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PubMed2005

Barriers to services for rural and urban survivors of rape.

A significant proportion of survivors of rape do not utilize formal services to cope with the aftermath of rape. Understanding victimization experiences in environments that differ on resources, such as rural versus urban areas, may be an important dimension to consider in understanding barriers. Thirty women (18 rural and 12 urban) were recruited from rape crisis centers to participate in focus groups. Study results suggest that (a) survivors of rape experience many barriers to service utilization, (b) there were some differences in barriers to service utilization that were mentioned only in rural areas and some that were mentioned only in urban areas that may suggest that community context is important to consider in understanding barriers to service use, and (c) barriers to health and mental health services overlap with barriers to criminal justice system services.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

After-rape among three populations in the Southwest: a time of mourning, a time for recovery.

Narrative analysis of open-ended interviews with 62 female survivors of rape from three populations in the Southwest (Native American, Mexican American, Anglo) uncovered commonalities and dissimilarities in women's description of their experience of afterrape (rape survival). Although all three groups reported experiences that confirm aspects of prior analyses of reactions to rape, the narrative analysis highlights variations in reactions to rape across the three groups. These variations, and more established commonalities, provide baseline material for strengthening primary and secondary interventions for women who have experienced sexual violence.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rape is . . . a media review for sexual assault psychoeducation.

The film Rape Is. takes the audience on a powerful journey of feeling, contemplation, and education about sexual violence. The viewers walk away from the film with some key educational components. They learn that rape is a prevalent and damaging crime that affects people of all backgrounds. The audience also sees that perpetrators vary in relationship to survivor as well as in demographics and method of force. Viewers also learn the emotional, cognitive, relational, and physical effects of rape. There is a need for effective educational materials on rape prevention and intervention. This film helps to fill the need for these resources.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

The role of drugs and alcohol in rape.

Alcohol and drugs have been inextricably linked with sexual assault. Media coverage has increasingly highlighted the health risks facing intoxicated women and more recently identified the risk of rape as an additional hazard. Using a sample of rape cases reported to the police between 1999 and 2004, this paper establishes that rapes involving intoxicants (alcohol and/or drugs) are distinguishable from those which do not. Further analysis discovered that the identity of the intoxicated parties (i.e. men, women, neither or both) is important in differentiating rapes. Results report differences by location of assault, victim offender relationship, victim and offender characteristics and offence behaviours. A consistent finding from the analysis is that the victim's state of sobriety or inebriation appears more significant than that of the offender. The implications for crime prevention and directions for future research are discussed.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1977

Sexual molestation and rape reported by homosexual and heterosexual women.

Questionnaire returns for 225 homosexual and 233 heterosexual adult women revealed 115 cases of rape or attempted rape. Data from 78 follow-up questionnaires are summarized. About the same proportion of lesbians and heterosexuals, age 16 or over, were the object of rape. The lesbians tended to reject all men as sexual partners or companions, while the heterosexuals tended to blame themselves for not being careful. Some of the heterosexual women, age 16 to 18, interpreted the rape as a compliment to their sexual attractiveness. Girls under 16 whose assailant was a stranger are, as adults, as frequently homosexual as heterosexual. Sixteen of the 17 girls, age 4 to 16, molested or seduced (6 for a long time) by a relative or close family friend are lesbians as adults. The subjects' attitudes about the incient were highly determined by parental reactions. Inferences are drawn about the rapists' attitudes toward women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Organizational affiliation and effectiveness: the case of rape crisis centers.

Many rape crisis centers (RCCs) that were founded as autonomous organizations have affiliated with other organizations. The relationship of affiliation type and effectiveness is examined in a sample of 25 RCCs in Florida. Effectiveness is defined in terms of range of services for rape victims and involvement in rape prevention (social change) activities. The data show that 23 RCCs are affiliated with six types of organizations and two are free-standing. Each affiliation type has advantages and disadvantages but, overall, free-standing RCCs appear to be most effective and RCCs affiliated with community mental health centers, least effective. Of the seven types, free-standing agencies are most involved in rape prevention activities aimed at social change.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2002

Facing sexual violence in a rape emergency room: identification, projective identification, and the myth of nemesis.

This article focuses on the relationship between identification and sexual abuse. Three subsequent levels are considered, namely, the relationship between (1) the abuser and the victim, (2) the gynecologist or social worker of the Rape Emergency Room (RER) and the victim, and (3) the gynecologist or social worker and the entire RER staff. In the relationship with a rape victim, the gynecologist and the social worker may perceive unexpected negative feelings such as fear, horror, impotence, despair, or even anger which can interfere in the identification with the victim. Rape can be considered also as a concrete form of devaluation through concrete penetration of the victim. As an example, a myth of sexual abuse will be presented: the rape of Nemesis by Zeus.

