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PubMed2002

[Computer-assisted development of epitheses after optical recording of facial defects].

A major drawback of conventional impression techniques used for customizing facial prostheses is the fact that pressure applied deforms soft tissue, thus reducing accuracy and causing patient discomfort. A possible solution is the use of optical 3-D coordinate measuring techniques, such as the fringe projection technique, which enables precise and contact-free recording of facial surfaces. The application of this method is demonstrated on a patient who lost his left eye and part of the jaw bone during surgery for cancer. 3-D CAD software that supports the construction of a facial prosthesis from the data obtained has been developed. For this purpose, spline functions are used to define border curves, and the intact half of the face is used as a model for the prosthetic surface. The resulting digital data are used to construct first a model made of synthetic resin, and then a final wax model with the aid of rapid prototyping techniques.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed2000

Martin Mayman's early memories technique: bridging the gap between personality assessment and psychotherapy.

In this article, we describe Martin Mayman's approach to early childhood memories as a projective technique, beginning with his scientific interest in learning theory, coupled with his interest in ego psychology and object relations theory. We describe Mayman's contributions to the use of the early memories technique to inform the psychotherapy process, tying assessment closely to psychotherapy and making assessment more useful in treatment. In this article, we describe a representative sample of research studies that demonstrate the reliability and validity of early memories, followed by case examples in which the early memories informed the therapy process, including issues of transference and countertransference.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Malignant perihilar biliary obstruction: magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatographic findings.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the efficacy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the evaluation of malignant perihilar biliary obstructions, with reference to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). METHODS: A total of 40 patients with malignant perihilar biliary obstructions, who underwent both MRCP (Magnetom Vision; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany; projection technique and multislice plus maximum intensity projection) and ERCP examinations, were studied. The study group included hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor) in 26 patients, icteric hepatocellular carcinoma in four patients, gallbladder carcinoma in five patients, and metastasis from other than hepatobiliary origin in five patients. Axial and coronal magnetic resonance (MR) images were added simultaneously to the MRCP. The mean serum bilirubin level on admission was 11.5 mg/ml (range, 2.8-28.5 mg/ml). The presence and extent of malignant biliary obstruction were determined with both MRCP and ERCP following the known criteria: an abrupt and irregular character of a distal narrow segment, a proportionally dilated biliary tree proximally, and an irregularly shaped intraluminal filling defect. The efficacy of the MRCP examination in detecting the presence of biliary obstruction, its anatomical extent, and the underlying cause, respectively, was compared to that of ERCP. RESULTS: MRCP examination was successfully performed on all patients, whereas ERCP examination was unsuccessful in two patients. Both MRCP and ERCP were very effective in detecting the presence of biliary obstructions (40 of 40 vs. 38 of 38, p = 1.0). MRCP was superior in its investigation of anatomical extent (34 of 40 vs. 24 of 38, p = 0.015) and the cause of the jaundice (31 of 40 vs. 22 of 38, p = 0.023) compared to ERCP. Specifically, the performance of MRCP is promising for the interpretation of cholangiocarcinoma (22 of 26) and gallbladder carcinoma (five of five), but is relatively ineffective for the interpretation of icteric HCC (two of four) and metastasis (two of five). CONCLUSION: MRCP represented an ideal noninvasive diagnostic tool for the evaluation of malignant perihilar biliary obstructions with reference to ERCP.

Bile Duct Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Secondary structure spatial conformation footprint: a novel method for fast protein structure comparison and classification.

