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PubMed2006

Efficacy of a simple, low-cost educational intervention in improving knowledge about risks and benefits of screening mammography.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of a minimal cost and involvement educational intervention in improving women's knowledge about screening mammography and to explore patient perceptions of the educational intervention. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: During the study period (March 10, 2005, to July 1, 2005), 1446 participants in the Mayo Mammography Health Study scheduled for a mammogram within 4 weeks at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, were randomized to 2 study groups and mailed surveys about mammograms. The 2 groups received separate surveys; both surveys contained knowledge-based questions about mammography, but the educational intervention group survey also contained qualitative questions that assessed the educational pamphlets. RESULTS: Of the 668 surveys returned (responders), 248 (34.4%) were from the control group, and 420 (58.3%) were from the intervention group. Approximately 80% of responders had had more than 7 prior mammograms. Significant increases in knowledge about mammography were found in the educational intervention compared with the control group on questions regarding age to begin screening mammography (67.9% vs 54.4%; P < .001), recommended frequency of mammograms (86.4% vs 75.4%; P < .001), overall reduction in mortality due to screening mammography (55.2% vs 8.9%; P < .001), and proportions of women who required follow-up mammograms (35.5% vs 14.9%; P < .001) or biopsy (59.5% vs 13.3%; P < .001). Qualitative data results indicated that most women who received the educational intervention found the pamphlets helpful and informative despite having had many previous mammograms. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that providing women scheduled for screening mammograms with physician-approved educational material before their appointment significantly increases knowledge about screening mammography, risks and benefits, and possible follow-up.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast screening education at Australian and Thai worksites: a comparison of program effectiveness.

To determine whether a nurse-led breast screening educational program in the workplace improved the breast screening practices and attitudes of women. Worksites are potentially cost-effective and convenient for breast cancer screening education due to their ability to educate several women at one time. This was a collaborative study between industry, university and health services in Australia and Thailand. This was a pre post test group comparative design. Three worksites in Australia and three in Thailand were assigned to one of three groups: treatment (group education), pamphlet only, or control. All groups were assessed pre-education and again 3 months post-education on breast screening attitudes and practices using a mail-out self-report questionnaire. Women were significantly more likely to practice breast self-examination (BSE) following group education, and were more confident in their ability to detect a breast lump. There was a significant increase in breast screening discussion on the workplace for the Thai group following the group education program. An increase of 25% more women saw having a mammography as a priority. The Thai women had less access to free mammographic screening. They also had more negative attitudes and poorer knowledge regarding BSE and physical breast examination (PBE) than the Australian group, with the education program having a more positive impact on them than the Australian group. Relative breast screening attitudes and practices for the treatment, pamphlet and control groups are also presented. This study provides educators and health promotion professionals with further information on the beliefs and practices of women working in both Australian and Thai industries about breast screening. Education programs such as this one can have a positive impact on attitudes and practices including increased likelihood and confidence in practising BSE, promoting women to have a PBE, and promoting discussion of breast screening at the workplace. The findings suggest that Australian women have greater opportunities to ensure their breast health than Thai women, and that there may be a greater need for programs such as this in countries such as Thailand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Guidance to parent of black babies with a cleft lip and palate].

There are indications that the parents of babies with a cleft lip and palate often require more information regarding their baby's birth defect than what is given to them. In South Africa shortcomings exist in the literature covering the specific requirements of parents of black cleft lip and palate babies. In this study the unique requirements of parents of black cleft lip and palate babies was determined and, based on these results, an information pamphlet was prepared for this population group. Based on the results obtained with the help of fifteen participants it was established, firstly, that the needs of black South-African parents of children with a cleft lip and palate are similar to the needs of parents of babies with the same birth defect world-wide. Secondly, it was established that the information pamphlet which was compiled as part of the study made a positive contribution to parent guidance conducted with the participants. Important therapeutic implications were also reflected by the results.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Understanding AIDS"--the national AIDS mailer.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) of the Public Health Service made public health history in 1988 by mailing the pamphlet, "Understanding AIDS," to every household in the United States. Approximately 126 million copies were distributed, reaching at least 60 percent of the population according to several national polls. The pamphlet was produced and mailed at a cost of about 20 cents per copy. The impact of "Understanding AIDS" by itself on AIDS-related behavior was not fully assessed. Extensive message pretesting and other commercial marketing techniques to improve the effectiveness of the brochure, however, helped "Understanding AIDS" achieve an increase in awareness and concern about AIDS. A number of lessons were learned during the process. They included the importance in such an enterprise of setting a deadline, doing formative research, receiving active support from senior management, achieving a consensus on scientific knowledge, using communications experts, centralizing the final decision-making function, maximizing publicity surrounding the mailing, building a base of support among constituency groups, planning distribution logistics from the very start, and designing evaluation into the process from the beginning.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

