[Projection of the population in Czechoslovakia to the year 2010 and the economic consequences].
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Czechoslovakia↗
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Differing influences of dopamine agonists and antagonists on Fos expression in identified populations of globus pallidus neurons.
Dopamine agonists increase the activity of globus pallidus neurons, as shown electrophysiologically and with Fos expression. More recently it has been shown that decreased D2 receptor activity also causes pallidal Fos expression. Similar responses occur in the striatum, where both dopamine agonists and D2 blockade induce Fos, although in separate neuronal populations (i.e. striatonigral and -pallidal). The present experiments investigate the possible differential dopaminergic regulation of Fos within pallidal neuronal populations, which were classified as parvalbumin-positive or -negative (with parvalbumin immunostaining), or as projecting to various target nuclei (with retrograde transport of FluoroGold iontophoresed into these nuclei). Rats with prior nigrostriatal lesions received saline, D1 agonist, or D2 agonist. Rats with no lesions received saline, combined D1/D2 agonists, or the D2 antagonist eticlopride. Two hours after drug injection, rats were perfused and their brains processed for double-labeling: either Fos staining with parvalbumin staining, or Fos or parvalbumin staining in FluoroGold-labeled sections. Overall, dopamine drug treatments induced more Fos in parvalbumin-negative than -positive cells. However, unlike dopamine agonists, eticlopride induced significant Fos only in the parvalbumin-negative cells. Dopamine agonist-induced Fos was found in pallidal neurons projecting to each of the target nuclei examined, in both normal and nigrostriatal-lesioned rats. Eticlopride-induced Fos occurred only in pallidal neurons projecting to the striatum, providing functional evidence for pallidostriatal cells without axon collaterals to other nuclei. It was also found that pallidostriatal neurons were distinguished from other projection populations by a relative lack of parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Pallidal cells respond heterogeneously to dopaminergic treatments based on their projection target and expression of parvalbumin. The smaller Fos responses in parvalbumin-containing cells may be due largely to the calcium buffering by the parvalbumin itself. Also, the pattern of Fos expression in pallidostriatal neurons suggests that dopamine regulates activity in these cells differently than in other projection populations.
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
The demographic components of population aging in China.
"In this paper we examine measures of population aging in China from 1953 to 1982, and then project population aging to the year 2050 using a cohort-components methodology.... Results indicate that China's population will age at an unprecedented rate over the next 70 years, both in terms of the absolute size of the elderly population and their proportion of the total population. At least 50 percent of the projected increase in population aging in China between 1980 and 2050 will be a product of the momentum for aging that is already built into the present age structure and vital rates. However, prospective trends in the measures of population aging become increasingly more sensitive to varying assumptions about fertility and mortality with time, and as older age groups are considered."
Adult↗
Population problems in Austronesia.
The author examines population issues facing countries in Oceania and Southeastern Asia. "Analysis is based on recently released population projections from the United Nations Population Division. There are great differences among the countries.... There are nonetheless important areas of commonality: all nations are facing the problem of raising levels of schooling in line with parents' aspirations and economic needs, all face problems of caring for a rising proportion of aged, and all have difficulties with the monitoring and control of international migration. Also, since minority groups in many countries are majority polities in neighbouring states, there is potential for establishing international dialogues aimed at relieving internal tensions." Consideration is given to the role of Australia in promoting international cooperation to deal with these issues.
Asia↗
Continuing demographic transitions in Asia.
"This article updates the literature survey on demographic trends and policies published in the May 1987 issue of this journal. It reports substantial adjustments in earlier population projections, suggesting slower decline in population growth rates for China and several other Asian countries. It gives an account of recent trends and policies in the Asian-Pacific region, especially China, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines and Singapore."
Asia↗
An update on Australia's future population growth and its population problems.
"Population projections need to be continually updated as new information becomes available.... With an assumption of a total fertility rate of 1.865 children per woman and annual net migration of 50,000, ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] projections published in 1996 and additional projections in 1997 suggest a population of 24.5 million in 2051 and an ultimate population of more than 25 million. The analysis in this article...puts Australia's various population problems into a proper perspective and tries to direct attention away from the unnecessary preoccupation with population decline."
Australia↗
Reproductive health, population growth, economic development and environmental change.
World population will increase by 1000 million, or by 20%, within 10 years. Ninety-five per cent of this increase will occur in the South, in areas that are already economically, environmentally and politically fragile. Morbidity and mortality associated with reproduction will be greater in the current decade than in any period in human history. Annually, 40-60 million pregnancies will be terminated and 5-10 million children will die within one year of birth. AIDS-related infections, e.g. tuberculosis, will undermine health care in Africa (and elsewhere) and in places AIDS-related deaths will decimate the work-force. The growth in population and associated morbidity will inhibit global economic development and spawn new problems. The key issues are migration, the spread of disease, the supply of water and the degradation of land, and fiscal policies with respect to family planning, pharmaceuticals and Third-World debt. Full education, particularly of women, and more effective family planning in the South have the power to unlock the problem. Failure will see the developed countries, with their 800 million population, swamped by the health, economic and environmental problems of the South, with its projected population of 5400 million people for the year 2000.
