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PubMed1999

Geometric distortion correction in gradient-echo imaging by use of dynamic time warping.

Distortion caused by local static field variations in magnetic resonance imaging can be corrected by using a method developed by Chang and Fitzpatrick (CF) that requires two acquisitions identical except for the polarity of the read gradient. This approach has previously been applied to spin-echo imaging. In this report, its role in correcting geometric distortion in gradient-echo imaging is investigated using a dynamic programming algorithm. This approach appears to successfully handle many of the edge artifacts otherwise inherent in the CF method. Once the correction has been made, it is then possible to extract the local magnetic field itself. Magn Reson Med 42:585-590, 1999.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

The adult phenotype in Costello syndrome.

We report clinical findings in 17 adults with Costello syndrome ranging in age from 16 to 40 years. Two patients in this series have had bladder carcinoma, the only malignancy reported to affect adults with Costello syndrome. Benign tumors included multiple ductal papillomata in two women, and a fourth ventricle mass in one man, thought to be a choroid plexus papilloma. Endocrine problems in this series were osteoporosis, central hypogonadism, and delayed puberty. Other health problems were symptomatic Chiari malformations in three patients. Four patients had adult-onset gastro-esophageal reflux, three of whom had Chiari malformations. Fourteen adults had mild to moderate intellectual disability with three individuals having severe intellectual disability; 15 individuals attained some reading and writing skills and 14 showed ongoing acquisition of new skills into adulthood. On the basis of this data, we recommend that neuro-imaging be considered in adults with Costello syndrome if they develop symptoms suggestive of a Chiari malformation. In the event of pubertal delay, endocrine investigations are indicated and hormone treatment may be required. Bone density assessments should be performed in adults with Costello syndrome, particularly in those with pubertal abnormalities. Screening for microscopic hematuria as a marker for bladder carcinoma may be indicated, although this requires further evaluation.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2004

Combined relaxation and displacement experiment: a fast method to acquire T2, diffusion and velocity maps.

A fast method for quantitative imaging of T2 and displacement (flow and diffusion) is presented. The pulse sequence combines multi-PGSE NMR with multi-echo acquisition and compensates for flow effects in the read gradient and diffusion during multi-echo trains. The impact of the gradient pulses in a multi-echo train on the signal phase and amplitude is discussed. It is shown that separate T2 and displacement images with microscopic resolution can be obtained within minutes. The capability for 3D flow imaging is demonstrated. The sequence is then used to investigate forced detachment of a biofilm in a tube.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

The spectrum of acquired cognitive disturbances in children with partial epilepsy and continuous spike-waves during sleep. A 4-year follow-up case study with prolonged reversible learning arrest and dysfluency.

We report a longitudinal study (7-11 years) of a previously normal boy (MR) who presented from the age of 5 years with rare partial motor seizures and atypical 'absences'. The history revealed a stagnation in development and speech difficulties a few months before onset of his epilepsy. The first waking electroencephalogram (EEG) showed rare generalized discharges during hyperventilation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an arachnoid cyst in the frontotemporal region. Although his epilepsy never became severe, he experienced important learning difficulties. Subsequent EEGs became increasingly active with left focal epileptic activity and continuous spike-waves during sleep (CSWS) present from the first sleep EEG. The first neuropsychological evaluation (7 years) showed a speech dysfluency, word finding and naming problems, inattention and low intelligence quotient. Carbamazepine was changed to clobazam and later ethosuximide was added with a rapid improvement (within 1 month) in linguistic and cognitive performances as well as in behaviour. Furthermore, the patient showed considerable progress in acquisition over the next months whereas learning to read had previously been very difficult. The epileptic activity gradually disappeared and he was able to follow regular school at an age-appropriate level. This case adds a new facet to the already recognized more obvious acquired neuropsychological disturbances known to occur in some partial childhood epilepsy syndromes with CSWS (aphasia, dementia). It manifested as prolonged insidious stagnation in learning and subtle language disability. This study documents rapid specific language improvement with change in anti-epileptic drugs and a restored immediate and long-term learning capacity, suggesting a direct but 'hidden' role of epilepsy.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2001

Learning oral presentation skills: a rhetorical analysis with pedagogical and professional implications.

