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PubMed1989

Retirement and marital satisfaction.

This study examined the effects of retirement status, length of retirement, and spouse's retirement status on marital satisfaction. Although some previous research and theory suggest that retirement has salutary effects on the quality of marriage, we find no such pattern here. Instead, some small negative effects are observed, particularly involving effects of husbands' retirement on the marital satisfaction of employed wives. These results suggest an explanation in terms of the household division of labor, employing insights from equity theory. Overall, there is no indication of any beneficial impact of retirement on the marital satisfaction of either husbands or wives.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between retirement life cycle changes and older men's labor force participation rates.

This study probes the utility of older men's labor force participation rates (LFPRs) as indicators of the work-to-retirement transition. Specific attention is directed at how shifts in the retirement life cycle are related to LFPRs. Based on Current Population Survey data for the 1970s, a life table modeling approach showed that LFPRs are relatively weak indicators of the work-to-retirement transition. This was demonstrated by the relative stability in older men's age profiles of LFPRs despite significant changes in the timing and "organization" of the work-to-retirement transition. The 1970s evidenced a contraction of the main career and the expansion of both post-retirement work activity and retirement, yet none of these changes substantially altered the age profiles of older men's labor force participation rates.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

"Equivalent retirement ages" and their implications for Social Security and Medicare financing.

The projected implications of population aging, especially the attendant costs of income support and health care, are based on a definition of normal retirement age as age 65, although the retirement age for full Social Security benefits will be raised gradually to age 67 by the year 2027. Should the retirement age be increased beyond what is now scheduled in the 1983 law? This article discusses the concept of "equivalent retirement ages" as a method for determining an appropriate age for normal retirement, and points out the usefulness and limitations of raising normal retirement age as a policy instrument.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Retirement expectations: differences by race, ethnicity, and gender.

Analyses by race and ethnicity of several important dimensions of labor market behavior have been constrained in the past by limited samples of the African American and Hispanic populations. This article uses data from the first wave of the Health and Retirement Survey, which oversamples these populations, to compare the retirement plans of African American, Hispanic, and white married men and women. Findings suggest that retirement expectations may accurately forecast retirement behavior and that the differences by race and ethnicity, as well as by gender, that are evident in retirement plans are likely to be reflected in retirement outcomes.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed2005

Ill-health retirement at a health agency between 1991 and 1994.

AIM: To describe factors related to the process of ill-health retirement (IHR) among employees of three hospital trusts. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out at a health agency on retirements recorded by the management due to ill-health between 1991 and 1994. Relevant data were extracted from records maintained in the occupational health department. RESULTS: Among the 339 retirements recorded by the management as due to ill-health, 100 (29.5%) records could not be retrieved. Of the 239 records available for analysis, information regarding full- or part-time work was available for 164 (69%) employees. Further information from the individual's general practitioner or specialist was obtained for 106 (44%) employees and redeployment considered for 52 (22%) employees. The total number of employees who were recommended IHR was 125 (52%). One hundred and forty of the cases reported 220 disease conditions at pre-employment while 170 (71%) cases reported 229 disease conditions at retirement. In 37 (15.5%) the disease condition that led to retirement was the same as that at pre-employment. The commonest of these were musculoskeletal (46%; 17/37) and psychiatric (11%; 4/37) disorders. Twenty-one percent of all the retirements were due to work-related conditions. The time taken to arrive at the decision of IHR was more than 1 year for 20 (8%) employees. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that many aspects of the IHR process did not meet the current suggested standards.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The involvement of occupational health services prior to ill-health retirement in NHS staff in Scotland and predictors of re-employment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the process, causes and outcomes of retirement because of ill-health in NHS staff in Scotland. Particular areas to be investigated include the involvement of occupational health services, access to rehabilitation and redeployment, current health, whether working again and to identify predictors of re-employment. METHOD: An ill-health retirement (IHR) questionnaire was mailed to 863 NHS staff awarded IHR benefits by the Scottish Public Pensions Agency between April 1998 and March 2000. RESULTS: In all, 49% of the 863 postal questionnaires were returned. The most common reasons for retiring were diseases of the musculoskeletal system (38%) and mental disorders (21%). Seventy-one percent of the participants reported their ill-health was partly or completely work related and 29% not work related. Ninety-two percent of NHS staff had attended an occupational health department prior to IHR. Twenty-three percent of participants had no contact with their line manager during their illness prior to retiral. Eighteen percent of individuals were offered the opportunity of working part-time and 15% offered alternative work. Seventeen percent of participants have obtained other work. Predictors of re-employment after IHR were: medical condition, managerial responsibility, improvement of health, wanting to work again, occupation and age at retirement. CONCLUSION: This is the first comprehensive study investigating NHS staff experiences of IHR in Scotland. This study illustrates the need for improved support and rehabilitation for ill-health care workers and that there is the potential to reduce levels of ill-health retirement.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Morbidity and early retirement among anaesthetists and other specialists.

