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PubMed2001

Preparing the veterinary profession for corporate and trade issues in the Americas: proceedings of a conference on synergism and globalization, Santiago, Chile, May 6-8, 2001.

The complex and rapid-paced development of international trade, coupled with increasing societal demands for the production not only of abundant and inexpensive food, but also of food that is safe and has been raised in a humane and environmentally friendly manner, demands immediate attention from the veterinary community. The new culture of global trade agreements, spurred by the development of the WTO, dictates massive changes and increasing integration of public and private sectors. This is a huge growth area for our profession and will require individuals with a skill set we do not yet provide in our educational framework. In North America, veterinary education is parochial and focused on specialization. This strong orientation toward companion animals fails to provide adequate training for those interested in acquiring the necessary skills for the emerging area of globalization and trade. In South America, curricula are less harmonized with one another and there is tremendous variation in degree programs, rendering it difficult to ascertain whether veterinarians are prepared to assume decision-making responsibilities regarding international transport of food. If we do not begin to prepare our graduates adequately for this emerging market demand, the positions will be filled by other professions. These other professions lack broad-based scientific knowledge about animal physiology and disease causation. Decisions made without adequate background could have devastating consequences for society, including incursions of unwelcome diseases, food safety problems, and public health issues. To prepare our new veterinary graduates for the future and this emerging market, it is important to nurture a global mindset within our academic communities and to promote communications, languages, and an interdependent team mentality. Areas of technical expertise that need a place, perhaps a parallel track, in the curriculum include production medicine, public health, food safety, and international veterinary medicine. The major trade corridors of the future regarding animal-based protein flow between North and South America. It is absolutely essential that we find areas of consensus and deficiencies so that we can harmonize our trade agreements and ensure adequate flow of safe food products from one continent to the other.

Americas↗
PubMed2006

[Development of standards and criteria for accreditation of a baccalaureate nursing education program: reflections on the unique characteristics of the nursing profession].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine characteristics of nursing science and identify expected outcomes from baccalaureate graduates, and to develop accreditation standards and criteria reflecting the characteristics of the nursing profession. METHODS: A methodological research design was utilized in this study. Related literature reviews and the nursing education program goals and objectives of the 99 nursing schools in Korea were analyzed. A cross-sectional survey research design was utilized to test the validity of the developed characteristics of the nursing profession and their accreditation criteria and standards. The face validity was from the advisory committee and public committee hearing. RESULTS: The characteristics of nursing science were defined with five concepts including humanity, scientific knowledge, professionalism, therapeutic relationship, and facilitating well-being. The expected outcomes from graduates were identified as providing holistic nursing, critical thinking, establishing professionalism and leadership, construction of a therapeutic relationship, and skilled nursing practice. Finally 6 standards and 14 criteria reflecting the unique characteristics of the nursing profession were developed for accreditation. These proposed accreditation standards and criteria are a challenge to promote the quality of nursing science.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1984

Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship, 1984: transformation of a profession.

Professional evolution includes a period of disunity, a phase when old values and concepts are being examined, and new perspectives emerge. Disunity can be a positive impetus for dynamic change. Transformation provides a higher level reintegration through which new understanding and progress unfold. Occupational therapy's transformation is now; it is time for careful analysis and creative synthesis. Transformation is a three-fold process of integration of past, present, and future into an upward spiral of professional development. Transformation is a constant flow of activities influenced by both internal and external factors. Although there are multidimensions that influence occupational therapy's transformation, three major components are inherent in the profession's paradigm shift: society's decline in patriarchal authority; decline in allegiance to a biomedical model; and shift in values, dimensions of practice, and education that form the reality of occupational therapy. Transformation of our profession will be a paradigm shift: in our value system of purposeful activity to a new perspective of occupation and occupational, in our quest to develop a unifying theory for recognition of the unifying force of values, in our concepts and theories to include the science of occupation and the art of purposefulness from total allegiance to scientific knowledge to include intuitive knowledge, from being an allied medical field to an independent health profession that is both educationally and medically related, from a biomedical model to a paradigm of wellness, in balancing of feminine and masculine values of human nature in organizing educational curricula and entry-level requirements that reflect our value system and predicted practice dimensions.

Forecasting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The profession's image, 1917-1925, Part I: Occupational therapy as represented in the media.

This first part of a two-part article examines how occupational therapy was represented in the media during the formative years of the profession, 1917-1925. Through an examination of 44 articles published in The New York Times during these years, three common themes emerged: restoration of persons with disabilities to social usefulness, the many facets of occupational therapy, and achieving public recognition of occupational therapy. This analysis indicates that the media portrayed occupational therapy as a small but important profession primarily concerned with restoring patients to economic and social usefulness. This favorable portrayal was in keeping with the values of the times and may have contributed to promoting public acceptance of the profession.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1998

Occupation: the keystone of a curriculum for a self-defined profession.

