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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Stress echocardiography in the pre-operative evaluation of patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Are results comparable with dypiridamole versus dobutamine stress echo?].

INTRODUCTION: [corrected] Perioperative cardiovascular complications are an important cause of post-surgical morbility and mortality in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Dobutamine Stress Echo is considered one of the methods of choice in the detection of coronary artery disease in this subgroup of patients. OBJECTIVES: . Our aim was to analyze if dipyridamole stress echocardiography could be used as an alternative to Dobutamine Stress Echo in the perioperative evaluation of patients in need of major vascular surgery. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The result of consecutives dypiridamole and dobutamine stress exams prior to vascular surgery were reviewed. We analyzed if those patients with a positive stress echo presented a higher number of cardiac events during and after surgery than those with negative stress echo. The negative and positive predictive values were calculated for both techniques. RESULTS: 133 stress exams were analysed: 39 with dobutamine and 94 with dipyridamole. Of the 39 dobutamine studies 2 were positive, 29 negatives and 8 non conclusive. Of the 94 dypiridamole studies 13 were positive and 81 negatives. None of the patients with a positive dobutamine echo underwent surgery. The negative predictive value for dobutamine echo was 96.5%, quite similar to that of dypiridamole stress echo (97.5%). CONCLUSION: Dipyridamole stress echocardiography is a valid alternative to dobutamine echocardiography in the pre-surgical evaluation of patients undergoing major vascular surgery.

Dipyridamole↗
PubMed1998

Effects of psychological stress on serum prolyl endopeptidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in humans: higher serum prolyl endopeptidase activity is related to stress-induced anxiety.

There is now some evidence that psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder are associated with significant alterations in the serum activity of peptidases, such as prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of psychological stress on serum PEP and DPP IV activity in humans. Thirty-eight university students had repeated measurements of serum PEP and DPP IV activity a few weeks before and after (baseline conditions) as well as the day before a difficult academic examination (stress condition). Subjects were divided into anxiety responders and nonresponders to stress according to their stress-induced increase in the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. Serum PEP activity was somewhat lowered by stress in female, but not male, students. Serum PEP activity was significantly higher in the two baseline conditions and during the stress condition in anxiety responders than in anxiety nonresponders. There were no significant effects of stress on serum DPP IV activity and no significant differences between anxiety responders and nonresponders. Serum PEP and DPP IV activity were significantly higher in men than in women. The results suggest that increased baseline serum PEP activity is related to stress-induced anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Stress-related preeclampsia: an evolutionary maladaptation in exaggerated stress during pregnancy?

The authors hypothesize that preeclampsia is a stress-related disease and an evolutionary maladaptation of exaggerated stress during human pregnancy. Epidemiologic studies show that relative risk for preeclampsia is increased in many stressful situations. Many risk factors for preeclampsia are stress-related. Low-stress situations, on the contrary, are protective. Stress in pregnancy corroborates all physiopathologic theories for preeclampsia; it does not contradict them. Animals exposed to intense stress show many characteristics of preeclampsia, and some animal models for human preeclampsia have been proposed. The stress-alarm reaction is protective for survival in animals. But the evolutionary maladaptation of this intense stress could lead to preeclampsia in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Influences of soybean oil emulsion on stress response and cell-mediated immune function in moderately or severely stressed patients.

OBJECTIVES: We previously reported that omega-6 fat emulsion increases cytokine production in burned rats. Effects of soybean oil emulsion on surgical stress responses and lymphocyte function according to the surgical severity have not been studied in detail. We investigated the effects of soybean oil emulsion, which contains 50% omega-6 fatty acid, on postoperative stress responses and cell-mediated immune function according to the severity of surgical stress. METHODS: Eight patients who underwent gastric or colorectal surgery and nine who underwent esophagectomy were fed fat-free total parenteral nutrition. Ten patients who underwent gastric or colorectal surgery and seven who underwent esophagectomy were fed total parenteral nutrition with soybean oil emulsion. Total parenteral nutrition provided 1.5 g of protein and 40 kcal per kilogram every day from 7 d before surgery to postoperative day 14. Soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid) accounted for 20% of the total calories. Serum interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, glucagon, and concanavalin A- or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation were determined. RESULTS: In the group of moderately stressed patients, soybean oil emulsion did not amplify the measured levels. In the group of severely stressed patients, soybean oil emulsion amplified the level of serum interleukin-6 and decreased concanavalin A- or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Soybean oil emulsion amplifies the stress responses and possibly suppresses cell-mediated immune function induced by surgical stress in severely stressed patients, but not in moderately stressed patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Characteristics of the behavior and stress-reactivity of the hypophyseal-adrenal system in prenatally stressed rats.