An historically prospective study of the rates of early retirement due to permanent ill health, early retirement between 60 and 64 years of age for other reasons, and deaths while in post, among consultant anaesthetists in England was carried out. The control group comprised consultants in four other hospital specialty groups. Approximately two-thirds of all consultants employed in the five specialties at National Health Service hospitals in England during 1966-83 were included in the study. Ill-health retirements among male anaesthetists were more than twice those expected on the basis of rates in the control group (p less than 0.001). The number of other early retirements between 60 and 64 was a third higher than expected (p less than 0.005). The number of deaths in post was also raised. For the smaller group of female anaesthetists there was not a statistically significant excess of ill-health retirements, but the number of early retirements between 60 and 64 was significantly greater than expected (p less than 0.005), as was the number of deaths in post (p less than 0.001). Possible causes of these excesses are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Back pain, back abnormalities, and competing medical, psychological, and social factors as predictors of sick leave, early retirement, unemployment, labour turnover and mortality: a 22 year follow up of male employees in a Swedish pulp and paper company.

A total of 391 male employees in a Swedish pulp and paper company were followed up for 22 years. As a part of a health examination in 1961 back pain reported by the subjects and abnormalities of the back as judged by the physicians were investigated with respect to predictive power regarding sick leave, early retirement, unemployment, labour turnover, and mortality during the follow up period. Univariate analysis showed that abnormalities of the back were better than back pain for predicting early retirement. Neither back pain nor back abnormalities had any predictive power with respect to long term sick leave, labour turnover, or mortality. Multivariate analyses of 26 variables were performed. Both self assessment of general health and back abnormalities were predictive for early retirement with a diagnosis of back disorder on the retirement certificate but self assessed health was a stronger predictor. Age, smoking, and neuroticism were predictors regarding early retirement for all diagnoses. Education had a negative association; neuroticism did not predict early retirement with a diagnosis of back disorder.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1991

Physical and mental health changes in retirement age.

Effects of retirement on health were studied in a prospective follow-up study (TURVA project). The subjects were examined when they were 62 and 66 years old. At the beginning of the study more than half of the subjects were still working and the rest of them pensioned. Retirement had no clear effect on the subjects' physical health. Mental health of the subjects who retired at age of old-age retirement became better than that of the subjects who retired before the study. Diminished work stress may explain positive changes in mental health during retirement process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Retirement and mental health.

OBJECTIVES: This research examines whether retirement is associated with mental health and how one's daily pursuits mediate this association. It tests two perspectives from the sociology of work and the sociology of mental health. METHODS: Using data from two surveys, the 1995 Aging, Status, and Sense of Control and the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, regression analysis was used to examine retirement, activities, and well-being. RESULTS: In support of the view that work is alienating and retirement liberating, retirees experienced less anxiety and distress and higher positive affect. Retirees' lower anxiety and distress were explained by activity characteristics. In support of the view that work is empowering and retirement demoralizing, retirement is associated with lower sense of control in both data sets, in part because of the daily pursuits. Retirement was not associated with depressive symptomatology. DISCUSSION: Suggestions for creating opportunities that enhance well-being are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Retirement and mortality.

The present study investigated the effects of retirement on the mortality of the retired. The basis of retirement for the present subjects was in all cases age, not sickenss. The subjects were 1176 men retired on old age pension. In the present study, retirement could not be shown to have any long-term or short-term effects on mortality pointing to retirement not being such a stress situation as to result in an increase in mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Occupational retirement in women due to age. Health aspects.

The impact of occupational age-retirement on physical and mental health was investigated in 116 female municipal employees (age 62-64 years old) in Malmö. Interviews and physical examinations were made about six months prior to and five months after retirement. The women were asked about present state of subjective health, earlier and present diseases, various symptoms, medication, calls to physicians, smoking habits, physical activity and sleeping habits. The majority (n = 109.94%) felt healthy before retirement. At least one definable disease was noted in 41 (35%). A proportion of them had a low level of subjective health which, however, improved after retirement. The disease most commonly found was hypertension. After retirement the subjective health improved in 22% and got worse in 9%. Blood pressure diminished and particularly musculo-skeletal and psychiatric symptoms were less common. Calls to physicians diminished. Intake of drugs, smoking and sleeping habits and physical activity changed little. In general, occupational retirement due to age was associated with mostly positive influences on health.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Retirement for women: the impact of employment.

