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PubMed1993

[Immigrants facing retirement: to stay or to return?].

"Nowadays 75% of foreigners living in Switzerland have a permanent residence permit. A new phenomenon goes along with this stabilisation: the aging of this resident foreign population, especially Italians and Spaniards who arrived in Switzerland in the fifties and sixties. This trend will have definite consequences on the costs of Swiss social security benefits. Our research project aims at clarifying which factors influence those immigrants who are near retirement to decide whether to stay or go back to their home countries." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER)

Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Temporary overseas migration of rural Thai men: perception of changes in health and social interactions after returning to their communities.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the perceived health effects of temporary overseas migration on rural Thai men and to evaluate the effects of financial gain on their social interactions with others. Houses in five villages in Khonkaen, northeastern Thailand were systematically visited and one returned overseas migrant per household was interviewed. One hundred and sixty one men participated in the study. Half of the respondents (50%) were manual workers. While overseas, 32% reported adverse effects of migration on their psychological health. Only 19% reported one or more physically ill while overseas. Their contribution to their communities increased. Inability to improve their financial status from overseas work is likely to have negative effects on the migrants' interaction with friends rather than their wives, families or relatives. The effects of migration on health are unlikely to persist after migrants return to their home communities. Overseas migration provides indirect health benefits through improvement of community facilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Returning migrant characteristics and labor market demand in Greece.

Immigrants who repatriate bring with them modern work skills which many observers in labor exporting regions describe as a great contribution to the mother country. Using data from 2 samples of Greek repatriates as well as projections of industrial labor force demands in Greece for the 1980s, this article challenges this concept. The authors find that the uneven regional development and stunted industrial growth which pushed these workers abroad are also responsible for the narrowly limited employment options which they face once they repatriate. For the urban repatriate, the market is limited to unemployment, the urban informal sector and scattered jobs, while for the rural repatriate, small-scale agriculture, multiple job holdings and unemployment are the only viable options.

Demography↗
PubMed1998

Consequences of migration and remittances for Mexican transnational communities.

"Our aims in this paper are to broaden explanation of remittance expenditures and to evaluate the positive contributions of remittances, return migrants, or circulating sojourners. Specifically focusing on the situation in ¿home' communities, we illustrate the multifaceted consequences of remittances and migration, emphasizing positive nonmonetary and social impacts." Data are from ethnographic research carried out in 1992-1993 in Santa Ana del Valle, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Double jeopardy: psychopathology of black mentally ill returned migrants to Jamaica.

The psychopathology of 126 black Jamaican migrants who had spent an average of 12 years in North America and the United Kingdom and had subsequently returned to Jamaica, was established and compared to that of a matched control group of Jamaicans who had never migrated. There was a statistically significant difference in the pattern of diagnosis between the two groups (p less than 0.0001), and although the existence of a past history of mental illness between the groups was not statistically significant (p less than 0.1), the returned migrants had a significantly higher frequency of mental hospitalisation (p less than 0.0001) than the controls, with 94% of the previous hospitalisations of the returned migrants being for schizophrenic illnesses. Case studies are presented to illustrate the social stresses experienced by the returned migrant group in the countries to which they migrated and on the return to their home country, and thus to underscore the double jeopardy faced by these patients experiencing return migration.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

[The European migration situation and its perspectives].

"The present migration situation is analysed in regard to the labour market, the legal status of migrants, return flows and reintegration, and the position of second generation migrants.... In the second part of the paper the author attempts to discern the future of migration in Europe on the basis of existing demographic trends in Europe and the world, present trends [in] the labour market, and current technological changes. In this context he offers an outline for the Yugoslav migration perspective." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1984

Changes in the levels and forms of rat plasma cholinesterases during chronic diisopropylphosphorofluoridate intoxication.

