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PubMed1998

Localized crusted scabies of the scalp and feet.

An atypical case of crusted scabies in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is presented in which lesions at the time of evaluation were confined to the scalp and feet. Because of the unusual presentation, the scalp involvement (which clinically mimicked seborrheic dermatitis) was initially missed. Although both the crusted variant of scabies and scabietic involvement of the scalp are well documented to occur in immunocompromised patients, to our knowledge scabies confined to the scalp and feet has not been previously reported.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1992

Regulation and secretion of an extracellular esterase from Streptomyces scabies.

Production of a heat-stable, extracellular esterase by Streptomyces scabies is regulated by zinc ions. The esterase-encoding gene (est) from S. scabies was cloned and expressed in Streptomyces lividans. In S. lividans, expression of the est gene is also regulated by Zn2+, and the esterase is efficiently secreted in this organism. The sequence of the est gene suggests that a 39-amino acid signal peptide is removed during secretion of this protein. Deletion analysis has indicated that the hydrophobic domain of the signal peptide is required for secretion. Gel retardation assays and DNaseI footprinting using an S-30 protein extract from S. scabies have previously identified a specific 23-bp protein-binding site upstream from the est coding sequence. Deletion of this protein-binding sequence significantly decreased expression of the est gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Heterologous expression and secretion of a Streptomyces scabies esterase in Streptomyces lividans and Escherichia coli.

The esterase gene from Streptomyces scabies FL1 was cloned and expressed in Streptomyces lividans on plasmids pIJ486 and pIJ702. In S. lividans, the esterase gene was expressed during later stages of growth and was regulated by zinc, as is seen with S. scabies. The 36-kDa secreted form of the esterase was purified from S. lividans. N-terminal amino acid sequencing indicated that the processing site utilized in S. lividans for the removal of the signal sequence was the same as that recognized for processing in S. scabies. Western blots (immunoblots) revealed the presence of a 40-kDa precursor form of the esterase in cytoplasmic extracts. A 23-amino-acid deletion was introduced into the putative signal sequence for the esterase. When this deleted form of the esterase was expressed in S. lividans, a cytoplasmic 38-kDa precursor protein was produced but no secreted esterase was detected, suggesting the importance of the deleted sequence for efficient processing and secretion. The esterase gene was also cloned into the pUC119 plasmid in Escherichia coli. By using the lac promoter sequence, the esterase gene was expressed, and the majority of the esterase was localized to the periplasmic space.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Cloning and expression of a gene from Streptomyces scabies encoding a putative pathogenicity factor.

We cloned a 9.4-kb DNA fragment from Streptomyces scabies ATCC 41973 that allows the nonpathogen Streptomyces lividans 66 TK24 to necrotize and colonize potato tuber slices and produce scab-like symptoms on potato minitubers. Deletion analysis demonstrated that activity was conferred by a 1.6-kb DNA region. Sequence analysis of a 2.4-kb DNA fragment spanning the DNA region necessary for activity revealed three open reading frames (ORFs). The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF1, designated ORFtnp, showed high levels of identity with the first 233 amino acids of the putative transposases of the IS1164 elements from Rhodococcus rhodochrous (71%) and Mycobacterium bovis (68%), members of the Staphylococcus aureus IS256 family of transposases. No significant homologies to ORF2 and ORF3 were found in the nucleic acid and protein databases. ORFtnp is located 5' of ORF3. ORF2 is incomplete and is located 3' of ORF3. Subcloning of the individual ORFs demonstrated that ORF3, designated nec1, is sufficient for necrotizing activity in S. lividans 66 TK24. S. lividans 66 TK24 expressing nec1 does not produce thaxtomin A but produces an unidentified extracellular water-soluble compound that causes necrosis on potato tuber discs. The G+C content of nec1 suggests that it has moved horizontally from another genus. Southern analysis of ORFtnp and nec1 demonstrate that these genes are physically linked in Streptomyces strains, including S. scabies and Streptomyces acidiscabies strains, that are pathogenic on potato and that produce the phytotoxin thaxtomin A. These data suggest that nec1 may have been mobilized into S. scabies through a transposition event mediated by ORFtnp.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of Streptomyces scabies mutants deficient in melanin biosynthesis.