This study compares the retirement experiences of professional and nonprofessional women. The analysis is based on 48 interviews with women ranging in age from 63-83 years. Participants provided personal and occupational histories and described their retirement decisions, transitions, and lives in retirement. The women's retirement experiences differed in five areas: (1) attachment to work, (2) professional identity, (3) social contacts, (4) family roles/obligations, and (5) community involvement. Findings indicate investment in the work role does affect how women transition to retirement as well as how they structure their time in retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Women and retirement planning: towards the "feminization of poverty" in an aging Hong Kong.

Hong Kong's population is aging but retirement research is largely missing from the research agenda in Hong Kong. This study, based on a telephone survey of 1,078 respondents, examines middle-aged adult's retirement planning activities in Hong Kong. The findings show men are more likely to be involved in financial planning, while women are more likely to take part in some forms of health, living arrangement and psychological planning for retirement. Further, there are age, education and income differences in the various forms of retirement planning activities within genders. Women are living longer; because of their lack of financial retirement planning, they are prime candidates for poverty. The discussion concludes with policy implications related to assisting midlife individuals, in particular women, in planning for retirement.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

The impact of minority group status on the projected retirement income of divorced women in the baby boom cohort.

Using projections from the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (MINT1), we examine the characteristics and retirement income of white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic divorced women in the baby boom cohort. Although we find significant differences in retirement income for divorced women of different racial and ethnic groups, the characteristics associated with higher or lower retirement income are very similar. That is, being college educated, owning a home, and having pension and asset income, for example, correspond to increased retirement income for all racial and ethnic groups. However, because black and Hispanic women are less likely than white women to be college educated, to own their home, and to have pension and asset income, their retirement income tends to be lower than that of white women. We conclude the paper by briefly discussing policy options to address the retirement needs of divorced women.

Black People↗
PubMed2004

Gender differences in factors that influence time spent planning for retirement.

Retirement research has shown that planning activities are influenced by a variety of demographic and psychological variables. However, few investigations have focused on how demographic and psychological factors influence the time and effort men and women allocate to retirement preparation. In the present study, 184 individuals completed a survey designed to assess future time perspective (FTP), worry about retirement, age, and income level. Hierarchical regression techniques were used to examine how these variables influenced the amount of time men and women spent planning for and thinking about retirement. Results revealed that women spent less time thinking about retirement than men, and gender was differentially related to the factors predictive of this activity. From an applied perspective, these findings suggest that separate retirement intervention programs are warranted that meet the unique needs of working men and women.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Recruitment strategies for conducting research on women's retirement.

Currently, little information is available to inform new or returning researchers about designing and conducting research on the topic of women and retirement. Few published studies describe how to access non-probability samples of retired women, yet preliminary evidence suggests women possess distinctive characteristics that affect their retirement as well as complicate the recruitment process. In this article, certain challenges and benefits of conducting research with women in retirement are presented. Next, important issues to consider prior to sampling retired women are described. Finally, specific strategies for identifying and recruiting community-dwelling retired women are presented and discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Gay and lesbian perceptions of discrimination in retirement care facilities.

Much research on older gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (GLBT) adults has focused on refuting the widely held misconceptions people have about GLBT lifestyles. To date, however, few studies on older GLBTs have examined their social and health care needs. Further, most studies have collected survey samples of older GLBT adults in large metropolitan areas and have not specifically addressed discrimination or bias in retirement care facilities. In the current exploratory study on perceptions of discrimination and bias in retirement care facilities, we surveyed a wide age range GLBT adults in a smaller metropolitan area of fewer than 400,000 people to discover the perceptions of both younger and older GLBTs. We surveyed perceptions of discrimination in retirement care facilities, sources of perceived discrimination, and suggestions for how discrimination might be reduced or eliminated in those settings. Respondents indicated that administration, care staff, and residents of retirement care facilities themselves were all potential sources of discrimination, and that education addressing awareness and acceptance of GLBTs is one potential remedy for discrimination against GLBTs in retirement care facilities. Respondents also indicated a strong desire for the development of GLBT-exclusive or GLBT-friendly retirement care facilities. Chi-square analyses of responses to the discrimination questions and respondents' demographic characteristics revealed significant differences with regard to age, income, gender, community size, and education level of the respondents.

Adolescent↗