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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Unexpected "gas" casualties in Moscow: a medical toxicology perspective.

In October 2002, the Russian military used a mysterious "gas" to incapacitate Chechen rebels at a Moscow theater. Despite increased interest in the potential use of lethal chemical weapons in recent years, the medical community has paid little attention to the development of incapacitating, calmative, and "less than lethal" technologies. In this analysis, we review the events surrounding the use of a calmative "gas" during the Russian military action and discuss what is currently known about fentanyl derivatives, their aerosolization, and the rationale for their use as incapacitating agents. Collectively, the available evidence strongly suggests that a combination of a potent aerosolized fentanyl derivative, such as carfentanil, and an inhalational anesthetic, such as halothane, was used. The paper also assesses potential errors leading to the loss of a substantial number of hostages. Several lessons can be learned from this surprising and novel use of an incapacitating gas.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of sub-lethal weapons in human rights abuse.

This article is based on two recent reports contracted by the European Parliament (EP), which assessed sub-lethal weapons as flexible tools of political control. It analyses the role and function of existing weapons systems in human rights abuses using examples from Indonesia, Israel, Kenya, Northern Ireland and Turkey. These weapons are designed to 'appear' rather than 'be' safe and, since they augment rather than replace lethal technologies, their use can distort conflicts and actually bridge the firewall between use of less-lethal and lethal technologies.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Medicolegal investigation of problems involving criminals and criminal activity.

Proper investigation of cases involving criminals and their victims is essential, particularly if the case in question reveals an unusual situation. The various situations involving the criminal where potential problems may exist are reviewed according to the general problem areas of precustody, custody, and postcustody. A routine examination and documentation of these findings, their presentation, and interpretation is also reviewed. In addition, problems related to unusual cases involving deaths in custody are discussed.

Accidents↗
PubMed1993

Fractures of the mandible caused by stoning--return of an ancient entity.

Fifteen patients with mandibular fractures related to stone-throwing incidents are presented. Three illustrative cases are discussed in detail. Criteria for selecting management by early surgical intervention or a conservative approach are discussed. The ultimate aim in management is to preserve the greatest possible amount of function with the least risk and morbidity for the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Unintended cutaneous reactions to CS spray.

CS spray (2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 5% w/v in methyl isobutyl ketone) has been used by the police force in the UK as an incapacitant for nearly a decade. It causes a number of well-recognized cutaneous reactions, which are generally regarded as short-lived. These include skin burning, erythema and blistering. However, a range of unpredictable cutaneous reactions to CS spray may also occur. We have found contact allergy, leukoderma, initiation or exacerbation of seborrhoeic dermatitis, and aggravation of rosacea following CS spray exposure in 6 police officers and 1 doorman. These skin reactions have required long-term changes in working practice for the affected individuals. Police officers may have repeated exposure to CS spray during their training and in their work, and designated police officers carry CS spray canisters daily in the line of duty. They may therefore be at greater risk of exposure to CS spray and its unintended effects than many assailants.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Postoperative complications after CS spray exposure.

Summary We report on airway complications associated with general anaesthesia in a subject who had been exposed to CS spray several hours before surgery. CS spray is a form of tear gas that is said to have a short half-life when the subject is removed from exposure. Induction of anaesthesia was uneventful. Marked laryngospasm occurred when the tracheal tube was removed at the end of the operation, and the anaesthetists experienced lacrimation and burning sensations typical of CS exposure. The effects on the attending anaesthetist made tracheal re-intubation difficult. There were no long-term adverse sequelae for the patient or anaesthetists. Suggestions are made for changes to anaesthetic practice and the advice given by the police about patients who have been exposed to CS spray.

Adult↗