Streptomyces scabies, a causal agent of common scab, produces both melanin and a secondary metabolite called thaxtomin A. To establish a possible relation between melanin and thaxtomin A production in S. scabies, we carried out N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagenesis and isolated 11 melanin-negative mutants of S. scabies EF-35. These mutants were characterized for thaxtomin A production, pathogenicity, sporulation, and stress resistance. Nine of these mutants showed a significant reduction in thaxtomin A production when compared with the wild strain. However, only a few mutants exhibited a reduced level of virulence or a loss in their ability to induce common scab symptoms on potato tubers. Other pleiotrophic effects, such as higher sensitivity to heavy metals and incapacity to sporulate under certain stress conditions, were also associated with a deficiency in melanin production.

Indoles↗
PubMed1998

Scabies Norwegian Associated With High IgE and Low IgG1 Levels Presenting as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Norwegian type scabies is a severe skin infestation which has been described in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent people. We report a case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) presenting as Norwegian scabies in a malnourished patient who had exceedingly high levels of serum IgE and low IgG 1. The CD(4) count was normal but the ratio CD(4)/CD(8) was decreased as a result of an increased CD(8) count. The extensive skin disease which led to the diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus was unresponsive to treatment until the SLE was properly controlled by therapy. The possible relationship between high IgE and low IgG1 levels and Norwegian scabies is discussed in the context of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Mite infestations other than scabies.

Scabies is clearly the primary medical problem involving mites. However, regionally, there is a broad variety of other dermatoses associated with mite exposure, which in some areas vastly exceed the incidence of scabies. Also, scabies is characterized by a cyclical occurrence that is unusual in other mite infestations and mite-associated dermatoses. Many of these have seasonal or regional characteristics, which will be discussed. The clinical aspects of mite infestation will primarily be dealt with, and the basic anatomy and biology of the mites will be ignored.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Norwegian scabies in Bloom's syndrome.

Norwegian scabies is an unusual Sarcoptes scabiei infestation. It has been reported often in patients who are either severely debilitated or who have congenital or iatrogenic suppression of their immune responses. We report the occurence of Norwegian scabies in a 13-year-old boy with Bloom's syndrome who had impaired humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Neonatal scabies.

Scabies contracted during the neonatal period demonstrates a distinct clinical pattern that differs greatly from manifestations seen in older individuals. Involvement of the face, neck, scalp, palms, and soles is a consistent finding, as is the tendency for these lesions to form pustules early in the course of the infestation. Poor feeding and failure to gain weight appropriately are also characteristic features. The skin lesions include erythematous papules, nodular crusts, and putules. The possibility of scabies should be entertained for any young infant who has these findings. Scrapings should be obtained from multiple sites to confirm the diagnosis. In the absence of positive findings for scrapings, examination of close contacts and a careful history should lead to the correct diagnosis.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Development and decline of serum antibody activity to Psoroptes ovis antigens in infested cattle in an endemic and nonendemic scabies area of Texas.

The serum antibody activity to Psoroptes ovis antigens, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was monitored during the development and decline phase of scabies in cattle herds under feedlot conditions in an endemic (Bushland) and a nonendemic (Kerrville) scabies area of Texas. The infestations were initiated by exposing six calves in each of the herds to P. ovis and allowing the infestations to spread to other members of the herd. The cattle in the endemic area developed more lesions and a higher incidence of the disease than did the cattle in the nonendemic area; also, there were more cattle with specific serum antibody activity in the Bushland herd than in the Kerrville herd at the peak of the infestations (late January--early February). As infestations declined because of summer latency, the number of calves with specific serum antibody activity declined in both herds. Specific serum antibody activity disappeared in the Kerrville cattle when P. ovis was no longer detected. However, specific serum antibody activity was still detected in some of the Bushland cattle in late summer (August) and fall (October) examinations, when low numbers of P. ovis were detected. These results indicate that the ELISA would be very useful in detection of specific serum antibody activity in lightly infested calves, especially during the developmental and decline phases of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Crusted scabies in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

A case of crusted (Norwegian) scabies in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is described and seven previous reports of this association are reviewed. Injury to epidermal Langerhans' cells by the human immunodeficiency virus or cytotoxic cells may explain the appearance of this unusual form of scabies in patients with AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scabies management in the community.