BACKGROUND: Recently a new class of methods for fast protein structure comparison has emerged. We call the methods in this class projection methods as they rely on a mapping of protein structure into a high-dimensional vector space. Once the mapping is done, the structure comparison is reduced to distance computation between corresponding vectors. As structural similarity is approximated by distance between projections, the success of any projection method depends on how well its mapping function is able to capture the salient features of protein structure. There is no agreement on what constitutes a good projection technique and the three currently known projection methods utilize very different approaches to the mapping construction, both in terms of what structural elements are included and how this information is integrated to produce a vector representation. RESULTS: In this paper we propose a novel projection method that uses secondary structure information to produce the mapping. First, a diverse set of spatial arrangements of triplets of secondary structure elements, a set of structural models, is automatically selected. Then, each protein structure is mapped into a high-dimensional vector of "counts" or footprint, where each count corresponds to the number of times a given structural model is observed in the structure, weighted by the precision with which the model is reproduced. We perform the first comprehensive evaluation of our method together with all other currently known projection methods. CONCLUSION: The results of our evaluation suggest that the type of structural information used by a projection method affects the ability of the method to detect structural similarity. In particular, our method that uses the spatial conformations of triplets of secondary structure elements outperforms other methods in most of the tests.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1986

[Labor psychology in a general hospital].

At the present article the author describes a personnel recruitment investigation made among aspirants to make Nurse studies (college level). There are used, as selection instruments, on one hand, an interview and projective techniques like Bender and HTP ("House, Tree, Person") tests; on the other hand, the Holland's "Vocational Preferences Inventory" (V.P.I.) is utilized as a psychometric technique. It is possible to demonstrate in this study, as the author believes, that there is a positive correlation between the results due to interview and projective tests, and those responding to the psychometric inventory mentioned before. Besides, a "Nurse Ideal Profile" based en V.P.I. Scales is obtained: successful aspirants must procure high scores in Scale 2 (Intellectual) and 3 (Social), and must get low scores in Scale 1 (Realistic, which tests interest in instruments rather than social motivations.

Aptitude Tests↗
PubMed1990

Relationships between Hand Test variables and maladjustment in school children.

Twenty-two Hand Test variables significantly differentiated a group of children referred to school psychologists for social and emotional maladjustment from a control group matched on age and sex. Eleven variables emerged from a subsequent stepwise discriminant analysis, resulting in a 80.85% hit rate. Results are interpreted as providing statistical support for the use of the Hand Test as a screening and/or ancillary projective technique in assessing school children.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2001

A cognitive-perceptual analysis of projective tests used with children.

There are both general and specific problems with projective tests--the production, comprehension, and interpretation of two-dimensional visual representations. At the general level, there is a need to integrate findings from the neuro- and cognitive sciences, cognitive, perceptual, and affective development, and the understanding and interpretation of pictorial material based on the accumulated research base in the arts. At the specific level, much of the research base on projective tests is poor or outdated; evidence for clinical utility is mixed or negative; and the tests possess poor reliability and validity while the putative underlying psychological process of projection" has not been subject to rigorous empirical examination--the term remains vague and elusive. While earlier critiques and reviews have focused on problems in validity and reliability, their has been a lack of attention to the development of children's pictorial abilities as pertain to projective techniques. Although many of the principles delineated here also apply to adolescents and adults, an important challenge for clinicians is to develop and employ better methods in the "projective" assessment of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The benefits of working with a "dead" patient: hypnotically facilitated pseudo near-death experiences.

The literature on near-death experiences is consistent in describing how such events are typically transformative. Utilizing standard hypnotic techniques, therapists can approximate many of the therapeutic aspects of such experiences, without the life-or-death crisis, to facilitate both first and second order change in psychotherapy. This article explores the use of hypnotically facilitated waking dreams as an interactive projective technique. The focus is on the varied ways that the dream components that correlate with near-death experiences can evoke durable change.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A case study comparison of the Draw-A-Person and Kinetic Family Drawing.

A case is presented illustrating the diagnostic and therapeutic value of human figure drawings. The case study, an 11-year-old boy recovering from viral encephalitis, compares two projective techniques--the Draw-A-Person and the Kinetic Family Drawing. The tests were administered pre- and post-treatment. The relative merit of each technique within the therapeutic context is discussed.

Art↗
PubMed1975

Perception of aggression and overt aggressive behavior.