The idea of occupation is proposed as the basis for constructing a curricular renaissance for occupational therapy in preparation for a new millennium. Implementing an occupation-centered curriculum could create a more integrated profession in which practice, ideas, scholarship, and education nurture and support one another, increasing the autonomy of both the occupational therapy profession and recipients of its services. A practice-oriented rationale for curricular design includes explication of the idea of occupation, a view of the person as an occupational being embedded in that concept, and the thought process of occupational therapy. Recommendations are provided to create an integrated curriculum that will contribute to future-oriented practice and a self-defined profession.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1998

Continuing competence in the health professions.

The health professions are confronted with external pressures to assure the public of the continuing competence of health care providers and internal pressures for self-regulation. This article describes the forces driving continuing competence, the difficulty defining the scope of professional competencies for experienced practitioners, the difficulty creating valid measures to evaluate continuing competence, and the need for shared responsibility and collaboration among regulatory boards, professional associations, and specialty certification programs. The article presents findings from the Study of Professions, which was based on literature review, document review, and telephone interviews with key informants from 13 regulated health professions.

Certification↗
PubMed1999

Leadership: a means of empowering the nursing profession.

For too long now, nurses have assumed an obsequious role in their working relationship with other health professionals. The nursing profession holds the majority membership in the field of health care professions yet nurses continue to be cast into subordinate roles within professional relationships, failing to be recognised as peers. This is despite many nurses possessing unique but analogous knowledge, credentials and professionalism. It is time nurses were agitated to reflect upon their position and be reminded nursing is also a profession. Some suggestions and motivation are offered.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed1993

Community partnership model for health professions education.

Many health professions schools have neglected the US population's health by emphasizing acutely ill patients in hospitals, biomedical research of disease, and high technology. Because most students will eventually fill practitioner roles in primary and secondary care, it is logical that the health professions must shift their curricula's focus to prepare practitioners for the health care needs of the community. The Community Partnership Model is one approach that focuses on public health care needs by educating students in multiprofessional teams in a new organizational structure known as the academic, community-based, primary health care center. This partnership between academic institutions and communities is designed to shift the educational and socializing activities of health professions training outside hospitals to the community setting where research, teaching, and service take place in one structure.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1991

Hospital restructuring--the implications for allied health professions.

Allied health professionals are not immune to the forces affecting the health care system at the macro-policy and political level. Policy implementation at the organisational level can have serious consequences for health professions which are not effectively scanning the broader health care agenda and developing systematic strategic responses. This paper will explore the changing work environment for allied health professions as a result of current trends in organisational restructuring. Five models of hospital organisation will be presented and examined in terms of their potential impacts on the allied health professions.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

Contemporary models of change in the health professions.

This article reviews the special position that health professionals have occupied and the ways in which changes threaten the foundations of professional work. The application of modern management principles to health care runs the risk of overriding the "action orientation" that is a defining component of professional work. One goal of health workforce design should be the engineering of opportunities for the preservation of "professional voice" as a countervailing force to ensure high quality health care. Contemporary models of change applied to health care workforce include: (1) the system of professions models in which securing and maintaining jurisdiction are the mechanisms that professions employ to sustain their position, (2) a strategic adaptation model by which professions attempt to adjust to changing environments, (3) a model of redesigning patient care which applies Total Quality Management (TQM) and other "industrial techniques" to the health care workplace, and, (4) model of "consumer sovereignty" in which groups of citizens come together to determine the nature of care services and professional work, with the participation of the organizations and providers.

Health Occupations↗
PubMed1982

Regulation and the paramedical professions: an interest group study.

This article examines the relationship between government regulation and interest group activity of two paramedical groups in Ontario: chiropractors and physioptherapists. These disciplines occupy positions vis-à-vis the provincial medical insurance plan opposite to those which their relationships with the medical profession would suggest. It will be argued that the employment of sophisticated pressure group tactics can be highly effective as a surrogate for medical recognition. This, in conjunction with the difficulties inherent in the exercise of lay judgment in the development of public policy toward the professions, can lead to controversial policy outputs. It will also become apparent that a close and legitimate association with the medical profession is not necessarily of benefit in the pursuit of professional recognition.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1987

Pharmacy in interprofessional education: a course on images of the health professions in the media.

For the pharmacist or pharmacy student, who may not appear frequently on the hospital floor, lack of interaction with other health professionals may have unfortunate consequences. At a time when pharmacy is asserting its clinical role, isolation can be particularly counterproductive. Pharmacy students will daily encounter future colleagues who characterize (or caricature) the pharmacist as a "pill counter," who works in a lost corner of a chain "drugstore" or in the dingy basement of a hospital. Such images, drawn from popular media as well as professional stereotypes, impede the integration of the pharmacist into the health care team in the eyes of both the public and other health professionals. Images of the Health Professions in the Media was designed to study popular stereotypes of several health professions in an interprofessional setting, with the goals of challenging stereotypes, fostering team attitudes among future health professionals, and creating an awareness in students of the power of the media in shaping the public images of the health professions.

