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PubMed1999

Relationships among parental reports of child, parent, and family functioning.

Most children with psychosocial problems do not present for treatment in mental health settings. They are managed by primary care physicians. Children with psychosocial problems often have parents and/or families with psychosocial distress. The present study measured associations between parental reports of child, parent, and family functioning in individuals in the general population. Participants were 226 parents of children, aged 2-16 years, who presented for routine primary care. Parents reported on the psychosocial functioning of themselves, their child, and their family. All correlations of measures were significant, ranging from .55 to .23. Similar to data from psychiatric samples, the psychological functioning of children, parents, and families were significantly correlated. Unlike in psychiatric settings, child mental health problems were not as closely related to parent or family distress as parent and family distress were related to each other and to child behavior problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Differences in health care utilization between parents who perceive their child as vulnerable versus overprotective parents.

While a parental perception of child vulnerability to illness/injury is often used interchangeably with parental overprotection, research suggests that they are independent constructs. We hypothesized more frequent pediatric nonwell-child visits for perceived child vulnerability, but not for parental overprotection. The parents of 300 children, ages 2-5 years, enrolled in a health maintenance organization, were sampled. For children without medical conditions, there were no differences in nonwell-child care visits between the high perceived vulnerability and high parental protection groups (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, WRST, P = .31). As expected, high parental protection was not significantly associated with increased nonwell-child care visits compared with the low parental protection group (WRST, P = .14). These findings suggest that markers other than health care utilization are required to identify these forms of parent-child relationship disorders.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1999

Academic anxiety, academic procrastination, and parental involvement in students and their parents.

OBJECTIVES: The study investigated the relationship between academic anxiety and procrastination in children and parents, and parents' direct involvement in their children's schoolwork. DESIGN: Children reported their current anxiety and procrastination and parents reported their anxiety and procrastination when they were children (a measure of indirect influence on their children's schoolwork habits), and on their current involvement in their children's schoolwork (a measure of direct influence). METHODS: Self-report measures were administered to 354 Israeli adolescents (ages 13, 14, and 16) and their parents. RESULTS: Students were less anxious about homework than the other academic assignments. Older adolescents were less anxious about their schoolwork overall and procrastinated more than younger on homework. Parents of late adolescents were less involved in their children's schoolwork than parents of younger adolescents. Parents participated equally in school-related interactions that demanded high investment of time and effort, but mothers engaged more than fathers in low investment activities. These direct and indirect parental influences on their children's procrastination were of low magnitude overall, but appeared relatively stronger for mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The more students were anxious about preparing for examinations and writing papers, the more they procrastinated on these assignments, confirming the appraisal-anxiety avoidance (AAA) model. The inverse relationship of anxiety and procrastination with regard to homework led to our making a post hoc distinction between task-centred and consequence-centred anxiety.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

An office-based intervention to maintain parent-adolescent teamwork in diabetes management. Impact on parent involvement, family conflict, and subsequent glycemic control.

OBJECTIVE: To design and evaluate an office-based intervention aimed at maintaining parent-adolescent teamwork in diabetes management tasks without increasing diabetes-related family conflict. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: There were 85 patients (aged 10-15 years, mean 12.6 years) with type 1 diabetes (mean duration 5.5 years; mean HbA1c 8.5%) who were randomly assigned to one of three study groups--teamwork, attention control, and standard care--and followed for 24 months. At each visit, parent involvement in insulin administration and blood glucose monitoring was assessed. The teamwork and attention control interventions were integrated into routine ambulatory visits over the first 12 months (four medical visits). Measures of diabetes-related family conflict were collected at baseline and after 12 months. All patients were followed for an additional 12 months with respect to glycemic control. RESULTS: In the teamwork group, there was no major deterioration (0%) in parent involvement in insulin administration, in contrast to 16% major deterioration in the combined comparison (attention control and standard care) group (P < 0.03). Similarly, no teamwork families showed major deterioration in parent involvement with blood glucose monitoring versus 11% in the comparison group (P < 0.07). On both the Diabetes Family Conflict Scale and the Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist, teamwork families reported significantly less conflict at 12 months. An analysis of HbA1c over the 12- to 24-month follow-up period indicated that more adolescents in the teamwork group (68%) than in the comparison group (47%) improved their HbA1c (P < 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate that parent involvement in diabetes management tasks can be strengthened through a low-intensity intervention integrated into routine follow-up diabetes care. Moreover, despite increased engagement between teen and parent centered around diabetes tasks, the teamwork families showed decreased diabetes-related family conflict. Within the context of a broader cultural recognition of the protective function of parent involvement in the lives of adolescents, the findings of this study reinforce the potential value of a parent-adolescent partnership in managing chronic disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Perceived parental control processes, parent-child relational qualities, and psychological well-being in chinese adolescents with and without economic disadvantage.