Demography↗
[Evaluation on a cohort based population intervention project regarding risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases].
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the changes of risk factors in cerebrovascular diseases in cohort-based population after intervention and evaluating the intervention effect. METHODS: In 1987, an intervention cohort and a control cohort were selected randomly in urban areas of Changsha. Risk factors in cerebrovascular diseases were investigated in two cohort populations aged over 35 years as baseline indication. Then comprehensive prevention of cerebrovascular diseases was carried out in intervention cohort during 1987 - 2000. After intervention for 14 years, a reexamination was taken in the two groups noted above. RESULTS: After 14 years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, mean systolic and diastolic pressure, weight increased from 33.8% to 35.7%, 30 to 129 per 10,000, 128.41 mm Hg to 134.49 mm Hg, 77.78 mm Hg to 78.54 mm Hg, 54.80 kg to 57.78 kg in the intervention group, respectively while the baseline indication increased from 35.9% to 56.8%, 30 to 228 per 10,000, 127.70 mm Hg to 141.80 mm Hg, 78.27 mm Hg to 82.89 mm Hg, 54.92 kg to 59.69 kg in the control one. The changes were of statistical significance in each group except diastolic pressure and the prevalence of hypertension in intervention group, but all the parameters increased significantly in the control group; rate of alcohol intake decreased significantly in two groups, but rate of cigarette smoking decreased with no significance. The changes between two groups were not significant either; the cumulative incidence of stroke was significantly lower in intervention cohort (3.4%) than in control cohort (4.7%). CONCLUSION: The risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases (such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc.) were increasing along with by aging. Intervention programs can delay the increase of risk factors and down-regulate the incidence of stroke.
Alcohol Drinking↗
The projected increase in glaucoma due to an ageing population.
The number of cases of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in England and Wales is estimated to increase by a third over the 20 years to 2021, and then continue upwards at a similar pace to 2031. The estimates are based on official population projections, organised by 5-year age groups, together with an age-specific prevalence curve for POAG derived from the results of 11 epidemiological prevalence surveys. To cope with additional pressures, a thorough reappraisal of the present system for detection, referral, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of the disease is likely to be required.
Adult↗
The Fort Bragg continuum of care Demonstration Project: the population served was unique and the outcomes are questionable.
Examination of the evaluation sample and the outcome data from the Fort Bragg Demonstration Project suggests that the children served were mildly disturbed, were atypical of those served in most public mental health clinics, spent less than optimal time in the new services developed, and were judged as making considerable progress with minimal treatment regardless of age or level of judged psychopathology. The use of normative outcome measures in a pre-post design was considered a major reason for failure to find any significant differences between differently treated children.
Child↗
Developing cultural competence in the baccalaureate nursing student: a population-based project with the Hutterites.
The purpose of this article is to articulate the process of educating baccalaureate students to apply culturally competent, population-based nursing care to the Hutterites. The Hutterites are a German dialect-speaking, ethnoreligious population. Campinha-Bacote's culturally competent model guided the student learning process. Groups of students developed culture-specific, population-based assessment models to identify the health-related needs of the Hutterites. One example of a Hutterite health assessment model that was derived from Dever's epidemiologic model and Purnell and Paulanka's model for cultural competence is presented. Priority health needs of Hutterite colonies are described, and examples of health programs are given. Recommendations for working with the Hutterite population as part of an undergraduate public health nursing course are put forth. The culturally congruent process of teaching and learning for nursing students can be applied to other health-related professions and adapted to other cultural contexts.
Clinical Competence↗
Pilot project on population education under approval. Lao PDR.
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Asia↗
[Major findings from the second public opinion survey on population issues in Japan, 1995].
"The Institute of Population Problems carried out the second public opinion survey on population issues in Japan on 15 June, 1995....[It] aimed at grasping current public opinions on population issues, and it also intended to derive [the] most recent reproduction indices in Japan, for the purpose of contributing to the population projections and the effective planning and management of the administration." Information is included on marriage intentions and timing, fertility decline, population size, urbanization, and attitudes toward the provision of foreign aid for population control. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Asia↗
Projected incidence of mechanical ventilation in Ontario to 2026: Preparing for the aging baby boomers.
