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PubMed1982

Differential influence of various instructional factors on self-concepts of handicapped and non-handicapped children in mainstreamed physical education classes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential influence of students' expression of effort, school, teachers' expectations, sex, being handicapped/non-handicapped, grade, teachers, and race on self-concept of 28 handicapped and 108 non-handicapped children in mainstreamed physical education classes (K-3). The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale measured self-concept and two unpublished tests were used to test students' expression of effort and teachers' expectations. A stepwise multiple regression technique was applied to self-concept to determine the comparative influence of the eight independent variables. Data analysis showed that three of the independent variables contributed significantly to the variability of self-concept. Students' expression of effort had the strongest influence followed by school and teachers' expectation of students' ability to reason.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Comparing the self-concepts of Hong Kong Chinese adults with visible and not visible physical disability.

In the present study, the authors evaluated the self-concept levels of Hong Kong Chinese adults with visible and not visible physical disabilities. Fifty-five Hong Kong Chinese (22 men and 33 women) aged 18 to 55 (M = 39.50, SD = 10.21) participated-20 without physical disabilities (control group), 20 with visible physical disabilities, and 15 with physical disabilities that were not visible. All the participants responded to the Self-Concept Questionnaire for Hong Kong Chinese With Physical Disabilities (SCQPD; S. F. Tam & D. Watkins, 1997). The group with visible disabilities scored significantly lower in self-concept than did the control group and the group with disabilities that were not visible. There were also significant differences between specific facets of self-concept for people with visible and not visible disabilities. It was interesting to find that there was no significant difference in self-concept levels between the not visible group and the control group. The implications for rehabilitation and social services for these various groups are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Age, personality, and the spontaneous self-concept.

Kuhn and McPartland's (1954) Twenty Statements Test (TST) was examined as a measure of the spontaneous self-concept. In the first study, using 60 men and 60 women aged 32 to 84, responses were scored to indicate the salience of different aspects of self-concept content; global ratings of five personality dimensions and self-esteem were also made and compared to scores on the NEO Personality Inventory. Although age itself was infrequently mentioned, there were some age differences in the salience of different elements of the self-concept, and older individuals scored somewhat lower on TST-rated Neuroticism. In the second study, age identification and self-esteem were considered in the responses of 245 men and women. As in Study 1, self-esteem was related to low Neuroticism and high Extraversion, but was unrelated to age. Social structural variables like age are reflected in the content of the spontaneous self-concept, but personality traits appear to be more important in explaining self-esteem.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Does self-concept depend on body image? A gender analysis.

The purpose of this study was twofold, to estimate positive correlations between scores on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale for body image and self-concept within each gender and to assess differences between genders on measures of these two concepts, thereby testing the hypothesis that women have a more diminished body image than men. The study included 36 subjects, 18 male and 18 female. Within each gender were significant and positive correlations between measures of body image and self-concept. Between the genders, there was no significant difference in scores on self-concept but there was a difference in ratings of body image, with women being significantly less satisfied.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Differential self-concept in American Indian children as a function of language and examiner.

The hypothesis that minority self-concept may vary as a function of implicit ethnic and nonethnic evaluative criteria was investigated by testing 40 Mikasuki Seminole Indian children in their native language (Mikasuki) with Indian examiners and in English with Anglo examiners. Two reservation groups, matched for age and sex, received four administration of a personal (Piers-Harris) and an Indian self-concept scale, in a repeated measures counterbalanced design, varying language and order. Significant tes-retest correlations indicated response stability across languages and time. Results, homogeneous for all subgroups, showed significantly higher personal self-concept in Mikasuki, significantly higher Indian self-concept in English. It was suggested that minority testing may involve culturally patterned and context-bound response tendencies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with self-concept in children with asthma.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship of demographic asthma, family, and child factors with self-concept in children with asthma. METHODS: Data were collected twice approximately 4 years apart from both the affected children and their mothers (N = 134) via interviews and self-report questionnaire. FINDINGS: Children who demonstrated more negative attitudes toward their illness, had less satisfaction with family relationships, and used more negative coping behaviors had the poorest self-concepts. Over time, the greatest improvement in self-concept occurred in children whose attitudes and satisfaction with family relationships improved and whose use of negative coping behaviors decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that some children with asthma, especially girls with severe asthma, appear to be at risk for poor self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Relation of physical education to self-concept.

This study investigated the relation of an elementary school program in physical education to the self-concepts of children in Grades 1 to 4. Two parochial schools were selected, one with a physical education program (n = 126 children) and one without such a program (n = 86 children). The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale was administered during the first two weeks of September and again during the last two weeks of April. A 2 (pre-posttest) x 2 (group) x 4 (grade) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the first factor was used to analyze each measure, with post hoc tests to follow up. The self-concept results indicated that physical education did not enhance the self-concepts of children, except for those children in the second grade.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Body composition and physical self-concept in older women.