The effect of chronic administration of diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) on the levels and forms of plasma cholinesterase (ChE), were studied in male Wistar albino rats sacrificed at different time intervals after various schedules of treatment. In particular the inhibition and recovery rate of the enzymatic activity was evaluated for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), determined using butyrylthiocholine (BuThCh) as substrate and for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), measured using acetylthiocholine (AcThCh) in the presence of iso-OMPA 0.1 mM. At 1 1/2 and 24 hr after the DFP treatments, BuChE was considerably more depressed than was the case for AChE. Moreover, the recovery of BuChE proceeded more slowly, its activity being restored only seven days after the last treatment, while the recovery of AChE was completed 72 hr after the end of the treatments. Plasma molecular forms were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were revealed by enzymatic reaction with BuThCh or AcThCh as substrates. By using selective inhibitors, five main molecular forms of BuChE and two of AChE were found to exist in control plasma samples. A differential inhibition and recovery rate was observed among these forms after DFP intoxication. At 1 1/2 hr after the treatments, the BuChE activity was too low to be detected on the gels, but 24 hr thereafter, the quantitative determination of the different forms, performed by scanning densitometry, showed a significant increase of the two faster migrating ones. At the following time intervals, the electrophoretic pattern returned progressively towards normality. The faster migrating forms are therefore probably the first synthesized in the process of recovery of BuChE activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1993

Consequences of return migrant status for employment in Puerto Rico.

"At the aggregate level, return migrants in Puerto Rico in 1970 and 1980 faced greater employment-related difficulties, as compared with nonmigrants. This article explores the individual-level relationship of return migrant status to employment outcomes. The conceptual framework takes into consideration local and regional contextual factors, particularly the employment conditions prevailing in Puerto Rico during this period. Within this framework, specific hypotheses suggest a negative influence of return migrant status.... The findings substantiate the hypotheses for both census years and indicate the importance of the duration of residence in the United States and the timing of the return move as mediating factors."

Americas↗
PubMed2006

The financial losses from the migration of nurses from Malawi.

BACKGROUND: The migration of health professionals trained in Africa to developed nations has compromised health systems in the African region. The financial losses from the investment in training due to the migration from the developing nations are hardly known. METHODS: The cost of training a health professional was estimated by including fees for primary, secondary and tertiary education. Accepted derivation of formula as used in economic analysis was used to estimate the lost investment. RESULTS: The total cost of training an enrolled nurse-midwife from primary school through nurse-midwifery training in Malawi was estimated as US$ 9,329.53. For a degree nurse-midwife, the total cost was US$ 31,726.26. For each enrolled nurse-midwife that migrates out of Malawi, the country loses between US$ 71,081.76 and US$ 7.5 million at bank interest rates of 7% and 25% per annum for 30 years respectively. For a degree nurse-midwife, the lost investment ranges from US$ 241,508 to US$ 25.6 million at 7% and 25% interest rate per annum for 30 years respectively. CONCLUSION: Developing countries are losing significant amounts of money through lost investment of health care professionals who emigrate. There is need to quantify the amount of remittances that developing nations get in return from those who migrate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Migration, self-selection and earnings in Philippine rural communities.

"Estimated returns to schooling investments can be misleading if migration causes significant shifts in population distribution across time. Data gathered in rural Philippine communities show that the more educated and experienced individuals are more likely to outmigrate, causing a sample selection bias in the estimation of wage equations. The observed wages were then lower than the conditional population mean of an entire cohort residing originally in the area. Controlling for self-selection, the wage returns to schooling and experience were higher, Finally, the sample selectivity variable accounts substantially for the difference in the wages of men and women."

Asia↗
PubMed1983

Reendothelialization and maintenance of endothelial integrity in longitudinal denuded tracks in the thoracic aorta of rats.