OBJECTIVE: Oral presentation skills are central to physician-physician communication; however, little is known about how these skills are learned. Rhetoric is a social science which studies communication in terms of context and explores the action of language on knowledge, attitudes, and values. It has not previously been applied to medical discourse. We used rhetorical principles to qualitatively study how students learn oral presentation skills and what professional values are communicated in this process. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Inpatient general medicine service in a university-affiliated public hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve third-year medical students during their internal medicine clerkship and 14 teachers. MEASUREMENTS: One-hundred sixty hours of ethnographic observation. including 73 oral presentations on rounds. Discoursed-based interviews of 8 students and 10 teachers. Data were qualitatively analyzed to uncover recurrent patterns of communication. MAIN RESULTS: Students and teachers had different perceptions of the purpose of oral presentation, and this was reflected in performance. Students described and conducted the presentation as a rule-based, data-storage activity governed by "order" and "structure." Teachers approached the presentation as a flexible means of "communication" and a method for "constructing" the details of a case into a diagnostic or therapeutic plan. Although most teachers viewed oral presentations rhetorically (sensitive to context), most feedback that students received was implicit and acontextual, with little guidance provided for determining relevant content. This led to dysfunctional generalizations by students, sometimes resulting in worse communication skills (e.g., comment "be brief" resulted in reading faster rather than editing) and unintended value acquisition (e.g., request for less social history interpreted as social history never relevant). CONCLUSIONS: Students learn oral presentation by trial and error rather than through teaching of an explicit rhetorical model. This may delay development of effective communication skills and result in acquisition of unintended professional values. Teaching and learning of oral presentation skills may be improved by emphasizing that context determines content and by making explicit the tacit rules of presentation.

Communication↗
PubMed2003

The multimedia electronic patient record: current issues.

Complete online patient data including both traditional medical chart information and clinical images is essential in providing healthcare in a multi-facility environment. To meet this need, the Department of Veterans Affairs has developed a multimedia online patient record that includes traditional medical chart information as well as a wide variety of medical images from specialties such as cardiology, pulmonary and gastrointestinal medicine, pathology, radiology, hematology, and nuclear medicine. The ability to perform direct image acquisition from DICOM devices combined with diagnostic radiology reading from high resolution workstations allows hospitals to operate without making xray film. The wide area network connection supports ad hoc queries to records at other VA sites. The practicing physician has all of the information needed, anywhere in the hospital, at any time.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Regional repositories, reintermediation and the new GMS contract: cardiovascular disease in Tayside.

BACKGROUND: The new contract for general medical practitioners will make increasing demands on the primary care informatics community. There are a number of potential ways to provide reports which meet the requirements for data on the quality of care being provided by practices. In Scotland there are four components of the national information technology strategy which make meaningful comparisons of data possible. OBJECTIVE: Using cardiovascular data as an example, to describe how the community health index number, managed clinical networks (MCNs), increasing consistency of Read codes, and regional repositories of data make the acquisition, processing and use of data more straightforward. METHOD: The cardiovascular MCN collects the majority of its data electronically and four properties are crucial to its success: automatic collection of electronic data from many sources, prioritisation of data derived from multiple sources, record linkage processes, and manual validation of electronic data. RESULTS: Clinicians in primary and secondary care enter data during consultations and see the results of consultations recorded elsewhere. Because all data from the region are able to be Read coded according to prespecified templates, we are able to indicate to practices where they are in relation to the new contract targets and indicate which patients need to be seen, or excluded from, calculations. CONCLUSION: Effectively integrated management is facilitated by provision of regular prompted recall and review of people with chronic disease by multidisciplinary teams collaborating across the health service and into the community. In Scotland, use of newer informatics tools are proving to be useful contributions from primary care computing to equitable, evidence-based care.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2007

Late acquisition of literacy in a native language.

With event-related functional MRI (fMRI) and with behavioral measures we studied the brain processes underlying the acquisition of native language literacy. Adult dialect speakers were scanned while reading words belonging to three different conditions: dialect words, i.e., the native language in which subjects are illiterate (dialect), German words, i.e., the second language in which subjects are literate, and pseudo-words. Investigating literacy acquisition of a dialect may reveal how novel readers of a language build an orthographic lexicon, i.e., establish a link between already available semantic and phonological representations and new orthographic word forms. The main results of the study indicate that a set of regions, including the left anterior hippocampal formation and subcortical nuclei, is involved in the buildup of orthographic representations. The repeated exposure to written dialect words resulted in a convergence of the neural substrate to that of the language in which these subjects were already proficient readers. The latter result is compatible with a "fast" brain plasticity process that may be related to a shift of reading strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Applying GPS to the study of primate ecology: a useful tool?