We sought to determine the performance and anthropometric correlates of physical self-concept and self-esteem and to observe whether long-term resistance training would alter these variables in postmenopausal women. Forty-four nonsmoking, community-dwelling, Caucasian women aged 50-75 years participated in the study. Half of the subjects participated in a 9-month regimen of weight-bearing exercises performed 3 times per week which emphasized lower body muscle strength and power development. At baseline, total body fat was negatively associated with physical self-concept and perception of physical appearance but not with self-esteem. Perception of physical appearance improved in both exercisers and controls after the 9-month trial but was most noticeable in exercisers who had low self-esteem at baseline. The only predictor of improvement in perception of physical appearance was a decrease in lower body fat mass. Minimal or nonsignificant change in psychological measures associated with the training may be due to high initial values.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing the self-concept of students with and without learning disabilities.

This study compared self-concept in 50 middle school children with learning disabilities (LD) and 70 of their peers without LD. The students, primarily Hispanic, completed the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, and each obtained a score in six subdomains. Differences were found between the groups on the Intellectual and School Status and Behavior subscales, with students without LD scoring higher on both scales. There was no difference between groups on global self-concept. The limitations of this study are identified, and directions for future research are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Self-concept and body image of Turkish high school male athletes and nonathletes.

This study was conducted to determine the differences in self-concept and body image satisfaction and the relation between self-concept and body image among 174 Turkish high school male athletes and 174 nonathletes. The subjects were randomly selected from public high schools which represent middle socioeconomic status in Ankara. The Harter Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents and Berscheid, Walster, and Bohrnstedt's Body Image Questionnaire were administered to all participants. Significant differences were found in social acceptance, athletic competence, and physical appearance subscales of self-concept (p < .05), as well as in mean body image satisfaction among both groups (p < .05). There were also significant correlations between subscales of self-concept and body image for athletes and nonathletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The effectiveness of two psychomotor therapy programmes on physical fitness and physical self-concept in nonpsychotic psychiatric patients: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the changes in cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and the changes in physical self-concept after participation in one of two psychomotor therapy programmes in a sample group of psychiatric patients. To study the relationship between the changes in physical fitness and the changes in physical self-concept. DESIGN: Randomized controlled parallel-group trial with repeated measures. SETTING: Three treatment units of a university psychiatric hospital in Belgium. SUBJECTS: One hundred and ninety-nine patients with severe symptoms of depression and/or anxiety, and/or personality disorders. INTERVENTIONS: A general programme of psychomotor therapy, consisting of different forms of physical exercises and relaxation training, and a personalized psychomotor fitness programme, consisting of aerobic and resistance training. These programmes were followed three times a week for a period of 16 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES: The maximum dynamic strength, the strength endurance, physical work capacity at 60% and 80% of the estimated maximal heart rate reserve, and the physical self-concept by means of the Dutch version of the Physical Self-Perception Profile. RESULTS: After eight weeks, both groups exhibited an improvement in muscular fitness (both p-values < 0.0001), but only the psychomotor fitness group had improved in cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.01). After 16 weeks, the patients in the general programme of psychomotor therapy had not increased in cardiorespiratory fitness. At the end of the 16-week programmes, both groups showed a more positive physical self-concept (p from 0.01 to < 0.0001). However, these improvements were not related to the progress in physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS: The main difference in the effectiveness of the two programmes was the increase in cardiorespiratory fitness in the psychomotor fitness group. The gains in fitness did not play an essential role in the enhancement of physical self-concept.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Adaptive change in self-concept and well-being during conjugal loss in later life.

The present study examines the association between the self-concept and adaptation to conjugal loss; the primary aim was to explore whether those individuals high in self-esteem, environmental mastery, and optimism have more adaptive resources with which to ameliorate the detrimental sequelae of bereavement. Analyses were conducted on data collected from 58 widows every four months over a two-year period. One goal of the research was to explore the adequacy of the theoretically chosen operational definition of the self-concept; another goal was to analyze how changes in the level of self-concept components correlated with changes in levels of depression, health, and grief resolution as individuals adjusted to their losses. Analyses revealed that trajectories of depression and grief resolution were more highly related than health to changes in self-concept.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Effects of aerobic and nonaerobic exercise on depression and self-concept.

The effects of aerobic and nonaerobic exercise on depression and self-concept were investigated in a pretest-posttest control group design. 89 undergraduates engaged in the aerobic exercise of swimming, the nonaerobic exercise of weight training, or a control, Introductory Psychology class. Dependent measures were the Beck Depression Inventory, Depression Adjective Check Lists, Tennessee Self-concept Scale, and Cooper's 12 Minute Swim. Analysis indicated that both the aerobic and nonaerobic groups were equally effective in significantly reducing self-reported depression in comparison to the controls. The nonaerobic condition was superior to the aerobic condition for enhancing self-concept. These results contradict earlier findings suggesting that only aerobic types of exercise yield psychological benefit but are consistent with more recent findings showing the psychological benefit of nonaerobic exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Predictors of academic achievement and academic self-concept; a longitudinal perspective.