[Is patient education using audiovisual methods helpful?].

In a prospective randomized study we compared the effectiveness of preparatory information with and without a video film show about a planned heart catheterization. 65 patients were included, 5 were later excluded for medical reasons. One group (n = 34) received preparatory disclosure from a standard pamphlet and a personal interview; the other group additionally watched a 14 min video (n = 26). Only the latter group had a significant reduction of anxiety scores. Patients said they received better information from the film than from the pamphlet. Duration of the personal interview did not differ. Viewing the video may improve patient compliance.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Spice of life: a strategy to enhance dietary compliance.

A creative teaching strategy was implemented to stimulate patients' motivation to incorporate learned dietary concepts into their daily life-style. Thirty-five hemodialysis patients were given a pamphlet that described herbs and spices to enhance the flavor of specific foods and 25 sample seasoning packets for their experimentation. Most stated that the pamphlet was helpful (82.9%) and use of the spices made the diet palatable 75% or more of the time (93.4%).

Condiments↗
PubMed1990

[The ventilator].

An information pamphlet that answers common questions about clinical ventilation has helped to alleviate the anxiety felt by relatives of ventilated patients. Since its publication in the Canadian Critical Care Nursing Journal last summer, the pamphlet has been translated by the Ottawa Civic Hospital for the benefit of francophone readers.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A direct mailing to teenage males about condom use: its impact on knowledge, attitudes and sexual behavior.

In August 1987, a letter, informational pamphlet and order coupon for free mail-order condoms were sent to an experimental group of teenage males 16-17 years of age. An experimental design was used to measure the impact of the mailing on teenagers' knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Approximately five weeks after the mailing, 985 members of this group and 1,033 members of the control group (who received no mailing) were interviewed by telephone. About seven months after the mailing, members of the experimental group who claimed they had ordered the free condoms were reinterviewed by phone. The results of the initial interviews revealed that about three-fourths of the teenagers in the experimental group had received the materials, and about two-thirds had read them. Moreover, males in the experimental group, particularly those who reported having received and read the pamphlet, were slightly but statistically significantly more knowledgeable about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), pregnancy and contraceptives. On the other hand, there were no differences between males in the experimental and control groups in attitudes toward STDs or birth control, nor were there differences in actual sexual activity or in the use of birth control. However, the experimental group was significantly more likely to have ordered condoms by mail, presumably as a result of having received the free mail-order condom offer. Many of those who ordered condoms had previously had sex and had used condoms. However, a sizeable portion of those who ordered condoms did so prior to first intercourse, suggesting a possibly important early intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Parent education: its effect on the way children are transported in cars.

The effect of health education material on how parents transported their children in cars was observed. The study sample consisted of 380 mothers in a maternity hospital. There were three groups. One served as a control; another received pamphlets on child car safety; the third received pamphlets and viewed a film. How their babies were transported home was recorded and repeat observations noted six months later on 288 infants. Initially 18 percent of the controls transported their infants appropriately. At follow-up the percentage was 62. The equivalent percentages for group 2 were 37 and 60, for group 3, 49 and 62. The early changes between the control group and the others were significant (p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.001). Therefore this health education material should be routinely distributed in maternity hospitals. We did not explore the reasons for the improvement after six months in all groups, but it cannot be attributed to the material.

Automobiles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Materials and strategies that work in low literacy health communication.