The author assessed the relationships between poverty and perceived parenting style, parent-child relationships, and adolescent psychological well-being in Chinese secondary school students (N = 3,017). Participants completed questionnaires designed to assess (a) the degree to which their parents used monitoring, discipline, and other techniques to control their behavior; (b) the extent to which their parents attempted to control them in a way that undermined their psychological development; (c) the parent-child relational qualities, such as the child's readiness to communicate with the parents and perceived mutual trust; and (d) the child's psychological well-being. Although adolescents with economic disadvantage did not differ from adolescents without economic disadvantage on the maternal variables (except on parental knowledge and parental monitoring), adolescents whose families were receiving public assistance generally perceived paternal behavioral control and father-child relational qualities to be more negative than did adolescents who were not receiving public assistance. The author found psychological well-being (shown by hopelessness, mastery, life satisfaction, self-esteem) of adolescents experiencing economic disadvantage to be weaker than that of adolescents not experiencing economic disadvantage.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parent child separation during dental care: a survey of parent's preference.

Seventy-nine parents were surveyed to determine if they preferred to be present when their children underwent dental care. The participants were asked to complete a closed-ended questionnaire before the visit. Sixty-six per cent of the parents wanted to be present with their child for care. Of the parents wishing to accompany their children, 85% responded that they would feel better, and 92% believed the child would feel better. Of the 34% of parents who did not wish to be present, most felt that their children were old enough to receive treatment by themselves (82%), or their presence might cause the child to misbehave (63%). There was no significant difference (P < .01) between the two groups concerning military status, education level, parent's age, parent's previous dental experience, or having other children in the family. Sixty-seven per cent of the parents previously had accompanied their children into the dental operatory. Generally, parents who wanted to be present had younger children, or children making an initial dental visit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Training GPs in parent consultation skills. An evaluation of training for the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program.

BACKGROUND: The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program is a behavioural family intervention program that aims to prevent severe behavioral, emotional and developmental problems in children by enhancing the knowledge, skills, and confidence of parents. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of training general practitioners in the use of the primary care version of the TPP on their consultation skills, satisfaction and confidence in conducting consultations with parents. STUDY DESIGN: Participants were assigned to an experimental condition that involved a brief behaviorally oriented parent consultation skills training program or to a wait-list comparison group. Thirty-two GPs participated in the training. Fifteen participants attended the first workshop (intervention group) and 17 attended the second (wait-list comparison group). RESULTS: GPs who participated in the training reported greater satisfaction with the outcomes of their parent consultations and showed significantly greater use of targeted parent consultation skills than GPs in the wait-list comparison group. Observations of GP consultation skills during simulated patient interviews with parents showed there was a significant overall improvement in their interactional skills during parent consultations. There was a high level of satisfaction with the quality of training received by the GPs. CONCLUSION: This was a brief, cost effective program that had significant effects on participating GPs' skills, confidence and satisfaction with child consultations involving behavioral problems. Implications for public health approaches to the prevention of child psychopathology are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Transmission of values from adolescents to their parents: the role of value content and authoritative parenting.

The intergenerational transmission of values is a bidirectional process. To date, however, adolescents' influence on parental values has rarely been investigated. In the present study, we analyzed the transmission of values from adolescents (aged 11 to 17 years) to their mothers and fathers across a one-year interval in 431 mother-child dyads and 346 father-child dyads. Transmission of values from adolescents to parents was observed regarding topics that are salient in adolescence (the usefulness of new technology, beliefs concerning the traditional way of life, the importance of religion) but not regarding topics that become salient later. In addition, the transmission of adolescents' values to their parents was mainly observed in families with above-average levels of authoritative parenting (i.e., parents are receptive and supportive). However, adolescents' religious values were also transmitted to their parents in families with below-average levels of authoritative parenting. Transmission of values from parents to adolescents was also investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Talking parents, healthy teens: a worksite-based program for parents to promote adolescent sexual health.