Data on the spatiotemporal distribution of resources can be collected and plotted using GPS (global positioning system) and GIS (geographical information system) technologies. By combining such data with information on foraging and ranging behavior of nonhuman primates, one can analyze the influence of resource distribution on social organization and group cohesion. We investigated the abilities of a three-channel GPS receiver to collect location data under varying canopy densities in both temperate and tropical forests. Eighty randomly selected points were sampled in a beech-maple forest in northeast Ohio, USA; 65 points also were sampled at several tropical forests in Costa Rica and Trinidad. At each point we attempted to obtain a GPS position fix; we also determined the speed of satellite acquisition and measured canopy density using a spherical densiometer. The ability to obtain a reading differed greatly between the two forest types (chi(2) = 53.79, P < 0.001). Ninety-seven percent of all attempts were successful in the temperate forest, whereas only a 34% acquisition rate was obtained in the tropical forests. Logistic regression showed that the probability of obtaining a reading in Neotropical forests was 75% but only when canopy cover was less than 20%. Thus, these minimal-channel GPS units may be of limited utility for behavioral ecologists working in closed-canopy Neotropical forests.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Classification of reading disability in a case of congenital brain damage.

The reading and spelling abilities of an 18-yr-old spastic quadriparetic cerebral palsied female patient are studied in detail. Reading and spelling errors are related to performance on several neuropsychological tests. The patient's reading disability is compared to that found in both developmental and acquired dyslexia. Some similarities are shown to various developmental dyslexia subtypes who are impaired in visual perception or rely upon left hemisphere based reading strategies. She also is somewhat like the acquired dyslexia cases classified as either surface or visual dyslexics. The most salient characteristic of her reading is the degree to which both visual and auditory factors prevent the acquisition of advanced skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Age-of-acquisition and frequency effects in speeded word naming.

An experiment was conducted to assess the importance of age-of-acquisition and frequency in a speeded word naming task, where participants were instructed to read aloud words before they disappeared from the computer screen. Under such speeded naming instructions, reading latencies were over 100ms (or 20%) faster than in "standard" (or immediate) word naming. There were clear effects of word frequency and age-of-acquisition under speeded naming. Compared to standard immediate naming, the age-of-acquisition effect was larger, with early-acquired words being speeded up more than late-acquired words, which is interpreted in terms of speeded naming reducing the contribution of sublexical processing to word naming times.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Fast and slow namers: benefits of segmentation and whole word training.

Poor readers in Grade 2 (mean age 7 years 7 months) were categorized into fast and slow namer groups based on their performance on a Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) task. The fast and slow groups were then trained to read words using 3 different training regimes: one that taught onset/rime segmentation, one that taught phonemic segmentation, and one that used whole word repetition. The main results were that the slow namers acquired the words more slowly across experiences than the fast namers, irrespective of training condition, but they were particularly disadvantaged when trained with word-level units. Unlike beginning nonreaders, poor Grade 2 readers showed poorer retention following onset/rime training compared with phoneme or word level training, even when final level of learning was controlled. Further, they showed the best generalization to reading new words and nonwords following phoneme training and the worst following whole word training, even when final level of acquisition was controlled. The data are related to the P. G. Bowers and M. Wolf (1993, Reading and Writing, 5, 69-85) double-deficit hypothesis and to the specific deficits associated with early reading failure.

Child↗
PubMed1990

The relation between item identification difficulty and elaborative conceptual processing for children and adults.

The four experiments concerned the relation between the difficulty of item identification processes, elaborative conceptual processing, and developmental differences in cued recall. Elaborative conceptual processing was manipulated by asking related ("How many are related?"), category ("How many are vehicles?"), and analytic ("How many usually carry freight?") orienting questions about four-word stimuli in which the words were categorically related (Bus-Airplane-Car-Train). The measures of elaborative processing were the speed and accuracy of question answers. Cued recall for the targets (Train) was assessed for one-word (Bus) or two-word (Bus-Airplane) cues, which were varied to determine if elaborative processing affected cue discriminability or constructability, or both. The difficulty of item identification was varied in several ways. In Experiment 1, the graphemic information was degraded in the acquisition stimuli, or the retrieval cues, or the stimulus words were intact. In Experiments 2 and 3, acquisition presentation time was varied and the stimuli were read by the experimenter or the subject. Experiment 4 featured pictures to determine generalizability. The results showed that elaborative conceptual processing facilitates recall. Most important, item identification processes limit elaborative conceptual processing for both words and pictures, and more for children than for college students.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Training phonological awareness skills in children with Down syndrome.