BACKGROUND: Unidentified and undertreated cases of scabies are the source of continued spread. AIMS: To evaluate management of scabies in the community. METHODS: Eighty-six outpatient and ward referrals were reviewed. Fifty-six had previously applied scabicidal treatments (Group 1), whilst in 30 patients the diagnosis was made de novo (Group 2). Treatment failure was identified by a detailed questionnaire. In both groups, patients were reviewed at four to six weeks. RESULTS: Sixty-four per cent of Group 1 was initially correctly diagnosed. Seventy per cent of Group 1 patients had received verbal and written instruction as part of previous unsuccessful treatments. The clearance rate in the combined group treated according to protocol was 96%; 100% clearance was ultimately achieved. CONCLUSION: Inconsistency in diagnosis and treatment of patients is common. A treatment protocol should be made available to family practitioners.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1998

[Scabies--provoked bullous lichen planus in a child].

Lichen ruber planus is considered a T-cell mediated immunologic reaction with unclear pathogenesis. Drugs and infections (especially hepatitis B and C) are well-known provocation factors. After an infection with scabies a 13 year old boy developed a generalized lichen planus including bullous lesions. For the first time scabies is presented as a trigger for lichen planus. In childhood, lichen planus is characterized by atypical clinical features and sometimes a severe course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Scabies presenting as bullous pemphigoid-like eruption.

Several diseases, at times, may be confused with scabies. We report the diagnosis and treatment of scabies in two patients. Their eruptions recurred and persisted and eventually developed blisters. The skin biopsy specimens submitted for light microscopy and immunofluorescence were considered to be consistent with bullous pemphigoid. Both patients were treated successfully with lindane and remained disease free for up to 6 months of follow-up.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

An outbreak of lindane-resistant scabies treated successfully with permethrin 5% cream.

An outbreak of scabies in 12 persons, after contact with a hospitalized patient with lindane-resistant Norwegian scabies, is described. Resistance to treatment was documented in 7 of 10 patients treated with lindane. Of these, one responded to crotamiton 10% cream, and the remaining six were cured by a single treatment with permethrin 5% cream.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The history of scabies in veterinary and human medicine from biblical to modern times.

For many centuries a host of naturalists, savants, physicians and veterinarians have tried to unravel the etiology of scabies in humans and animals and to discover effective remedies to control it. After many attempts, success was achieved in the discovery of the parasitic etiology of the disease in the 15th century. Also, major advances with regard to the treatment of the disease were made during the 19th and 20th centuries. Today the prevalence of epidemic scabies in humans has diminished; on the other hand, good progress in the control of mange of livestock has been made only in a few countries including Australia, New Zealand and the U.S.A.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ectoparasitic sexually transmitted diseases: scabies and pediculosis.

Scabies and pediculosis are diagnosed on an almost daily basis in many dermatology offices. Whether the patient seeks medical attention because of the often unbearable itch of scabies or because of the fear of lice infestations, the physician should be on the lookout for these ectoparasitic infestations. Secondary bacterial infection, resistance to medication, and the risk of spread of the infestations to family members and other close contacts may complicate the problem. Patients frequently have to battle the myths, prejudices, and even shame that are associated with such infestations.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Increased spasticity in a chronic spinal cord injury patient after scabies infestation: a case report.

Spasticity is a common feature of spinal cord injury (SCI). Spasticity exacerbation is commonly encountered with nociceptive and exteroceptive stimuli including bladder and bowel dysfunction, pressure sores, contracture, tight-fitting leg bags and clothing, and ingrown toenail. This report describes a patient with chronic SCI (T4 level) who complained of increasing spasticity of bilateral lower extremities for 5 weeks. He also had skin lesions on different parts of his body, accompanied by itching above the spinal cord lesion level. A clinical diagnosis of scabies was made and pharmacologic treatment was initiated. Following treatment, spasticity was significantly reduced and the skin rash with itching faded out. This report is the first of scabies skin infestation lesions triggering exacerbation of spasticity in an SCI patient.

Adult↗