The effects of daily 1-h immobilization of female rats from days 15 to 18 of pregnancy on the levels of anxiety, orientational-investigative activity in an open field test, and the dynamics of the stress response of the hypophyseal-adrenal system were studied in the male and female adult offspring of these rats. Maternal stress was found to induce significant reductions in the level of orientational-investigative activity of females in the stage of diestrus, and to increase anxiety as measured in an elevated cross maze. Prenatally stressed males, conversely, had decreased levels of anxiety, and behavior in the open field test was virtually unaltered. As a result, prenatally stressed rats showed smoothing out of the intergender differences in these forms of behavior, seen in control animals in normal conditions. Prenatal stress had a significant influence on the dynamics of the stress response of the hypophyseal-adrenal system in males and females; males showed impairment of the feedback control of this system in conditions of stress activation, while females showed significant increases in the maximum level of adrenal corticosterone secretion into the blood in response to immobilization lasting 20 min. These data provide evidence that maternal stress has significant influences on behavior and the stress response in both male and female rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Stress exposure and stress generation in child and adolescent depression: a latent trait-state-error approach to longitudinal analyses.

In 2 longitudinal studies of negative life events and depressive symptoms in adolescents (N = 708) and in children (N = 508), latent trait-state-error structural equation models tested both the stress generation hypothesis and the stress exposure hypothesis. Results strongly suggested that self-reports of depressive symptoms reflect the influence of a perfectly stable trait factor as well as a less stable state factor. Support emerged for both the stress generation model and the stress exposure model. When the state depression factor was modeled as predicting stress, support for the stress generation model appeared to increase with age. When the trait depression factor was modeled as the predictor of stress, support for the stress generation model did not vary with the child's age. In both models, support for the stress exposure remained relatively constant across age.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of human vascular endothelial stress fibres by fluid shear stress.

Endothelial cells of the arterial vascular system and the heart contain straight actin filament bundles, of which there are few, if any, in the venous endothelium. Since stress fibre-containing endothelial cells within the vascular system tend to be located at sites exposed to particularly high shear stress of blood flow, we have investigated, in an experimental rheological system (Fig. 1), the response of the endothelial actin filament skeleton to controlled levels of fluid shear stress. Here we report that endothelial stress fibres can be induced by a 3-h exposure of confluent monolayer cultures of human vascular endothelium to a fluid shear stress of 2 dynes cm-2, approximately the stress occurring in human arteries in vivo. Fourfold lower levels of shear stress that normally occur only in veins, had no significant effect on the endothelial actin filament system. The formation of endothelial stress fibres in response to critical levels of fluid shear stress is probably a functionally important mechanism that protects the endothelium from hydrodynamic injury and detachment.

Actinin↗
PubMed2001

Peroxidative stress selectively down-regulates the neuronal stress response activated under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in mechanisms leading to neuronal cell injury in various pathological states of the brain. Here, we investigated the effect of peroxide exposure on the expression of genes coding for cytoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins. Primary neuronal cell cultures were exposed to H(2)O(2) for 6 h and mRNA levels of hsp70, grp78, grp94, gadd153 were evaluated by quantitative PCR. In addition, peroxide-induced changes in protein synthesis and cell viability were investigated. Peroxide treatment of cells triggered an almost 12-fold increase in hsp70 mRNA levels, but a significant decrease in grp78, grp94 and gadd153 mRNA levels. To establish whether peroxide exposure blocks the ER-resident stress response, cells were also exposed to thapsigargin (Tg, a specific inhibitor of ER Ca(2+)-ATPase) which has been shown to elicit the ER stress response. Tg exposure induced 7.2-fold, 3.6-fold and 8.8-fold increase in grp78, grp94 and gadd153 mRNA levels, respectively. However, after peroxide pre-exposure, the Tg-induced effect on grp78, grp94 and gadd153 mRNA levels was completely blocked. The results indicate that oxidative damage causes a selective down-regulation of the neuronal stress response activated under conditions of ER dysfunction. This down-regulation was only observed in cultures exposed to peroxide levels which induced severe suppression of protein synthesis and cell injury, implying a causative link between peroxide-induced down-regulation of ER stress response system and development of neuronal cell injury. These observations could have implications for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuronal cell injury in pathological states of the brain associated with oxidative damage, including Alzheimer's disease where the neuronal stress response activated under conditions of ER dysfunction has been shown to be down-regulated. Down-regulation of ER stress response may increase the sensitivity of neurones to an otherwise nonlethal form of stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Refinements in stress echocardiographic techniques improve inter-institutional agreement in interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiograms.

