Mean age of the 3,528 travelers was 37.3 years, and 42.6% were male. Those diagnosed with parasitic infections were more likely than the remaining cohort to have been traveling for the purpose of immigration (21.1% vs 7.1%, p < 0.001), or visiting friends and relatives (VFR) (17.9% vs 11.8%, p < 0.01). Common parasitic infections included nonhistolytica amebiasis (N= 209), malaria (N= 143), cutaneous larva migrans (N= 105), giardiasis (N= 74), and schistosomiasis (N= 48). CONCLUSIONS: Parasitic infections occurred in 29% of Canadian travelers. New immigrants and VFRs are at increased risk for malaria, as well as protozoal and helminthic infections.
Fighting the bends in the Indian Ocean.
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From Victor Pauchet to Gaston Labat: the transformation of regional anesthesia from a surgeon's practice to the physician anesthesiologist.
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Meeting of the minds on mercury.
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Dentistry on stamps.
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Notes on the Indo-West Pacific genus Ctenogobiops (Teleostei: Gobiidae), with descriptions of three new species.
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