In a Maine Area Health Education Center program some solutions were developed to the well-documented problem of health information material that cannot be read or comprehended by low literacy adults. Professionals in health education and adult education were trained to produce easy-to-read health materials and created dozens of low-cost pamphlets on the nation's year 2000 health objectives. The pamphlets are easily reproducible on a copy machine. Concurrently, a model for teaching oral communication skills to health care providers who deal with low-literacy adults was developed in partnership with Maine's largest rural health center delivery system. The train-the-trainers model reached more than 500 direct health care service providers. Participants in the two programs gained skills useful in all aspects of public communication that are replicable in other cities, States, and regions.

Communication Barriers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of breastfeeding promotion literature: does it really promote breastfeeding?

Breastfeeding pamphlets are being produced for new mothers by both commercial and nonprofit sources in increasing quantities. A regional lactation committee decided to evaluate these materials on the basis of accuracy, degree of positive approach to breastfeeding, readability and compliance with the WHO/UNICEF Code on the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes. Results indicate that materials produced by non-profit sources scored higher in positive approach accuracy and WHO Code compliance compared with commercial sources. Only 2 of 22 pamphlets in the sample were written within the recommended reading level of Grade 5-8. None of the materials met all of the criteria for good promotional breastfeeding literature.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Informed consent in facial plastic surgery: effectiveness of a simple educational intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of oral communication about the risks of facial cosmetic procedures compared with oral and written communication. DESIGN: A prospective randomized study conducted in an ambulatory surgery center. One hundred twenty consecutive patients were included; they presented for consultation for rhinoplasty, rhytidectomy, or laser resurfacing. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (1) those receiving oral discussion of the risks of the procedure and (2) those receiving oral and written communication about the risks. Two weeks after the initial consultation, patients were surveyed for recall of the risks. RESULTS: The group that received a pamphlet had a better risk recall than the group that did not (2.5 vs1.5 of 5 risks; P<.001). The recall rate in the following groups that received a pamphlet was also better: (1) university-educated patients (P =.02), (2) patients who underwent rhinoplasty (P<.001), (3) patients who underwent laser resurfacing (P =.02), and (4) female patients (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Written disclosure of the risks of cosmetic procedures enables patients to retain and understand more clearly those potential risks. They are, therefore, able to give an informed consent to the proposed procedure. This study also identifies patient groups who may require more intensive presurgical teaching. The medicolegal implications are apparent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Promoting culturally appropriate colorectal cancer screening through a health educator: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality in the US. Surveys reveal low CRC screening levels among Asians in the US, including Chinese Americans. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with Chinese patients to evaluate a clinic-based, culturally and linguistically appropriate intervention promoting fecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening. The multifaceted intervention included a trilingual and bicultural health educator, bilingual materials (a video, a motivational pamphlet, an informational pamphlet, and FOBT instructions), and three FOBT cards. Patients in the control arm received usual care. Our primary outcome measure was FOBT screening within 6 months after randomization. The proportion of FOBT completion in the intervention and control arms was compared by using a chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for the effects of sociodemographic variables and prior screening history. Potential effect modifications were also tested by using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Our intervention had a strong effect on FOBT completion (intervention group, 69.5%; control group, 27.6%), and the adjusted odds of FOBT slightly increased to over 6-fold greater in the intervention arm compared with the control arm. No effect modification by age, gender, language, insurance, or prior FOBT was found. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' multifaceted, culturally appropriate intervention significantly increased FOBT screening in a group of low-income and less-acculturated minority patients. Given the large effect size, future research should determine the effective core component(s) that can increase CRC screening in both the general and minority populations.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Working with licensed cosmetologists to promote health: results from the North Carolina BEAUTY and Health Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Beauty salons are located in all communities and represent a promising channel for delivering health promotion programs. No previous salon-based health promotion program has assessed the needs, interests, and preferences of licensed cosmetologists about sharing health information with their clients. METHODS: Licensed cosmetologists in one town completed a mailed survey assessing (1) health topics typically discussed with clients, (2) interest in delivering messages about beauty and health, and (3) preferred methods for learning about and sharing health information with their clients. RESULTS: The average cosmetologist sees 47 clients per week and spends 30-60 min per appointment. Eighty-two percent report that they are interested in talking about health with their clients. Most cosmetologists already discuss a wide range of health topics with their clients and are most comfortable discussing healthy eating (65.3%), physical activity (63.3%), and dieting (63.3%). Cosmetologists preferred reading pamphlets (55.1%) and watching educational videos (46.9%) to learn about beauty and health. Distributing pamphlets (69.4%), talking with clients (61.2%), and placing posters/mirror stickers in the salons (59.2%) were the methods cosmetologists most preferred for sharing health information with their clients. CONCLUSIONS: Licensed cosmetologists are in a unique position to serve as "natural helpers" by delivering health messages to their clients and reinforcing those messages over time. Partnerships with licensed cosmetologists should be developed to deliver salon-based health promotion programs.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Patient characteristics determine differences in the influenza vaccination rate more so than practice features.

