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PubMed1975

[Hormonal correlations in hyperplasia of the breasts in women with ovulatory cycles].

An excretion of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogens, pregnandiol, 17-KS, vaginal cytology were studied in 22 patients with dyshormonal hyperplasias of mammary glands and in 12 healthy females with ovulatory cycles. The age of patients under study ranged from 20 to 49 years. The patients showed a higher level of excretion of FSH, estriol, pregnandiol and a lower level of 17-KS excretion than healthy persons.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMed1974

Alteration of the kinetics of thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of amino acid ester substrates by sodium cholate and other steroids.

Thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of TAME proceeds by an initial zero-order phase which later falls off into an apparent first order reaction as substrate becomes limiting. Optimum amounts of sodium cholate not only accelerated TAME hydrolysis but also altered its kinetics to apparent zero-order to complete substrate hydrolysis. As this implies, the rate of hydrolysis in the presence of cholate was found to be independent of substrate concentration, provided concentrations TAME and cholate were low enough to prevent precipitation of some TAME-cholate as an insoluble complex. The formation of a soluble complex composed of polymeric molecules of TAME and cholate may explain both the acceleration and the change in reaction order. Although the pH and temperature optima for TAME hydrolysis by thrombin rising pH and temperature on the ascending protion of the curves. This is believed to be due to the greater solubility of the TAME-cholate complex. The effects of cholate on thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of other arginine esters as well as esters of lysine, histidine and phenylalanine were also studied. Solutions of sodium desoxycholate and androsterone-3-sulfate accelerated TAME hydrolysis as did supensions of testosterone, etiocholanolone, androsterone, androsterone-3-hemisuccinate and pregnandiol-3-glucuronidate. However, isoandrosterone, progesterone, pregnandiol, estradiol, estrone, estriol, estrone-3-sulfate, cholesterol, corticosterone, hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone-3-phosphate had no significant effect on TAME hydrolysis by thrombin. The ability of the andorogenic hormones to accelerate hydrolysis appeared to depend to some extent on the configuration of the substituent group at C3 and the hydrogen at C5. Androsterone-3-hemisuccinate was, like cholate, able to accelerate the hydrolysis of TAME at apparent zero-order kinetics to complete substrate hydrolysis.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamics of the urinary excretion of estrogens, pregnanediol, 17-ketosteroid fractions, cortisol and its metabolites in healthy women in the course of the menstrual cycle].

The 24-hour urinary estrogen excretion was studied in 12 women of reproductive age at periods corresponding to the middle and the end of the follicular phase, the middle and the end of the lutein phase of the menstrual cycle; pregnandiol excretion was determined at the same periods in 20 women, the urinary sum total and individual 17-KS content--in 26 women, free cortizol and its metabolites--in 19 women. The 24-hour estrogen excretion reached the maximum on the days corresponding to the ovulation peak (the 14th-15th days), and remained at a sufficiently high level in the middle of the lutein phase. Pregnandiol excretion increased by the end of the folliculin phase and reached the maximum during the lutein phase. During the mentioned most active periods of the menstrual cycle there was also noted a significant elevation of androstendione, androsterone, ethiocholanolone and free hydrocortizone excretion. The absolute amount and relative content of dehydroepiandrosterone in the sum total fractions of the urinary 17-ketosteroids proved to diminish. Cortizol metabolite excretion decreased as well. A regular direction of the changes occurring in the 24-hour excretion of individual 17-KS fractions, cortizol and its metabolites in the course of the menstrual cycle was apparently associated with the synthesis and transformation of sex hormones.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stress and female reproductive function: a study of daily variations in cortisol, gonadotrophins, and gonadal steroids in a rural Mayan population.