Endothelial repair was studied during, and up to 26 weeks following reendothelialization of longitudinal tracks denuded of endothelium. Deendothelialized tracks were produced on the ventral aspect of the thoracic aortas of rats. A standardized denudation procedure was used in conjunction with continuous intravenous infusion of [3H]thymidine to obtain quantitative evaluations of replication, migration, and cell density. The method of denudation was relatively gentle, selective, and reproducible. Reendothelialization was completed in less than 66 h. During reendothelialization, cell migration and replication proceeded simultaneously until confluence was reached. Following confluence, as migration ceased, cell density returned toward control levels. It continued to rise, associated with continued, though attenuated, nuclear incorporation of [3H]thymidine, until it reached 1 1/2 - 2 1/2 times that of adjacent uninjured control endothelium. The boundaries, or margins, of the tracks were well demarcated as judged by the pattern of labeled cells within and unlabeled cells adjacent to reendothelialized tracks. Widths of deendothelialized and reendotheliazed tracks were similar. Thus, endothelial cells in uninjured regions surrounding denuded tracks were not observed to contribute to reendothelialization by proliferation. During reendothelialization, unlabeled cells were observed within reendothelializing tracks. Thus, some cells migrated relatively long distances (0.3-0.4 mm) before either replicating or sloughing from the luminal surface. Endothelial cell density within reendothelialized tracks remained elevated at 12 and 26 weeks following denudation. At 12 weeks there was little intermingling of cells inside tracks (labeled during reendothelialization) with unlabeled cells in adjacent uninjured areas. At 26 weeks, after a terminal 12-day continuous labeling period in previously unlabeled animals, replication of cells inside tracks was far less than that in adjacent uninjured endothelium. Thus, the newly regenerated cell population in tracks remained synchronously quiescent and physically segregated for long periods of time, despite normally occurring hemodynamic and remodeling factors which might be expected to favor continuous cell turnover and migration. Our findings relating to endothelial cell migration and replication during reendothelialization vary somewhat from those reported using other methods of deendothelialization.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The mechanism of adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangements.

Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)-dependent rearrangements are a group of reactions with no obvious precedents in organic chemistry. In every case, they are characterized by a mechanism in which a hydrogen atom on one carbon atom exchanges places with a group X on an adjacent carbon: (formula; see text) Much experimental work indicates that an AdoCbl rearrangement is initiated by homolysis of the C-Co bond of the cofactor. The migrating hydrogen is then abstracted from the substrate by the resulting 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical, or by a second radical that is generated elsewhere at the active site, and, after the migration of group X, is returned to the product in a similar reaction. In at least some of the rearrangements, group X migration may occur via a cation radical intermediate that formed by the departure of X with its electrons, a process assisted by the unpaired electron left behind on the adjacent carbon after the abstraction of the migrating hydrogen. Once C-Co bond cleavage has initiated the reaction by producing a free radical at the active site, the corrin ring plays no further role in the rearrangements.

Cobamides↗
PubMed1976

Migration of Baroda medical graduates, 1949--72.

1. The migration of doctors from Medical College, Baroda, is studied in detail. 2. From 1949 to 1972, 584 doctors migrated to other countries and only twenty-nine doctors have returned so far. The incidence of migration is to the extent of 39-75%. 3. Among those who migrated 77-7% have gone to U.S.A. and 11-7% have gone to the U.K. 4. Ninety-four women graduates out of 241 passed prior to 1971 are abroad.. 5. The majority migrate for better and more comfortable living conditions. A small number migrate for better research facilities and encouragement. Those who are denied the opportunity of a post-graduate training also migrate. 6. Migration of doctors, though universal, is disturbingly high in India and a major cause of concern to the government and the educationist.

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Selection on increased intrinsic growth rates in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.