Increasingly, children with Down syndrome receive literacy instruction based on a phonological awareness philosophy with the expectation of acquiring functional reading skills. Previous research demonstrates that a phonological awareness based reading programme delivers excellent results in terms of literacy acquisition and improvements in speech production for children with speech and language delays. Unfortunately, little research exists to support the effectiveness of this approach for children with Down syndrome. The current research study examined using a phonological awareness based intervention programme with three children with Down syndrome (aged 7;2, 8;4, and 8;10). A multiple baseline across behaviours design was selected. The intervention programme focused on the key skills of alliteration detection, phoneme isolation, spelling of orthographically regular words and rhyme detection. Two tasks (comprehension of passive structures and spatial structures) were selected as control behaviours. Phoneme segmentation and speech intelligibility were selected to investigate generalisation of intervention targets to other related skill areas. The results indicated that the participants improved the phonological awareness skills targeted in the intervention programme. Unfortunately, no generalisation to other areas of phonological awareness was noted. In summary, the results indicate that children with Down syndrome can benefit from a phonological awareness based approach to literacy.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Priming is independent of skill learning.

This study examined the relation between repetition priming and skill learning. Priming refers to facilitation in processing a specific item as a result of previous exposure to that item. Skill learning refers to general improvement in task performance as a function of practice. In Experiment 1 (N = 60), skill acquisition occurred in partial-word identification and inverted reading tasks but not in a word-fragment completion task. However, the amount of priming was the same in all three tasks. In Experiment 2 (N = 52), priming effects in partial-word identification did not vary as a function of practice with degraded words. In Experiment 3 (N = 40), skill learning was greater with high- than with low-frequency words, whereas priming was unaffected by word frequency. Experiment 4 (N = 20) ruled out the possibility that explicit retrieval was involved in the implicit memory tasks. These results suggest that priming can be independent of skill learning.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Effects of processing style and age on schema acquisition.

Age differences in schema acquisition were examined using a task in which participants read paragraphs about a character and learned to predict his behavior. Successful performance depended on learning which information in the paragraphs was related to the behavior. Because these predictive traits were arbitrarily selected, prior experience was of no benefit. Twenty-eight young adults (ages 18 to 25) and 28 older adults (ages 60 to 80) participated in this experiment. The young adults performed better overall than the older adults. However, when we reexamined the data by considering processing style (i.e., whether individuals relied on a data-driven or conceptually driven processing style), we found that young and older adults who tested specific hypotheses were similar, whereas the older adults who tried to rely on general impressions performed poorly. Findings indicate that it is critical to determine how people approach cognitive tasks and that some older adults are likely to engage in conceptually driven processing regardless of its relevance to a particular task.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A simple, effective system for assessing viability in split-thickness skin with the use of oxygen consumption.

To address the recognized need for better viability-assessment techniques in the banking of allograft skin, we have developed a simple, effective, and easily constructed system for measuring the aerobic activity in small skin samples. The system consists of a microcomputer interfaced to a Clark-type polarographic oxygen electrode to measure oxygen concentrations in discs (5 mm diameter) of split-thickness skin. The system allows simultaneous data acquisition and an on-screen display of oxygen readings on a linear or logarithmic scale. The computer program quantifies the rate of oxygen consumption by calculating a linear regression of oxygen measurements between 100 and 600 seconds. Data are stored in a standard format for easy transfer to commercial software packages for further analysis. The kinetics of oxygen consumption by porcine split-thickness skin stored at 4 degrees C for up to 21 days was assessed with this technique and showed a gradual decline in rate as function of storage time, reaching 50% recovery after 6 days. This assay is a simple and inexpensive method to establish and perform, thus making it suitable as a routine assay for use in the banking of skin and other tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The foundations of psychological understanding.

In this paper, I review some recent submissions to Developmental Science that advance our understanding of psychological development. More and more submissions to the journal explore the origins of knowledge and, for psychological knowledge, such origins are multiple. Here I consider the contribution of mechanisms such as contingency detection, gaze following and gaze monitoring, social referencing and joint attention to emergent psychological understanding. I also consider infant understanding of goal-directed action, and the intimate connection between language acquisition and psychological development. The centrality of intention-reading skills to both language and social cognition is highlighted.

Attention↗