We report here on a longitudinal study of stress and women's reproduction in a small Kaqchikel Mayan community in rural Guatemala. Current understanding of the effects of stress on the reproductive axis in women is mostly derived from clinical studies of individual stressors. Little is known, however, about the cumulative effects of "real life" stress. Cortisol increases in response to a broad variety of individual stressors (Tilbrook et al., 2002). In this article, we evaluate the association between daily fluctuations in women's urinary cortisol and reproductive hormones: estrone conjugates (E(1)C), pregnandiol glucuronide (PdG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). To assess the association between daily changes in cortisol levels and changes in the profiles of the reproductive hormones, we used a random coefficients model based on polynomial regression. The sample includes 92 menstrual cycles provided by 24 participants over a year-long prospective study. Increases in urinary cortisol levels were associated with significant increases in gonadotrophin and progestin levels during the follicular phase. Also, in a time window between days 4 and 10 after ovulation, increased cortisol levels were associated with significantly lower progestin levels. These results are significant because untimely increases in gonadotrophins and low midluteal progesterone levels have previously been reported to impinge on the ovulatory and luteinization processes and to reduce the chances of successful implantation (Ferin, 1999; Baird et al., 1999). Future research should consider the possibility that stress may affect fecundability and implantation without necessarily causing amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The place of progesterone in human contraception.

Progesterone, the natural hormone produced by the corpus luteum and other steroid-secreting glands, is endowed with antiestrogenic action and has a fundamental role in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy and in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion. Although it was discovered half a century ago, it has found little clinical use as a therapeutic agent due to its low potency and extensive degradation following oral administration in comparison with a variety of highly potent synthetic analogs that became available in the last three decades. When delivered systemically, a large proportion of the dose bypasses degradation in the gut and liver, and progesterone can achieve effective levels in target tissues for clinical use. Sustained administration via compressed pellets implanted subdermally or silicone rubber rings placed in the vagina produced circulating levels of progesterone within the lower third of those found in the luteal phase of the human menstrual cycle. Those levels were shown to delay the recovery of fertility in nursing women without adverse effects to the mother or the infant. Progesterone transferred to the babies via the breast milk did not change their rate of pregnandiol-3-alpha glucuronide excretion. It is concluded that sustained administration of the natural hormone progesterone may be an effective and safe contraceptive method for nursing women.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2003

Urinary steroids, FSH and CG measurements for monitoring the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the chimpanzee.

Non-invasive methods for monitoring reproductive status of chimpanzee based on the measurement of urinary steroids and gonadotropins were examined. A typical pre-ovulatory urinary estrone conjugate (E1C) surge and post-ovulatory increase in pregnandiol glucuronide (PdG) were seen during the menstrual cycle. Urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) showed two peaks over the infertile menstrual cycle. The earliest changes indicating pregnancy were a coincident rise in E1C and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) levels and a concomitant fall in FSH levels. Urinary PdG levels showed a prolonged rise. Urinary E1C in the pregnant chimpanzee was higher than during the menstrual cycle and increased with advancing gestation, with maximum levels occurring near term. In the case of stillbirth, E1C and CG levels from mid- through late-pregnancy were low and the prepartum progressive increase in E1C was not shown. The data presented here are of great practical value in captive breeding management of chimpanzees.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Improvement in the longitudinal growth in Ullrich-Turner syndrome with oxandrolone. Function of urinary excretion of steroid hormones].

Urinary excretion of steroid hormone metabolites pregnandiol, pregnantriol, aetiocholanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone of 20 patients with Turner's syndrome was measured by gas chromatography. In some of the patients urinary excretion did not reach the minimal value obtained in a control group. Sixteen of these patients were given an average daily dose of 0.1 mg oxandrolone/kg body-weight. Mean value for bone age, after an average treatment duration of 17.3 months (s = 9.7), increased by 12.6 months (s = 12.7). Growth rate was 5.9 cm (s = 1.9) per year. Androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone excretion in patients in whom the chronological age/bone age ratio had worsened, was more than double that in patients in whom it had improved. Measurement of the urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone thus seems to be of prognostic value in the treatment of Turner's syndrome with androgens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Metabolism of endogenous and exogenous anabolic agents in cattle.

