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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Ectoparasitic species of the genus Trichodina (Ciliophora: Peritrichida) parasitising British freshwater fish.

Seven species of the genus Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838 were identified during a sampling programme of twenty freshwater fish species from approximately sixty sites in Scotland, England and Wales. Species found include: Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 from Cyprinus carpio L., Carassius auratus L., Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Salmo trutta L. and Phoxinus phoxinus L.; Trichodina domerguei Wallengren, 1897 from Gasterosteus aculeatus L.; Trichodina tenuidens Faure-Fremiet, 1944 from Gasterosteus aculeatus; Trichodina pediculus Ehrenberg, 1838 from Gasterosteus aculeatus; Trichodina modesta Lom, 1970 from Abramis brama L.; Trichodina nigra Lom, 1960 from Cyprinus carpio, Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss; and Trichodina intermedia Lom, 1960 from Phoxinus. Morphological variation within and between host populations and host specificity of the Trichodina species recovered are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Pests at Baltic Sea coast. II. Summary of most important groups on insects besides Coleoptera and Diptera].

In the special holiday situations at the Baltic coast of GDR, species of very different insect groups may become annoying to man. Own experiences in this field are reported (excepting Coleoptera and Diptera). The earwig, Forficula auricularia, has many varying aspects of a health pest (also in the respect of social hygiene). This species, too, may pinch painfully with his pincers. The lice species Pediculus capitis and Pthirus pubis are met with sometimes. Limothrips cerealium may be annoying not only when swarming in mass, but also individual specimens (crawling on the skin or piercing it). Ants may be a pest in varying manners. A special example of this is if they invade sand castles [sun bathing places on the beaches surrounded by sand walls]. Wasps are attracted by different ways to childrens' holiday camps. In 1973, they were even aggressive on the beach of Hiddensee. Caterpillars of Thaumatopaea pinivora may become a serious health pest in individual cases. The real cause is not always detected by laymen. Fleas occur more or less regularly. Sometimes they are incorrectly diagnosed or reported.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Interventions for treating headlice.

BACKGROUND: Infection with head lice is a widespread condition in developed and developing countries. Infection occurs most commonly in children, but also affects adults. If left untreated the condition can become intensely irritating and skin infections may occur if the bites are scratched. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to assess the effects of interventions for head lice. SEARCH STRATEGY: Trials register of The Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group; Medline; Embase; Science Citation Index; Biosis and Toxline; reference lists of relevant articles; pharmaceutical companies producing pediculicides (published and unpublished trials); UK and US Regulatory Authorities. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials (published and unpublished) or trials using alternate allocation were sought which compared pediculicides with the same and different formulations of other pediculicides, and pediculicides with physical methods. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Of the 70 identified studies, only three met the inclusion criteria and one is awaiting assessment. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality. One reviewer extracted the data. MAIN RESULTS: We found no evidence that any one pediculicide has greater effect than another. The two studies comparing malathion and permethrin with their respective vehicles showed a higher cure rate for the active ingredient than the vehicle. The third study comparing synergised pyrethrins with permethrin showed their effects to be equivalent. Adverse effects were reported in a number of trials and were all minor, although reporting quality varied between trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Permethrin, synergised pyrethrin and malathion were effective in the treatment of head lice. However, the emergence of drug resistance since these trials were conducted means there is no direct contemporary evidence of the comparative effectiveness of these products. The 'best' choice will now depend on local resistance patterns. There is currently no evidence from trials to indicate the effectiveness of physical methods, such as combing/'BugBusting' or other chemical control methods such as the use of herbal treatments, when used in the curative treatment of head lice. Future trials should take into account the methodological recommendations that arise from this review.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Differential permethrin susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States and Borneo.

BACKGROUND: Pediculiasis is treated aggressively in the United States, mainly with permethrin- and pyrethrin-containing pediculicides. Increasingly frequent anecdotal reports of treatment failure suggest the emergence of insecticidal resistance by these lice. OBJECTIVE: To confirm or refute the susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States to permethrin. DESIGN: Survey. Head lice were removed from children residing where pediculicides are readily available and where such products are essentially unknown. Their survival was compared following exposure to residues of graded doses of permethrin in an in vitro bioassay. SETTING: School children from Massachusetts, Idaho, and Sabah (Malaysian Borneo). SUBJECTS: In the United States, 75 children aged 5 to 8 years. In Sabah, 59 boys aged 6 to 13 years. Virtually all sampled US children had previously been treated with pediculicides containing pyrethrins or permethrin; none of the Sabahan children were so exposed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survival of head lice exposed to permethrin. RESULTS: Permethrin did not affect head lice sampled from chronically infested US children who had previously been treated for pediculiasis. The slope of the dose-response regression line for these lice did not differ significantly from zero (P = .66). This pediculicide immobilized lice sampled in Sabah. Mortality correlated closely with permethrin concentration (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: Head lice in the United States are less susceptible to permethrin than are those in Sabah. The pyrethroid susceptibility of the general population of head lice in the United States, however, remains poorly defined. Accordingly, these relatively safe over-the-counter preparations may remain the pediculicides of choice for newly recognized louse infestations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Unravelling the evolution of the head lice and body lice of humans.

Recent studies of mitochondrial genes of the head and body lice of humans indicate that present-day lice comprise two lineages that diverged before the evolution of modern humans. To test if this was a locus-specific phenomenon, we studied two nuclear genes, elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha) and small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA). Our ssu rRNA phylogeny was concordant with the phylogenies from mitochondrial genes, but the EF-1alpha phylogeny was not concordant either with the mitochondrial phylogenies or with the ssu rRNA phylogeny. So both nuclear (ssu rRNA) and mitochondrial data indicate that there are two lineages of lice: one lineage with head lice only (H-only lineage) the other lineage with head and body lice (H+B lineage). Thus, body lice apparently evolved from just one of the two main lineages of lice. However, the date of divergence and geographical origins of the two lineages are controversial. Kittler et al. (Curr Biol 13:1414-1417, 2003; Curr Biol 14:2309, 2004) proposed that these two lineages diverged 0.77 mya, whereas Reed et al. (PLoS Biol 2:e340, 2004) proposed that they diverged 1.18 mya and suggested that one of the lineages, the H-only lineage, evolved in the New World on Homo erectus. We discuss this hypothesis in light of our results from ssu rRNA.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy of neem seed extract shampoo on head lice of naturally infected humans in Egypt.

Sixty heavily lice-infested male and female children (4-15 years) were selected and subjected to the treatment with a neem seed extract shampoo. Twenty to thirty milliliter of the shampoo were thoroughly mixed with completely wet hair and rubbed in to reach the skin of the scalp. After 5, 10, 15 and 30 min, the shampoo was washed out and the hair basically combed. Head lice were collected and examined. The neem seed extract shampoo proved to be highly effective against all stages of head lice. No obvious differences regarding the efficacy of the shampoo were observed between an exposure time of 10, 15 or 30 min. No side effects, such as skin irritation, burning sensations, or red spots on the scalp, forehead or neck, respectively, were observed.

Animals↗