OBJECTIVE: The aging baby boomers are expected to have a significant impact on the healthcare system. Mechanical ventilation is an age-dependent, costly, and relatively nondiscretionary medical service that may be particularly affected by the aging population. We forecast the future incidence of mechanical ventilation to the year 2026 to understand the impact of aging baby boomers on critical care resources. DESIGN: Population-based, sex-specific, and age-specific mechanical ventilation incidences for adults for the year 2000 were directly standardized to population projections to estimate the incidence of mechanical ventilation, in 5-yr intervals, from 2006 to 2026. Sensitivity analyses were performed by varying population projections and mechanical ventilation incidence for the elderly. SETTING: Province of Ontario, Canada. PATIENTS: Noncardiac surgery, mechanically ventilated adults. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN RESULTS: The projected number of ventilated patients in 2026 was 34,478, representing an 80% increase from 2000. The crude incidence increased 31%, from 222 to 291 per 100,000 adults. The annually compounded projected growth rate during this 26-yr period was 2.3%, similar to the actual growth rate experienced in the 1990s. The projected incidence was relatively insensitive to changes in assumptions, with estimates for 2026 ranging from 31,473 to 36,313 ventilated adults. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of mechanical ventilation projected to the year 2026 will steadily increase and outpace population growth as occurred in the 1990s. In the current environment in which intensive care unit resources are limited and ventilated patients already use a significant proportion of acute care resources, planning for this continued growth is necessary. Existing evidence-based strategies that improve both the efficiency and efficacy of critical care services should be carefully evaluated for widespread implementation.
Adult↗
Innervation from the claustrum of the frontal association and motor areas: axonal transport studies in the cat.
The anatomical organization of the projections from the claustrum to the motor and prefrontal cortical areas of the cat's brain was investigated. Both retrograde (single horseradish peroxidase or double fluorochrome deposits in the cortex) and anterograde (peroxidase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin deposits in the claustrum) tracing techniques were used. Within the claustrum, the neurons projecting to each sector of the frontal cortex were found to be distributed according to specific patterns of segregation and overlap. Spatial segregation was particularly marked between the cell populations projecting to the various sectors of area 4. The cells projecting to the subareas of area 6 and prefrontal cortex displayed a less marked but definite segregation. The neuronal populations projecting to some sectors of areas 4, 5, and the primary somatosensory cortex known to contain homotopical representations of the body map were found intermingled in the same small claustral portions. The few double-labeled neurons found after closely adjacent fluorochrome injections indicates that, in spite of their profuse intracortical branching, claustral axons spread little within the boundaries of a single architectonic area. Anterograde transport experiments showed that claustral fibers end primarily in layers IIIb/IV, VI, and I, whereas layer V is spared. This pattern is homogeneous throughout the frontal cortex. The possible role of the claustrum as a subcortical site for organized interactions amongst wide arrays of functionally related zones of the cerebral cortex is thereby suggested.
Animals↗
Population behaviour of human cutaneous mechanoreceptive units.
Groups of fibres rather than single afferents may be responsible for encoding various intensity aspects of tactile skin stimulation. Reconstruction of population responses of primary afferent fibres to skin displacement provided data in support of this idea, but evidence from direct recordings that demonstrated multifibre activity deriving from groups of single units firing in response to defined skin stimuli were not reported. Procedures are summarised which allow identification and sampling of such recordings in man. For SAII units it was demonstrated how different directions of skin stretch engaging a particular cutaneous area produced different responses of a unit population innervating that site. In response to localised vibratory stimuli synchronous discharges of several co-activated PC afferents were recorded at each vibratory cycle, which is a previously not described pattern of peripheral PC encoding. Population projection of activity within modality segregated clusters of afferents supplying the same skin area might serve as basic projection units and constitute the peripheral counterparts to sensory columns, believed to be the central cognitive correlates, in the cortex. Thus, it is tempting to postulate fibre population projection as a peripheral basis for somatosensory processing in man.
Electrodes↗
Planning for aging in the twenty-first century.
The population of Rhode Island is aging more rapidly than that of most states and, therefore, can be used to illustrate the effects of aging on health systems, effects that may occur somewhat later or less extensively in most other states. Rhode Island population projections indicate a lull in aging between 1990 and 2010, followed by a 50 percent increase in the elderly cohort as the post-World War II "baby boom" population becomes 65 years of age and older between 2010 and 2030. Current (constant) Rhode Island rates of physician visits and hospital and nursing home use were applied to the projected population and translated into physician and hospital bed requirements and health expenditures, demonstrating that the resource costs of aging will be very large between 2010 and 2030 unless health service needs are reduced substantially and/or alternatives to hospital and nursing home services are developed. During the next 30 years, there will exist a unique and critical opportunity to restructure the medical care system. By developing alternatives to hospital inpatient care and nursing home care and by investing in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts, the baby boom population may remain healthier longer and, therefore, may require less medical care than elders today.
Aged↗
Stability over time in the distribution of population forecast errors.
A number of studies in recent years have investigated empirical approaches to the production of confidence intervals for population projections. The critical assumption underlying these approaches is that the distribution of forecast errors remains stable over time. In this article, we evaluate this assumption by making population projections for states for a number of time periods during the 20th century, comparing these projections with census enumerations to determine forecast errors, and analyzing the stability of the resulting error distributions over time. These data are then used to construct and test empirical confidence limits. We find that in this sample the distribution of absolute percentage errors remained relatively stable over time and data on past forecast errors provided very useful predictions of future forecast errors.
Demography↗