Crime Victims↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-esteem of raped women.

This qualitative study shows the results of workshops held with health workers and public health users (raped women), aimed at raising these women's self-esteem and creating awareness among health workers who attend them. Neuro-Linguistic Programming techniques were used to bring back life experiences, which contributed to a re-reading and to minimize causal factors of low self-esteem. Themes like repugnance, fear and the fruit of rape; image and place; death; revenge; support and solidarity; domestic violence and bad care delivery to victims were addressed during the meetings. The stories were transcribed and analyzed, preserving content fidelity. Experiences lived at home and with loved and admired people, and mainly experiences resulting from the rape were responsible for the low self-esteem. The evaluations indicated the workshops as an opportunity to reflect, to return to normal life and to reconstruct self-esteem, for the raped women as well for the health workers who deliver care to them.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of wife rape and other intimate partner sexual coercion in a nationally representative sample of women.

This article provides a national estimate of wife rape and various other types of sexual coercion by a spouse or intimate partner. Findings from a 1997 national probability sample revealed that 34% of women were victims of some type of sexual coercion with a husband or partner in their lifetime. Of these women, 10% experienced rape by a current partner. This rate increased to 13% when only victims of rape by a current husband were included, which is consistent with previous studies on wife rape. Other findings reveal that women had unwanted sex with a current spouse or partner in return for a partner's spending money on them (24%), because they thought it was their "duty" (43%), after a romantic situation (29%), after the partner begged and pleaded with them (26%), and after their partner said things to bully them (9%). The importance of examining a continuum of sexual coercion is discussed and findings are compared and contrasted with other prevalence rates for sexual coercion in marriage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[The role of Islam in the therapeutic rehabilitation process in raped women].

This paper is based on the author's experience from the psychotherapy group of raped women. The paper will present the flow of psychotherapeutic process of the group of women who were the victims of the massive rape during the aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina. The rape of the women in B&H by the aggressor was a part of the strategy of the genocidal war that occurred recently. The role of Islam in our tradition is seen through the whole psychotherapeutic process. The Islam was the strongest therapeutic factor in the process of reintegration of the raped women's personalities.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMed2001

The epidemiology of physical attack and rape among crack-using women.

This prospective study examines the epidemiology of physical attack and rape among a sample of 171 not-in-treatment, crack-cocaine using women. Since initiating crack use, 62% of the women reported suffering a physical attack. The annual rate of victimization by physical attack was 45%. Overall, more than half of the victims sought medical care subsequent to an attack. The prevalence of rape since crack use was initiated was 32%, and the annual rate was 11%. Among those women having been raped since they initiated crack use, 83% reported they were high on crack when the crime occurred as were an estimated 57% of the perpetrators. Logistic regression analyses showed that duration of crack use, arrest for prostitution, and some college education were predictors of having experienced a physical attack. Duration of crack use and a history of prostitution were predictors of suffering a rape. Drug abuse treatment programs must be sensitive to high levels of violence victimization experienced by crack-cocaine using women. Screening women for victimization, and treating the problems that emanate from it, may help make drug abuse treatment more effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive mediation of rape's mental, physical, and social health impact: tests of four models in cross-sectional data.

Four nested, theoretically specified, increasingly complex models were tested representing cognitive mediation of rape's effects on mental, physical, and social health. Data were cross-sectional (N = 253 rape survivors). Outcomes were standardized assessments of social maladjustment, physical, and psychological symptoms, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The best-fitting model was not fully cognitively mediated. Personological and rape characteristics influenced the level of self-blame experienced and the intensity of maladaptive beliefs about self and others. Self-blame and maladaptive beliefs predicted psychological distress, which strongly influenced all health outcomes. Self-ratings of rape memory characteristics contributed little to predicting postrape distress. The model accounted for 56% of the variance in general distress, including 91% of psychological symptom severity; 54% of PTSD symptoms; 65% of social maladjustment; and 17% of physical symptoms. Longitudinal replication is planned.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Rights -- Swaziland: women call for stiff penalties for rape.