The endogenous anabolic agents, estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and testosterone are steroids that are quickly metabolized by the liver and are not very active when administered orally. Estradiol-17 beta is excreted by the bovine in bile as free estradiol-17 alpha, and by swine, in urine, as glucuronides and sulfates. In ruminants, the primary metabolite of progesterone is pregnandiol and that of testosterone is epitestosterone. In horses, the metabolites of these compounds are primarily 17 ketosteroids. Esters of the endogenous anabolic agents are rapidly hydrolyzed and the nonesterified forms follow the same biotransformation pathways as the natural compounds biosynthesized by the animal. The exogenous anabolic agents, such as trenbolone acetate, zeranol and diethylstilbestrol, may be active by the oral route and are less readily metabolized in the liver than the endogenous anabolics. Their metabolic pathways may be complex and lead to excreted forms after glucuronide conjugation. With respect to biochemical mechanism of action, it can be assumed that the anabolics act like all steroids by way of intracellular receptors. Biotransformations could lead to more reactive molecules that may bind themselves to normal constituents of the organism. Bound metabolites are generally formed later than free metabolites, and are considered less toxic with a lower level of bioavailability.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Effect of post-coital contraceptive methods on the endometrium and the menstrual cycle.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of treatment with ethinylesteradiol-levonorgestrel or danazol on ovarian function, gonadotrophin release and endometrial development during the time when a pregnancy may occur following unprotected intercourse. METHODS: Women with regular menstrual cycles were followed during one control, one treatment and one follow-up month. The women obtained either a combination of 0.5 mg levonorgestrel and 0.1 mg ethinylestradiol (Yuzpe regimen: n = 16) or 600 mg danazol orally and repeated after 12 hours (n = 16). The treatment was administered on either cycle day (cd) 12 or day LH +2. An endometrial biopsy was obtained once on cd LH +6 to +8 in the subjects treated on cd LH +2 both in control and treatment cycles, and morphometric analysis was performed. The concentrations of LH, pregnandiol (P2G), and estrone (EIG) glucuronide were followed daily in morning urine during control and treatment cycles. RESULTS: Following treatment with the Yuzpe regimen on cd 12 the LH surge was either undetectable (three subjects), postponed to cd 16 to 22 (three subjects) or cd 38 to 39 (two subjects) with lower P2G and LH levels than in the control cycle. Following preovulatory treatment with danazol, no LH peak could be detected in four subjects and in the remaining four subjects the LH peak varied between cd 13 and cd 24. The mean area under the curve for LH was significantly lower, the levels of EIG were slightly higher and the P2G levels were unaffected in comparison with the control cycle. Neither of the two treatments administered on cd LH +2 affected the hormonal pattern and only a discreet effect on the development of the endometrium was seen after the EE/LNG treatment. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the contraceptive effect of postcoital treatment with EE/LNG and danazol is mainly due to an inhibition or delay of ovulation and insufficient corpus luteum function. The direct effect on the endometrium is limited, if any.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between urinary endogenous steroid metabolites and lower urinary tract function in postmenopausal women.

To investigate the relationship between the endogenous steroid hormones and the lower urinary tract function in postmenopausal women. Thirty postmenopausal volunteer women who did not have lower urinary tract symptoms or hormone replacement therapy were enrolled in this study. Urodynamic studies included uroflowmetry, multi-channel cystometry, and urethral pressure profilometry were conducted. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy(GC-MS) was used to measure the urinary endogenous steroid hormone metabolites. The relationship between the urinary profile of the endogenous steroids and the urodynamic parameters of these patients were investigated. The mean ages of the patients were 60.6 +/- 5.5 years, and the Body Mass Index (BMI) averaged 24.56 +/- 2.23 (kg/m2). Of the progesterone metabolites, pregnandiol was significantly related to the residual volume in the uroflowmetry and the functional urethral length parameters (R=0.98, p=0.000; R= -0.65, p=0.04). Pregnantriol was significantly related to the maximum flow rate, the residual volume in uroflowmetry, the maximum urethral closure pressure and the functional urethral length (R=-0.64, p=0.04; R=0.82, p=0.01; R=0.04, p=0.04; R=- 0.79, p=0.01). In the androgen metabolites, androstenedione, 5-AT, 11- keto Et, 11-betahydroxy Et, THS, and THE were significantly related to the residual volume in uroflowmetry (R=0.92, p=0.001; R=0.84, p=0.008; R=0.99, p=0.000; R=0.72, p=0.03; R=0.97, p=0.000; R=0.85, p=0.00). beta-THF/alpha-THF was significantly related to the maximum flow rate, the residual volume in uroflowmetry, the maximum urethral closure pressure and the functional urethral length (R=-0.76, p=0.02; R=0.67, p=0.04; R=0.74, p=0.02; R=-0.92, p=0.000). alpha-cortol was significantly related to the residual volume in uroflowmetry, the maximum urethral closure pressure and the functional urethral length (R=0.81, p=0.01; R=0.71, p=0.03; R=-0.87, p=0.000). Of the estrogen metabolites, estrone (E1) was significantly related to the normal desire to void (R=0.68, p=0.04) and 17beta-estradiol/estrone was also significantly related to the normal and strong desire to void (R=-0.70, p=0.03 and R=-0.74, p=0.02, respectively). The urinary progesterone and androgen metabolite concentrations were positively related to the residual volume in uroflowmetry and positively or negatively related to MUCP and FUL. However, the urinary estrone concentration was positively related to the normal desire to void and 17beta-estradiol/estrone was significantly related to the normal and strong desire to void.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlated interrelationships between the concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone and estriol in normal pregnancy].