Parents play an important role in the sexual health of their adolescent children. Based on previous research, formative research, and theories of behavioral change, we developed Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, an intervention designed to help parents improve communication with their adolescent children, promote healthy adolescent sexual development, and reduce adolescent sexual risk behaviors. We conduct the parenting program at worksites to facilitate recruitment and retention of participants. The program consists of 8 weekly 1-hour sessions during the lunch hour. In this article, we review the literature that identifies parental influences on adolescent sexual behavior, summarize our formative research, present the theoretical framework we used to develop Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, describe the program's components and intervention strategies, and offer recommendations based on our experiences developing the program. By targeting parents at their worksites, this program represents an innovative approach to promoting adolescent sexual health. This article is intended to be helpful to health educators and clinicians designing programs for parents, employers implementing health-related programs, and researchers who may consider designing and evaluating such worksite-based programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Parent advisory groups in pediatric practices: parents' and professionals' perceptions.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the benefits perceived by parents and professionals from their participation in parent advisory groups (PAGs). DESIGN: Retrospective telephone survey. SETTING: Parent advisory groups were established in 4 community-based pediatric practices. Each group included parents of children with chronic health conditions, health care providers, and a Department of Public Health staff member. PARTICIPANTS: The mothers and fathers of children with chronic health conditions completed a telephone survey. These parents also were enrolled in a broader intervention aimed at providing primary care for children with chronic conditions. INTERVENTION: Groups met regularly in the pediatric office setting. Logistical arrangements and activities varied among the 4 groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parents and professionals rated their perceptions of the PAGs based on a structured list of potential benefits. RESULTS: Mothers viewed the PAGs as most beneficial in diminishing their isolation, helping them to understand family concerns, increasing their influence on the pediatric care provided to their children, and improving their knowledge of community resources. Professionals believed that the PAGs enhanced their awareness of common family needs, increased their skills at collaborating with families, and helped them to feel more effective. All professionals and most parents were interested in continuing their involvement in a PAG. CONCLUSIONS: Parent advisory groups may benefit families and professionals who care for them by (1) fostering collaborative relationships and communication, (2) increasing a sense of social support among families, (3) increasing families' knowledge of community-based resources, and (4) increasing the families' sense of efficacy and involvement in the care of their own and others' children.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Do access experiences affect parents' decisions to enroll their children in Medicaid and SCHIP? Findings from focus groups with parents.

OBJECTIVE: The Covering Kids and Families (CKF) program seeks to expand health insurance coverage for children by supporting community-based outreach and enrollment. For the evaluation of CKF, researchers conducted focus groups to explore parents' experiences accessing health care for their children, and to assess whether these experiences affected decisions to enroll their children in Medicaid or the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). METHODS: In May and June 2003, 13 focus groups were conducted in 5 cities--Everett, MA; Denver, CO; Los Angeles, CA; Mena, AR; and San Antonio, TX. In each community, groups were conducted with parents of children insured under Medicaid or SCHIP and parents of uninsured children. Three groups were conducted with Spanish-speaking parents in two communities--Denver and Los Angeles. RESULTS: Access to primary care was considered good by most parents with children in Medicaid and SCHIP. Among parents of uninsured children, there was more variation in perceptions of access to care. For parents of both uninsured and insured children, access to dentists and specialists was more problematic. Spanish-speaking families reported numerous barriers to care due to language differences and perceived discrimination. All focus group participants said that they placed great value on health insurance. CONCLUSION: Even when parents encountered problems accessing care, very few indicated that this discouraged them from enrolling their children into Medicaid or SCHIP, or from renewing their children's public coverage.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of social support and social networks of black parents and white parents with chronically ill children.

Characteristics of social networks and provision of support were examined for two groups of parents of chronically ill children, one group black and one group white. Black and white parents both reported similarities in the experience of parenting a child with a chronic illness. Both sets of parents relied primarily on family networks to provide much needed support. White networks were twice as large as black networks, although black parents perceived the individuals in their networks as being more supportive. For both groups, the networks were of long duration. Network members were geographically closer to blacks. White parents discussed support mostly in terms of affect. Black parents described support as instrumental actions. Differences in income levels between blacks and whites might account for differing descriptions of support. The experience of having a chronically ill child appears to override racism in the health care system. Black parents did not perceive any problems, based on race, that affected receiving medical care for their children.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Are support and parenting programmes of value for teenage parents? Who should provide them and what are the main goals?

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence on what works in teenage parent support programmes; to determine the key elements of successful teenage parent support and parenting programmes; and to determine the gaps in the evidence. METHODS: Databases were searched, using a specific search strategy, for systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials, to ascertain whether social support, parenting programmes, or both, are effective in improving maternal or infant outcomes. The findings were summarized. RESULTS: Only one systematic review specifically addressed interventions among teenage parents and their children, although several randomised trials have since been published. CONCLUSIONS: Key questions remain for future support and parenting programmes. Social support and parenting interventions improve maternal-child interactions and child cognitive development, but do not reduce low-birth weight, stillbirth or neonatal death. Social support and parenting programmes need to be combined with measures to increase the minimum income, reduce smoking in pregnancy and increase breast-feeding rates. Robust evaluations of packages of care in the UK are needed to inform national and local teenage pregnancy strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Physician-parent communication as predictor of parent satisfaction with child development services.