Chicago↗
PubMed1978

Progress toward development of a general model for competence definition in health professions.

For the past three years a team of educational evaluators and health professionals has worked on development of (1) definitions of competence in occupational therapy, clinical dietetics and medical technology, and (2) associated prototype assessment instruments. This study has also involved an effort to develop a research methodology for pursuing similar investigations in other fields. That methodology, the Professional Performance Situation Model, proved appropriate for occupational therapy. A second application with clinical dietetics brough a number of significant modifications which support the view that PPSM is a valid special model for direct patient contact health professions. The third application, with medical technology, is intended to extend PPSM as a general model for competence definition in health professions. This article concentrates on the application of PPSM in clinical dietetics. It is argued that evidence for the feasibility and validity of PPSM is sufficient to justify confidence in the methodology. Completion of the next phase of development promises to support the authors' contention that they have developed a general paradigm for competence definition and assessment in all health professions.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The profession of managing professionals.

As the profession of physician manager grows, an agreed-upon content, what it is that physician managers do, is being defined. In order to adequately judge the performance of members of the profession, however, we will need to move from content to process definitions. We will have to ask ourselves what behaviors should be expected in order for physicians to be granted membership in this new profession.

Personnel Management↗
PubMed1999

Minorities and the orthopaedic profession.

Orthopaedic surgery represents a specialty in which applicants are abundant, residency slots are limited, and all candidates presumably are qualified. Orthopaedic residency programs have members of the resident selection committee review medical school performance measures for the purpose of screening candidates to interview and, subsequently, include on their rank order lists for the residency match process. The performance measures universally reviewed include the United States Medical Licensing Examination scores, Alpha Omega Alpha distinction, grade point averages, class rank, personal statements and letters of recommendation. A significant percentage of the residency positions available for orthopaedic training continue to be reserved for candidates who participate in the National Residency Matching Program. Although the selection process is open to any medical student or medical school graduate, the process fails to make any substantive strides in addressing the diminutive representation of certain ethnic and racial minorities within the profession. The intent of this manuscript is to expatiate on the effect various dynamics have on the orthopaedic profession, relative to underrepresented minorities in the profession. Those dynamics comprise (1) the size of the applicant pool; (2) the applicant screening criteria; (3) the underrepresented minority specialty preference; and (4) the perception underrepresented minorities have of orthopaedic surgeons.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The adolescent and the choice of profession].

Is easy to understand that choice of profession in countries where there is no organized professional help for job guidance it is not based done of the recognitions of the aptitude necessary for a particular job or profession. But it is a result of a very different actual conditions: youthful fancies, parent's mistakes, influences of the surroundings, ets. The situation of this conditions that we find in other countries and in Italy would resulting a serious problem. If not overcome by positive judgment in the orientation. The fact of the average intelligence accompany by sufficient good will is needed to overcome most common difficulties which are meet in a job or a profession.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Growth and geographic distribution of selected health professions, 1971-1996.

This article examines the growth and geographic distribution of selected health professions in a 26-year period. The health professionals investigated were physicians, dentists, pharmacists, registered nurses, other health practitioners, dieticians and therapists, medical technologists and technicians, and health service workers. Allied health professions are represented by the last three of these groups. Samples of health professionals were extracted from the Current Population Survey from 1971 to 1996. The ratio technique and GIN1 index are used to describe the growth trend and geographic distribution of each health professional group over time. This historical overview reveals the following general trends in the 1990s: 1) growth of every selected health professional group has slowed down; 2) workforce disparities between the most and least abundantly supplied geographic areas have decreased; 3) selected health professions have become less evenly distributed among the population; and 4) the trends in pharmacy and dentistry call for immediate attention in workforce planning. The findings suggest that with the exception of dentistry, health personnel shortages are no longer an issue in such planning. Future health workforce policies should continue focusing on improving the distribution of workers among the general population.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Health-related physical fitness knowledge of student allied health professions.

Each allied-health profession has their own particular expertise but also shares some commonalities. One such commonality should be knowledge of health-related physical fitness relating to the health and well-being of individuals. Although the benefits of health-related physical fitness have been well documented, few studies have examined the level of health-related physical fitness knowledge among allied-health professions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to assess the health-related physical fitness knowledge of three allied health professions using a 40 item multiple-choice test designed to assess knowledge in five domains of health-related physical fitness. Results indicated that student athletic trainers scored significantly higher on the post-test versus pre-test. On the post-test, athletic training and physical therapy groups scored significantly higher than the nursing group. The information from this study may be valuable in aiding educators in developing appropriate curricula to better prepare students for their role as allied health professionals.

Allied Health Occupations↗