Swazi women, alarmed by a high incidence of rape in the country, are campaigning for stiffer penalties, including life imprisonment and death sentences, on convicted rapists. Launched last week, the campaign also aims to persuade magistrates and judges not to grant bail or an option of fines to people convicted of rape charges. The campaign is led by the Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA), Lutsango Lwakangwane, the country's women organization, the King's women regiment, and the Swaziland and Mental Health Society. The increasing cases of sexual assault in this tiny kingdom of 700,000 people are alarming, while the maximum sentence for those convicted ranges from 2 to 5 years. About 10 women, including a 12-year-old school girl, were raped in the first 2 weeks of this year alone, the police say. At least 30 other women, and a 5-year-old girl, were raped--some fatally--between May and September.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

[Judgment of the credibility of rape allegations: a content analytic field experiment].

This study explores the issue of whether allegations of rape can be correctly identified as true or false on the basis of a set of content criteria used successfully in previous studies with respect to children's accounts of sexual abuse. A sample of 30 authentic protocols of police interrogations of women reporting rape were selected for the study. Fifteen cases were classified as false accounts because the complaints eventually confessed to having fabricated their allegations. The remaining cases were classified as true rapes on the basis of medical and other corroborating evidence. A group of experienced police officers (N = 30) judged these cases in terms of their credibility on the basis of the 19 content criteria suggested by Steller & Köhnken (1989) and gave an overall judgment of the true vs. false nature of each statement. A second group of police officers (N = 22) judged the credibility of the statements without reference to these criteria. The findings from a series of discriminant function analyses showed that the set of criteria as a whole is successful in distinguishing between true and false rape allegations. The results of the stepwise discriminant function analyses reveal which criteria in particular contribute to the correct identification of true and false cases. However, the higher percentage of correct classifications in the group using the content criteria was only marginally significant compared to the second group judging the cases without reference to the criteria. Altogether, the findings of this study support the basic tenet of statement analysis that the linguistic features of a statement contain essential clues for assessing its credibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Date and acquaintance rape among a sample of college students.

This article reports on a date and acquaintance rape needs-assessment survey of 106 male and 113 female students in undergraduate English courses at the University of Hawaii-Manoa. The sample was ethnically mixed, with Japanese being the largest ethnic group represented. Unduplicated counts showed that 28 percent (n = 32) of the women acknowledged that they were victims of rape or attempted rape, and the majority reported multiple victimizations. One-sixth (n = 18) of the men admitted to committing acts that meet the legal definition of sexual assault in Hawaii, and about one-third (29.2 percent, n = 31) admitted that they continue to make sexual advances even after a woman says no. Implications for date and acquaintance rape prevention programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Rape as a legal indication for abortion: implications and consequences of the medical examination requirement.

A number of countries adopt abortion laws recognizing rape as a legal ground for access to safe abortion service. As rape is a crime, these abortion laws carry with them criminal and health care elements that in turn result in the involvement of legal and medical expertise. The most common objective of the laws should be providing safe abortion services to women survivors of rape. Depending on purposes of a given abortion law, the laws usually require women to undergo a medical examination to qualify for a legal abortion. Some abortion laws are so vague as to result in uncertainties regarding the steps health personnel must follow in conducting medical examination. Another group of abortion laws do not leave room for regulation and remain too rigid to respond to changing socio-economic circumstances. Still others require medical examination as a prerequisite for abortion. As a result, a number of abortion laws remain on the books. The paper attempts to analyze legal and practical issues related to medical examination in rape cases.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1992

The evidence notwithstanding--a case report on a rape.

This report concerns the rape of a woman by a stranger. The complainant stated that, during the course of the rape, penetration took place without ejaculation: these details were later confirmed by a suspect. This suspect, who was identified by the complainant, confessed and was convicted. Laboratory findings, however, indicated that the suspect could not have been the source of the semen found on the complainant's underpants. Further, a vaginal swab taken from the complainant contained intact sperm cells, an indication of a recent sexual contact. In spite of the presence of semen on the underwear which could not have come from the suspect, and the nonoccurrence of an ejaculation during the rape, the complainant maintained that she had not had a sexual contact for a month prior to the rape. This apparent contradiction and its implications are discussed.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2006

Inflammatory effects and immune system correlates of rape.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of measuring stress hormones and immunity following rape. The long-term goal is to evaluate the predictive value of stress-immune-inflammatory responses to later health outcomes. Fifteen women reporting rape were compared with 16 control participants. Serum stress hormones, proinflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, functional assays, and lymphocyte subsets were measured in blood samples. Women reporting rape had higher cytotoxic cells, lower B lymphocyte counts, higher proinflammatory biomarkers, and decreased lymphocyte proliferation compared to the control group. This finding suggests that rape produces activation of the innate immunity and suppression of some aspects of adaptive immunity. If these immune changes persist, they may contribute to the pathophysiology of long-term health sequelae by provoking chronic inflammation and decreased cellular immunocompetence.

Adolescent↗