AIMS: To determine the degree of inter-institutional agreement in the assessment of dobutamine stress echocardiograms using modern stress echocardiographic technology in combination with standardized data acquisition and assessment criteria. METHOD AND RESULTS: Among six experienced institutions, 150 dobutamine stress echocardiograms (dobutamine up to 40 microg x kg(-1) min(-1) and atropine up to 1 mg) were performed on patients with suspected coronary artery disease using fundamental and harmonic imaging following a consistent digital acquisition protocol. Each dobutamine stress echocardiogram was assessed at every institution regarding endocardial visibility and left ventricular wall motion without knowledge of any other data using standardized reading criteria. No patients were excluded due to poor image quality or inadequate stress level. Coronary angiography was performed within 4 weeks. Coronary angiography demonstrated significant coronary artery disease (> or = 50% diameter stenosis) in 87 patients. Using harmonic imaging an average of 5.2+/-0.9 institutions agreed on dobutamine stress echocardiogram results as being normal or abnormal (mean kappa 0.55; 95% CI 0.50-0.60). Agreement was higher in patients with no (equal assessment of dobutamine stress echocardiogram results by 5.5+/-0.8 institutions) or three-vessel coronary artery disease (5.4+/- 0.8 institutions) and lower in one- or two- vessel disease (5.0+/-0.9 and 5.2+/-1.0 institutions, respectively; P=0.041). Disagreement on test results was greater in only minor wall motion abnormalities. Agreement on dobutamine stress echocardiogram results was lower using fundamental imaging (mean kappa 0.49; 95% CI 0.44-0.54; P<0.01 vs harmonic imaging). CONCLUSION: Modern echocardiographic technology in combination with standardized digital image processing and uniform reading criteria results in a higher inter-institutional agreement in the interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiogram compared to historic reports.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2002

[Health in stress: change in the stress concept and its significance for prevention, health and life style].

SUBJECT: The significance of the modern stress concept for health behaviour and prevention. METHODS/RESULTS: Many different definitions of the term "stress" exist concurrently. This observation is important for medicine because of the extensive and increasing use of this term in scientific publications. For a better understanding, the historical development of the stress concept and its association with the biopsychosocial model, with psychoneuroimmunology, mind/body medicine, and prevention/public health is illustrated. "Stress" is interpreted as a more general term that describes the effects of psychosocial and environmental factors on physical or mental well-being. Stressors and stress reactions are distinguished. "Stress" and health are related to health behaviour and life style. CONCLUSIONS: The complex nature of the stress concept requires the actual use of constant definitions. Further, the individual or "subject" needs preventive medical support to strengthen his own capacity and self-care potential so that the balance between stressors and stress reactions, disease- and health-promoting factors is achieved. Thus, an integrative, resource- and capacity-orientated health care system is implemented. Moreover, letting balance be the target of intervention - and thereby reducing the negative impact of stressors/stress reactions on health - is a possible way of producing a modern, cost-effective, and partnership-like physician-patient relationship. Consequently, "stress" can be "healthy", a challenge, and thereby promote flexibility and transformation.

Disease Susceptibility↗
PubMed2000

Multistep phosphorelay proteins transmit oxidative stress signals to the fission yeast stress-activated protein kinase.

In response to oxidative stress, eukaryotic cells induce transcription of genes required for detoxification of oxidants. Here we present evidence that oxidative stress stimuli are transmitted by a multistep phosphorelay system to the Spc1/Sty1 stress-activated protein kinase in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The fission yeast mpr1(+) gene encodes a novel protein with a histidine-containing phosphotransfer domain homologous to the budding yeast Ypd1. Spc1 activation upon oxidative stress is severely impaired in the Deltampr1 mutant as well as in the mpr1HQ strain, in which the putative phosphorylation site Mpr1-His221 is substituted with glutamine. In response to oxidative stress, Mpr1 binds to the Mcs4 response regulator that functions upstream of the Spc1 cascade, suggesting that Mcs4 is a cognate response regulator for Mpr1. Unexpectedly, when exposed to hydrogen peroxide, Deltampr1 cells can induce the catalase gene ctt1(+), one of the transcriptional targets of the Spc1 pathway, and survive oxidative stress in the absence of significant Spc1 activation. We have found that Pap1, a bZIP transcription factor homologous to human c-Jun, can mediate induction of ctt1(+) expression upon oxidative stress independently of the Spc1 stress-activated protein kinase. These studies show that oxidative stress stimuli are transmitted by multiple pathways to induce specific gene expression.