Investigated the relationship between thresholds for perception of aggressive cues and overt aggressive behavior in 86 male undergraduate students. Overt aggressive behavior was measured by the amount of shock the subject attempted to inflict on his presumed opponent. It was found that individuals with low thresholds for aggressive cues expressed less overt aggressive behavior while individuals with high thresholds for aggression expressed more overt aggression. Thus an inverse relationship was found with respect to perceptual recognition thresholds for aggressive stimuli and overt aggressive behavior. The implications of these findings for projective techniques and their relevance to perception as it relates to overt behavior were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Projective drawings as an aid to music therapy.

Music therapy is becoming an increasingly prevalent method for assisting in the mental health needs of a variety of different conditions. However, other tangential aids can greatly facilitate the music therapy process. The use of Projectives techniques to assist in the process of music therapy and to assess the growth and development of clients is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The facade compulsive: a diagnostic formulation derived from projective testing.

A psychological "type" characterized by repetitive and compulsive action tendencies but not by obsessive thoughts was delineated. It was shown how this syndrome could be identified through differential inter-test patterning on projective techniques. The possibility of improving psychodiagnostic accuracy by stipulating expected configurations among tests in a battery was noted.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct digitization of optical images using a photostimulable phosphor system.

The authors describe a method for directly digitizing optical images with a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) system. A PSP plate is initially charged with an exposure to a uniform x-ray field, and is then exposed to an optical image which discharges the plate in relation to the amount of incident light. Two applications were investigated: a contact-print technique for digitizing film radiographs, and a projection technique for digitizing transparent objects such as histology slides. Spatial uniformity was found to be adequate, and linearity of optical density response was excellent from 0.0-2.9 o.d. after look-up table correction. Spatial frequency response was degraded with the optical technique relative to the x-ray imaging properties of the plates, but was restorable by Fourier filtering. Image noise following spatial enhancement was satisfactory at intermediate to high optical densities using a high-resolution PSP plate, but was somewhat degraded at low densities.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modified Pawlow projection for the upper thoracic spine.

Adequate visualization of the upper thoracic spine can be difficult using conventional lateral projection techniques. This article describes a modified Pawlow projection that uses the cephalad angle instead of the caudal angle. Sample radiographs are provided to illustrate the advantages of using this modified projection.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Differences in Hand Test responses of healthy females across the life-span.

The Hand Test was administered to 175 females ranging from 17 to 72 years. Subjects were all "community-living," within normal range of hearing and vision, in good health, and had a modal education level of high school graduate. Results were consistent with previous findings using projective techniques with the elderly, in that a depletion and constriction of personality appears to be concomitant with the normal aging process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

An exploratory investigation of the personality correlates of aging using the Hand Test.

The Hand Test was administered to 27 older adults of both sexes (Mage = 66.56) to investigate possible changes in personality concomitant with normal aging. To control partially for such factors as cultural influences and intelligence differences a matched-pair design was used in which the test protocols of the older adults were matched with those of their children of the same sex (Mage = 36.44). Though the Hand Test has not been independently validated on older adults, results were consistent with past findings using projective techniques inasmuch as depletion and constriction of personality were noted. Criticisms of research on the clinical assessment of the elderly were discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

Comparative genetic approach to the study of body image of children from 4 to 14 years of age using the fairy tale of the ant.

This work was designed to study the body image of 3 groups of normal children (ns = 40) whose ages were 4 to 14 years with the assistance of a new projective technique, the tale of the ant from Royer. The data provide partial validation of this new procedure. Indicators of normal and pathological answers are given. Directions for research are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Credibility of allegations of under age minors regarding sexual abuse].

When a child under age states he/she has been sexually abused, there seldom exists an objective certainty to support the allegation. Whereas clinicians know that a child who speaks spontaneously probably speaks the truth, it is nonetheless difficult to exclude the possibility of fabulating, lying or mistaking. The error probability is sharply increased when abuse is referred by a parent, specially in a context of parental separation. This article thus presents a review of criteria which help to better assess the truth or error of allegations. Criteria include analysis of the child's talk, application of projective techniques, observation of his/her behavior, etc. The author also describes some differential diagnoses based on the behaviors and sexual allegations of children under age.

Adult↗