BACKGROUND: A large body of research supports the existence of an academic achievement--self-concept relationship. Path analyses mostly show academic achievement to be causally predominant in this relationship. AIMS: This study aims to replicate these findings among Belgian primary school-age children, controlling for a number of other relevant variables such as school commitment, parental socio-economic status (SES), gender and teacher expectations. The longitudinal design of this study makes it particularly suited for this purpose. METHOD: Data were analysed using correlation, regressions of time 1 independent variables on time 2 dependent variables, multiple classification analysis and path analysis using LISREL. RESULTS: Academic self-concept and academic achievement were found to be strong predictors of one another, even controlling for other variables and stability of both over time. The only other variable to enter significantly into regressions on time 2 academic achievement and academic self-concept was parental socio-economic status (SES). Both the regression analyses and path analysis undertaken specifically to test causal predominance found achievement to be causally predominant in this sample. CONCLUSION: The fact that academic achievement was causally predominant over academic self-concept, that global self-esteem was not a significant predictor of achievement, and the significant contribution of parental SES to achievement all suggest that self-esteem enhancement in itself cannot be a solution to the problem of academic failure.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Peer relations in adolescents: effects of parenting and adolescents' self-concept.

In this study we examined the link between the parent-adolescent relationship and the adolescent's relationship with peers. The proposed model assumes that the quality of the parent-child relationship affects the adolescent's self-concept, which in turn affects the adolescent's integration into the world of peers. The sample consisted of 508 families with adolescents (12- to 18-years-old). The data were obtained at the subjects' homes, where a battery of questionnaires was administered individually to mothers, fathers and adolescents. Several constructs relating to the quality of parent-child relationship were assessed: parental acceptance, attachment, involvement, responsiveness, love withdrawal and monitoring of the child. The measures of the adolescent's self-concept included Harter's Perceived Competence Scale for Adolescents and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. The indicators of the quality of peer relations were: degree of peer activity, having a best friend, perceived acceptance by peers and attachment to peers. Assessment of the hypothesized model showed that the adolescent's self-concept serves a mediating role in the relationship between maternal child-rearing style and involvement with peers. The mediating role of self-concept was greatest for maternal acceptance. Paternal child-rearing style, however, appeared to have an independent effect on the adolescent's involvement with peers that is not accounted for by the adolescent's self-concept. The prediction of the quality of adolescents' peer relations yielded similar results for both mothers and fathers. The results suggest that a positive self-concept and warm supportive parenting each contribute unique variance to satisfactory peer relations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Self-concept and social competence of university student victims of childhood physical abuse.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the impact of childhood physical abuse on self-concept and social competency of older adolescents and assessed perception of parental relationships as a mediator for consequences of abuse on social adjustment. METHOD: College undergraduates (n = 660) completed: (a) the Social Skills Inventory (SSI), a measure of social competence, (b) the Self-Description Questionnaire-III (SDQ-III), a multidimensional measure of self-concept, (c) the parent scales of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), a measure of perceived parental support, and (d) the Assessing Environments-III (AE-III), a retrospective report of family environment and parenting practices. RESULTS: Analyses, controlling for socioeconomic status and ethnicity, showed that a history of physical abuse was predictive of current self-concept, but did not predict social competence as an older adolescent. Further analyses lend support to a mediational model, suggesting that physical abuse has a negative impact on self-concept through its negative effect on parent-child relationships. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that childhood physical abuse has a negative impact on the self-concept of the older adolescent. However, this impact can be better understood by investigating its potentially harmful effect on parent-child relationships. The impact of physical abuse on adolescents' social competence was not supported in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The measurement of child characteristics from infancy to toddlerhood: temperament, developmental competence, self-concept, and social competence.

Maternal report on four characteristics was obtained for 126 infants at 8, 12, 24, and 36 months of age. Temperament was assessed using the Revised Infant and Toddler Temperament Scales; the Infant/Child Monitoring Questionnaires were used to screen developmental competence. The Self-Concept Questionnaire and the Adaptive Social Behavior Inventory were outcome measures at 12, 24, and 36 months. Temperament and developmental competence were found to be relatively stable but unrelated over time. The second year, 12-24 months, was a salient period of development in which the greatest increases in self-concept and social competence were observed. Correlation analyses revealed temperament difficulty was negatively related to social competence yet unrelated to self-concept; developmental competence was more strongly related to the developing self-concept than social competence. The strongest relationships between social competence and self-concept were obtained by earlier social competence in relation to subsequent self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Relationship of self-concept, health locus of control, and perceived cancer treatment options to the practice of breast self-examination.

Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent forms of cancer for women in the United States. Recognition of the fact that no more than 40% of women practice breast self-exam (BSE) is of major concern in that BSE has been identified as one method of early detection. The factors that encourage or discourage women to perform BSE need to be identified. The current study investigated the relationships between women's practice of BSE, self-concept, locus of control, and knowledge of treatment options for breast cancer. One mammogram screening center provided the 235 subjects who completed the questionnaires. Subjects who practiced BSE more frequently had a slightly higher self-concept score and were more aware of breast cancer treatment options (r = 0.16, p less than 0.05). Weak correlations were found between chance locus of control and BSE frequency of practice (r = 0.22, p less than 0.05). The majority of subjects reported irregular BSE practice, both as to whether they practiced BSE on a monthly basis and as to the time of the month for BSE.

Adult↗