BACKGROUND: World-wide each year 30-55% of the target population is vaccinated against influenza. Determinants of successful vaccination programs are not clear. This study was aimed at identifying practice- and patient-related factors that determine differences in vaccination rates. METHODS: Data on patients of the target population were extracted from the computerized medical record systems of 48 family practices. Information about organizational factors was collected by a questionnaire for GP's. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to assess the determinants. RESULTS: Of all patients at risk (42,426), 76% were vaccinated. The vaccination rate for patients above age 65 was 15% higher when a medical indication was present. Patients with cardiac diseases or diabetes mellitus attained a relatively higher vaccination rate than other groups at risk. Special hours for vaccination led to significantly higher vaccination rates for the elderly and cardiac patients. Patients below 65 years of age were particularly influenced by special information pamphlets. CONCLUSION: Explanations of differences in uptake rates were found at the patient level. All practices in this study were well organized; nevertheless, subgroup analyses showed that special vaccination hours for elderly people and information pamphlets for young people could improve results further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Deliberate and good eating. A campaign in the student dining hall of Zürich University].

In cooperation with the management of the cafeterias of the University of Zurich the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine intended to show that good eating is not contrary to healthy eating. This message was presented verbally (exhibition and pamphlets) as well as practically (healthy menus). The campaign lasted two weeks. A pamphlet containing the nutritional basics for each of the ten menus was distributed every day. The exhibition presented the nutritional highlights with emphasis on health and environment. The impact of the campaign was evaluated with a written questionnaire.

Diet↗
PubMed1990

Smokers' preferences for assistance with cessation.

An important issue for public health approaches to smoking control is determining smokers' preferences for the different types of services available to assist with smoking cessation. In a population survey in the state of South Australia, smokers were asked to nominate the forms of assistance that they thought would help them to stop: a stop-smoking group; a lecture; a telephone counseling service; a book, a pamphlet, or a quit kit; a television program or a video program conducted through the mail; a program through their doctor; a program through another health professional; or none of these options. Forty-six percent of current smokers stated that they were interested in none of the options. Among the preferences that were expressed for the different forms of assistance, 67% were for services from a medical practitioner or other health professional; 12.4% for a stop-smoking group; 23.1% for a book, a pamphlet, or a quit kit; and 2.9% for mail or telephone services. The strong preferences for indirect methods that an earlier study and recent commentators have identified did not emerge in this survey. Preferences for personalized, as opposed to indirect forms of assistance, were more likely to be expressed by heavy smokers, those with less confidence of success at stopping, those with greater perceived difficulty of stopping, and those who had reported shorter periods of previous abstinence from smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Behavioral self-help materials as an adjunct to nicotine gum.

The present study assessed the incremental effectiveness of behavioral self-help materials specifically written to accompany nicotine gum. Subjects (187 women and 117 men) were randomly assigned either behavioral self-help booklets or a factual information pamphlet. All subjects received prescriptions for Nicorette from study physicians. Contrary to prediction, subjects provided self-help booklets fared no better than did subjects provided comparison pamphlets. Overall abstinence levels were encouraging, however. Nicotine gum users were far more likely than nonusers to maintain abstinence through 6-month follow-up. Perhaps self-help materials could be improved by condensing and simplifying content and by adopting a more attractive multicolored pictorial format.

Adult↗