Activating Transcription Factor 1↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of perceived stress, traits, mood states, and stressful daily events on salivary cortisol.

This study examined the effects of perceived stress and related individual characteristics, mood states, and stressful daily events on salivary cortisol levels. Forty-one "high stress" and 46 "low stress" subjects were selected on the basis of Perceived Stress Scale scores from a sample of male, white collar workers. Subjects completed Experience Sampling self-reports and collected saliva samples 10 times a day over 5 consecutive days. Multilevel analysis revealed that trait anxiety and depression, but not perceived stress, were associated with small but statistically significant cortisol elevation. No effects on cortisol were found for recent life events, chronic difficulties, trait anger, or psychosomatic symptoms. Distress, as reflected by the mood states Negative Affect and Agitation, was associated with higher cortisol levels, whereas Positive Affect had no statistically significant effect. Stressful daily events were associated with increased cortisol secretion, the magnitude of the effect depending on whether the event was still ongoing and on how frequently a similar kind of event had occurred previously. Although perceived stress, anxiety, and depression did not increase cortisol reactivity to daily events, we found evidence for reduced habituation to recurrent events in subjects scoring high on these traits. Mood appeared to play a mediating role in the relationship between stressful events and cortisol secretion. These results suggest that negative affectivity is not just a confounder but is related to elevated cortisol secretion during normal daily activities. The finding that even minor events and fluctuations in mood states were associated with increased adrenocortical activity points to a possible mechanism linking subjective experience to health outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat.

OBJECTIVE: Excessive central fat puts one at greater risk of disease. In animal studies, stress-induced cortisol secretion has been shown to increase central fat. The objective of this study was to assess whether women with central fat distribution (as indicated by a high waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]), across a range of body mass indexes, display consistently heightened cortisol reactivity to repeated laboratory stressors. METHODS: Fifty-nine healthy premenopausal women, 30 with a high WHR and 29 with a low WHR, were exposed to consecutive laboratory sessions over 4 days (three stress sessions and one rest session). During these sessions, cortisol and psychological responses were assessed. RESULTS: Women with a high WHR evaluated the laboratory challenges as more threatening, performed more poorly on them, and reported more chronic stress. These women secreted significantly more cortisol during the first stress session than women with a low WHR. Furthermore, lean women with a high WHR lacked habituation to stress in that they continued to secrete significantly more cortisol in response to now familiar challenges (days 2 and 3) than lean women with a low WHR. CONCLUSIONS: Central fat distribution is related to greater psychological vulnerability to stress and cortisol reactivity. This may be especially true among lean women, who did not habituate to repeated stress. The current cross-sectional findings support the hypothesis that stress-induced cortisol secretion may contribute to central fat and demonstrate a link between psychological stress and risk for disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Selective effects of citalopram in a mouse model of stress-induced anhedonia with a control for chronic stress.

A stress-induced decrease in sucrose preference in rodents is regarded as an analog of anhedonia, a key symptom of depression. We investigated the effects of citalopram, administrated via drinking water (15 mg/kg/day), in a mouse model of stress-induced anhedonia. In this model, chronic stress induces anhedonia in a subset of C57BL/6N mice, while the remaining animals do not show a hedonic deficit or other depressive-like behaviors, although they are exposed to the same stressors as the anhedonic mice. Pre-stress and post-stress treatment with citalopram counteracted the development and maintenance of anhedonia and rescued normal floating in the forced swim test, demonstrating an antidepressant-like action. During the post-stress treatment, citalopram selectively increased sucrose preference and intake on the fourth week of treatment in anhedonic mice without affecting non-anhedonic animals. Citalopram also decreased elevated water consumption in the anhedonic group. Citalopram, administered 1 week before and during a 4-week stress procedure, decreased the percentage of anhedonic mice and reduced the increase of water intake in stressed mice. This study suggests that our chronic stress paradigm can serve as a model of anhedonia, in which antidepressant treatment is selectively effective in animals with a hedonic deficit.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological stress and antibody response to influenza vaccination: when is the critical period for stress, and how does it get inside the body?