A study was made of 151 healthy pregnant women at periods of from 4 to 41 weeks of pregnancy. There was revealed no correlation between the level of excretion of the CG and estriol, and also of the CG and pregnandiol from the 7th to the 41st weeks of pregnancy; consequently CG played no role in the regulation of steroidogenesis in the placenta. Between the levels of CH and progesterone in the blood there existed a significant positive association from the 4th to the 7th week of pregnancy; this correlation disappeared from the 8th week. Consequently, the CG retained its steroidogenic action on the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The activity of the corpus luteum in respect to progesterone production decreased considerably as soon as the 7th week of pregnancy.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of exposure to low-level benzene and its analogues on reproductive hormone secretion in female workers].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of exposure to low level of mixed benzene on reproductive hormone secretion during menstrual cycle in female workers. METHODS: Concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in the expiratory air of 50 exposed female workers from their breathing zone were determined with gas chromatography. Their menstrual cycles of 50 exposed workers and 35 internal control and 35 external control workers were studied prospectively. Urine pregnandiol-3-glucuronide (PdG), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrone conjugate (E1C) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Mixed benzene existed mainly in the form of low-level benzene in the air of workplaces, with a detection rate of 29.10% at an average level of 8.88 (0.90-876.47) mg/m3, and 21% of measurements exceeded the national maximum allowable concentration with the highest one as 20.91 folds high as that of the national hygienic standard. Length of luteal phase in the exposed group (13.7 +/- 1.5) days was significantly shorter than that in the internal and external control groups (14.5 +/- 1.2) days and (15.2 +/- 1.1) days (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Urine level of E1C before ovulation, that of FSH at early follicular phase and that of PdG in luteal phase after ovulation in the exposed group were significantly lower than those in the internal control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Exposure to low level of mixed benzene in workspaces could interrupt the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and affect their normal levels of FSH, PdG and E1C.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Treatment of anovulatory sterility using clomiphen].

74 patients with anovulatory sterility were treated with clomiphene for 5 consecutive days starting on the 5th day of the cycle. The dosage was in the first course of treatment 50 mg daily. The patients, who did not conceive after this dosage, were treated with higher doses of clomiphene (100 and 150 mg daily). In 66% of the cases ovulation and in 32% (49% of induced ovulation) pregnancies were achieved. In the first treatment cycle with 50 mg/day for 5 days ovulation was obtained in 27 out of 74 patients. 14 patients, who failed to ovulate after this dosage, did ovulate after they were treated with 100 mg/day in the second treatment cycle. In 8 cases was a third treatment cycle with 150 mg/day needed to chieve a positive result. The conception rate per ovulatory cycle decreased with increasing dosage. The ovulation as judged on the basis of the temperature curve and pregnandiol excretion occured between the 4th and 25th day of treatment, whereas ovulation which were followed by pregnancy occured only between the 11th and 25th day.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serial determinations of serum oxytocinase and ultrasonic biparietal cephalometry in normal and high-risk pregnancies].