The purpose of this study was to assess the level of parental satisfaction with services of a child development center and to evaluate the physician-parent dimensions of communication. A total of 90 parents to children with disability ranging in age from 6 months to 6 years participated in the study (84% response rate). Attitudes regarding parental communication with physicians were evaluated by 15 items clustered into three factors, which expressed different dimensions of communication: caring, collaboration and interest. Parents ranked their general satisfaction with the center's services relatively high as well as their evaluations of physician behavior of caring, collaboration and interest. Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between the studied communication dimensions and general satisfaction. However, collaboration was the only dimension that explained the variability on general satisfaction in a multivariate analysis. The collaboration of the physician with the parents was a key factor to explain parental general satisfaction with child rehabilitative services. Collaboration, which is associated with processes such as mutual decision making and sharing of responsibility, should be nurtured, in order to increase parents' general satisfaction with the services given.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Do parents want to be present during invasive procedures performed on their children in the emergency department? A survey of 400 parents.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: No large study has addressed whether parents want to be present when invasive procedures are performed on their children in the emergency department. We conducted a survey to address this question. METHODS: The study used a self-administered, written survey consisting of 5 pediatric scenarios with increasing level of procedural invasiveness. Parents in an urban, teaching hospital ED waiting area were asked to participate. RESULTS: Of 407 persons asked to participate, 400 (98%) completed the survey. The number of parents expressing a desire to be present during a procedure performed on their child was 387 (97.5%) for venipuncture of the extremity, 375 (94.0%) for laceration repair, 341 (86.5%) for lumbar puncture, and 317 (80.9%) for endotracheal intubation. For a major resuscitation scenario, 316 (80.7%) wished to be present if their child were conscious during the resuscitation, 277 (71.4%) wanted to be present if their child were unconscious during the resuscitation, whereas 322 (83.4%) indicated a desire to be present if their child were likely to die during the resuscitation. Of the 400, 261 (65.3%) wished to be present for all 5 scenarios. Only 26 (6.5%) wanted the physician to determine parental presence in all 5 scenarios. CONCLUSION: Most parents surveyed would want to be present when invasive procedures are performed on their children. With increasing procedural invasiveness, parental desire to be present decreased. However, most parents would want to be in attendance if their child were likely to die, and nearly all parents want to participate in the decision about their presence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Parental anxiety disorders, child anxiety disorders, and the perceived parent-child relationship in an Australian high-risk sample.

This study was designed to explore the role of perceived parenting behavior in the relationship between parent and offspring anxiety disorders in a high-risk sample of adolescents. We examined the relationship between parental and child anxiety disorders and tested whether perceived parenting behavior acted as a mediator between these variables. Analyses were performed on a high-risk sample of 816 fifteen-year-olds drawn from a birth cohort in Queensland, Australia. Parental depression and income were covaried. Maternal anxiety disorder significantly predicted the presence of anxiety disorders in children; the association between paternal anxiety disorder and child anxiety disorder was not significant. There was no evidence that perceived parenting played a mediating role in the association between mother and child anxiety disorders. These results replicate earlier studies' findings of elevated rates of anxiety disorders among the offspring of anxious parents, but only when the child's mother is the anxious parent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between parental alcoholism and adolescent psychopathology: a systematic examination of parental comorbid psychopathology.

The relationship between parental alcohol dependence (with and without comorbid psychopathology) and adolescent psychopathology was examined in a sample of 665 13-17 year-old adolescents and their parents. Results indicated that adolescents who had parents diagnosed with alcohol dependence only did not significantly differ from adolescents who had parents with no psychopathology in regard to any of the measures of psychological symptomatology (substance use, conduct disorder, and depression) or clinical diagnoses (alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence, conduct disorder, or depression) assessed. In contrast, adolescents who had parents diagnosed with alcohol dependence and either comorbid drug dependence or depression were more likely to exhibit higher levels of psychological symptomatology. In addition, adolescents who had parents diagnosed with alcohol dependence, depression, and drug dependence were most likely to exhibit psychological problems. These findings underscore the importance of considering parental comorbid psychopathology when examining the relationship between parental alcoholism and offspring adjustment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Parents of 5-year-old in vitro fertilization children: psychological adjustment, parenting stress, and the influence of subsequent in vitro fertilization treatment.

Sixty-six parents who had conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) were compared with 46 matched naturally conceiving control parents regarding psychosocial adjustment and parenting stress 5 years after the birth of their first child. IVF mothers reported a more external locus of control than did control mothers but did not differ on other measures. Within the IVF group, higher levels of treatment predicted lower parenting stress and more defensive responding on the Parenting Stress Index (R. Abidin, 1990). The more positive reporting of high-treatment IVF parents may be attributable to either defensive responding or the fact that they are particularly highly motivated and competent parents. The study findings confirm a growing body of research regarding overall positive adjustment in IVF parents but also highlight the importance of considering individual differences among IVF mothers with respect to treatment experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