Substantial evidence from the animal kingdom shows that there is a trade-off between benefits and costs associated with rapid somatic growth. One would therefore expect growth rates under natural conditions to be close to an evolutionary optimum. Nevertheless, natural selection in many salmonid species appears to be toward larger size and earlier emergence from spawning redds, indicating a potential for increased growth rate to evolve. We tested how selection for genetic variants (growth hormone transgenic coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, with more than doubled daily growth rate potential relative to wild genotypes) depended on predator timing and food abundance during the early period of life (fry stage). In artificial redds, fry of the fast-growing genotypes showed a highly significant developmental shift, emerging from gravel nests approximately two weeks sooner, but with an 18.6% reduced survival, relative to wild-genotype fry. In seminatural streams, fry of the fast-growing genotypes suffered higher predation than those of wild genotypes when predators were present at the time of fry emergence, but this difference was less pronounced when food was scarce. In streams where predators were introduced after emergence, fry survived equally well regardless of food availability. Surviving fry grew faster in habitats provided with more food, and fast-growing genotypes also grew faster than wild genotypes when predators arrived late and food was abundant. Fewer fish migrated downstream past a waterfall when food availability was high and in the presence of predators, and wild-genotype fry were more likely to migrate than fry of the fast-growing genotypes. After being returned to the experimental streams after migration, fast-growing genotypes survived equally well as those of the same genotypes that did not migrate, whereas migrating wild genotypes experienced higher mortality relative to those of the same genotypes that did not migrate. Comparisons of growth rates between siblings retained under hatchery conditions and those from habitats with the fastest growth in the experimental stream revealed that growth rates were similar for wild genotypes in both environments, whereas the fast-growing genotypes in the streams only realized 90% of their growth potential. The present study has shown that a major shift in developmental timing can alter critical early stages affecting survival and can have a significant effect on fitness. Furthermore, ecological conditions such as food abundance and predation pressure can strongly influence the potential for fast-growing variants to survive under natural conditions. The large-scale removal of many predatory species around the world may augment the evolution of increased intrinsic growth rates in some taxa.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[When people born in French overseas departments return home to retire. A survey of intentions].

"Almost half of...over-45s born in French overseas departments and living in mainland France had plans to return overseas by the year 2000. The desire to return is more clear-cut among the 50 to 54 year olds. The younger people have yet to think seriously about retirement, whilst a number of the oldest individuals have already made definite plans." Data are from a survey carried out in 1992. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER AND SPA)

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Permanent versus temporary rural migrants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia--a logit analysis of their intentions of future mobility.

"The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting intentions of rural-migrants to return to their rural origins. Several socioeconomic, demographic, spatial, and temporal variables will be introduced to explore their explanatory power and interrelationship with the migrants' intentions. These variables are: Years lived in Riyadh, the current place of parents' residency, land ownership in the village, home ownership in the urban area, income, household size, and the area of origin. The data, which come from a sample survey of migrants conducted in Riyadh in 1983, will be analyzed by the means of binary logit model."

Asia↗
PubMed1999

Phylogeny of salmonine fishes based on growth hormone introns: Atlantic (Salmo) and Pacific (Oncorhynchus) salmon are not sister taxa.

Though salmonid fishes are a well-studied group, phylogenetic questions remain, especially with respect to genus-level relationships. These questions were addressed with duplicate growth hormone (GH) introns. Intron sequences from each duplicate gene yielded phylogenetic trees that were not significantly different from each other in topology. Statistical tests supported validity of the controversial monotypic genus Parahucho, monophyly of Oncorhynchus, and inclusion of Acantholingua ohridana within Salmo. Suprisingly, GH1 intron C (GH1C) did not support the widely accepted hypothesis that Oncorhynchus (Pacific salmon and trout) and Salmo (Atlantic salmon and trout) are sibling genera; GH2C was ambiguous at this node. Previously published data were also examined for support of Salmo and Oncorhynchus as sister taxa and only morphology showed significant support. If not sister taxa, the independent evolution of anadromy-the migration to sea and return to freshwater for spawning-is most parsimonious. While there was incongruence with and among published data sets, the GH1C intron phylogeny was the best hypothesis, based on currently available molecular data.

Animals↗