The value of sonor biparietal cephalometry and serum oxytocinase that we have obtained with weekly simultaneous determinations in 14 females with normal pregnancy and in 5 with pathological pregnancy, from 24th to 39th week, show a statical positive relation. Serum oxitocinase determination against hormonal tests of the phetoplancental function (urinary oestriol, pregnandiol, serum HCS, ecc.) give advantages: it is the easyer, faster and less espandove determination. Therefore we think that it is helpful to determin togheter serial values of sonar biparietal cephalometry and serum oxytocinase to anticipate the endouterine fetal growth retardation.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1976

[Effects of low doses of lynestrenol on endometrium and nidation (author's transl)].

In 10 women taking 0.5 mg lynestrenol for oral contraception endometrium biopsies were carried out in several consecutive cycles between the 21st and 25th day of each cycle. In addition pregnandiol excretion in the urine was measured in one of the last three treatment cycles always on the 10th and 21st day of cycle. During treatment of a characteristic, monomorphic microscopical endometrium picture was observed with hardly distinct endometrium glands and only slight decidualike transformation of cellular elements of the stroma. From these histological pictures it is concluded that oral application of 0,5 mg lynestrenol produces endometrium changes characterized by insufficient transformation so that nidation of a blastocyte becomes impossible.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1975

A modification of the Detter and Klingmüller's method for urinary alpha- and beta-pregnanediol and pregnanetriol determination: excretion patterns in men and in women during the normal menstrual cycle.

This report describes the modification of Detter and Klingmüller's method for the determination of urinary alpha- and beta-pregnanediol and pregnanetriol by means of thin -layer chromatography. The modifications were as follows: 1. The addition of formol prior to hydrolysis to prevent pigments penetration into urinary extracts. 2. The use of Kieselgel HF 254+366 nach Stahl (E. Merck, Darmstadt) which allows to localize the spots under UV-light at 366 nm without the use of colour reagents. The results concerning accuracy, sensitivity, precision and specificity in the modification described are profitable. Using this method in 7 healthy women (aged 28-37) with normal menstrual cycles the urinary excretion of alpha- and beta-pregnanediol and pregnanetriol were evaluated every second day (starting the 6th day of the cycle). The maximum of excretion of alpha- and beta-pregnandiol appeared on day 20 of the cycle, with the mean (+/- S.D.) 1.27 +/- 0.37 mg/24hr and 2.97 +/- 0.80 mg/24hr for alpha- and beta-pregnanediol, respectively. Mean values of pregnantriol were at the same level and ranged from 0.25 to 1.42 mg/24 hr. Single determination of these compounds in 8 healthy men (aged 19-42) revealed the mean excretion values (+/- S.D.) 0.96 +/- 0.17 mg/24 hr, 1.24 +/- 0.40 mg/24 hr, 1.12 +/- 0.65 mg/24 hr for alpha- and beta-pregnanediol and pregnanetriol, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Ovulation inhibition with RU 486].

Starting from the theory, that progesterone (P) may be one of the triggers of physiologic ovulation, P receptor blocking agent Mifepristone was administered to 7 regularly menstruating women, 2 days before the expected time of ovulation. Ovulation was monitored by ultrasound folliculometry and determination of serum estradiol (E2), P and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. The luteal phase was checked by measuring urinary pregnandiol glucuronide excretion. Administration of the drug was properly timed in 5 cases, none of the existing follicles ruptured, one got luteinized and 4 had undergone atresia. According to these findings P seems to be a trigger of ovulatory events.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Contribution of pregnan steroid Althesin to the pathophysiology of epilepsy.

The original study with Althesin in the development of epilepsy was carried out in nine patients. EEG and SEEG records show that sensitivity to Althesin, which is a mixture of pregnandiol and pregnan acetate, precursors of sexual hormones, raises in the direction to the oldest brain formations. A physiological substance in provoking epilepsy was discovered.

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture↗