OBJECTIVES: This study attempted to determine whether stress of moderate intensity could modulate the antibody response to an influenza vaccination in healthy young adults, identify critical periods during which stress could influence antibody response, and delineate behavioral and biological pathways that might explain relations between stress and antibody. METHODS: A cohort of 83 healthy young adults underwent 13 days of ambulatory monitoring before, during, and after vaccination. Four times daily, subjects reported the extent to which they felt stressed and overwhelmed and collected a saliva sample that was later used to measure cortisol. A battery of health practices (cigarette smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, sleep hygiene) was assessed daily. Antibody titers to the vaccine components were measured at baseline and at 1-month and 4-month follow-up assessments. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: To the extent that they reported higher levels of stress across the monitoring period, subjects exhibited poorer antibody responses to the New Caledonia strain of the vaccine. Stress ratings on the 2 days before the vaccine and the day it was given were not associated with antibody response. However, the 10 days afterward appeared to be a window of opportunity during which stress could shape the long-term antibody response to varying degrees. With respect to potential mediating pathways, little evidence emerged in favor of cortisol secretion, alcohol consumption, physical activity, or cigarette smoking. However, analyses were consistent with a pattern in which feelings of stress and loss of sleep become locked into a feed-forward circuit that ultimately diminishes the humoral immune response. These findings may shed light on the mechanisms through which stress increase vulnerability to infectious disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Regulation of the fission yeast transcription factor Pap1 by oxidative stress: requirement for the nuclear export factor Crm1 (Exportin) and the stress-activated MAP kinase Sty1/Spc1.

The fission yeast Sty1 stress-activated MAP kinase is crucial for the cellular response to a variety of stress conditions. Accordingly, sty1- cells are defective in their response to nutrient limitation, lose viability in stationary phase, and are hypersensitive to osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and UV treatment. Some of these phenotypes are caused by Sty1-dependent regulation of the Atf1 transcription factor, which controls both meiosis-specific and osmotic stress-responsive genes. However, in this report we demonstrate that the cellular response to oxidative stress and to treatment with a variety of cytotoxic agents is the result of Sty1 regulation of the Pap1 transcription factor, a bZip protein with structural and DNA binding similarities to the mammalian c-Jun protein. We show that both Sty1 and Pap1 are required for the expression of a number of genes involved in the oxidative stress response and for the expression of two genes, hba2+/bfr1+ and pmd1+, which encode energy-dependent transport proteins involved in multidrug resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Pap1 is regulated by stress-dependent changes in subcellular localization. On imposition of oxidative stress, the Pap1 protein relocalizes from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in a process that is dependent on the Sty1 kinase. This relocalization is the result of regulated protein export, rather than import, and involves the Crm1 (exportin) nuclear export factor and the dcd1+/pim1+ gene that encodes an Ran nucleotide exchange factor.

Activating Transcription Factor 1↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship of work stress and family stress to the self-rated health of women employed in the industrial sector in Korea.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship of work stress and family stress to the health of women in Korea. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE: Three hundred and thirty-one married women working in 14 manufacturing companies in Korea. METHODS: Subjects responded to a questionnaire that included items on work stress, family stress, social support, and general characteristics. Perceived health status (PHS) was assessed with the Short Form-36. RESULTS: There was a significant positive relationship between social support and PHS, but significant negative relationships were found between PHS and work stress as well as family stress. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis explained the health status of married working women by four categories: personal, work related, family related, and social support, and accounted for 45.4% of the variance. When family-related factors were added to the model, the power of explanation was increased by 17.9% compared with the explained variance. Family stress was a major variable not only for explaining the variance but also for correlating with health status. CONCLUSIONS: Both work stress and family stress should be considered together when addressing the health of working women in the industrial sector in Korea.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Stress factors, emotional stress and rheumatoid arthritis disease activity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stress factors, emotional stress and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity. Subjects (n = 101) confirmed to have RA completed the Daily Hassles Scale (DHS) to identify daily stress factors and the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) as well as a visual analogue (VA) to measure emotional stress levels. The investigator evaluated RA disease activity (RADA) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Pearson product-moment correlation was used for statistical evaluation. A statistically significant, positive correlation was found between RADA and both measures of emotional stress; STAI r2 = 0.16, VA r2 = 0.25, P less than 0.01. Utilizing a psychophysiological feedback loop model, it was hypothesized that emotional stress levels and RA disease activity each served as a driving force and a consequence, i.e. as emotional stress levels increased, RA symptoms intensified and, likewise, as RA symptoms intensified, emotional stress levels increased. Nursing interventions were identified which possibly would reduce emotional stress levels, and thus, perhaps, decrease the incidence and/or severity of RA disease activity.

Adolescent↗