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PubMed2003

Reduction of cardiovascular mortality in Poland and changes in dietary patterns.

BACKGROUND: A decrease in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases has been recently documented in Poland. AIM: To assess changes in dietary patterns in Poland in the 90's. METHODS: The Central Statistical Office data on food consumption from the years 1989-2000 were analysed. The energy and fatty acid content in the consumed food were calculated with the use of the national food composition tables. RESULTS: A decrease in the consumption of butter by 52%, other animal fats by 20%, milk by 27%, beef by 57% and potatoes by 8% was noted. On the other hand, the consumption of vegetable fat increased by 100%, poultry by 70% and fruit by 64%. Changes in the consumption of cereal products, vegetables, pork, eggs and sugar were insignificant. A decrease of 19% in the consumption of saturated fatty acids and an increase of 32% in the intake of the polyunsaturated fatty acids were found. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in dietary patterns explain, at least in part, a marked reduction in cardiovascular mortality recently observed in Poland.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks in North-western Poland.

In order to estimate the risk of contracting Lyme disease in the forest areas of north-western Poland, PCR-based studies were carried out on 6,817 Ixodes ricinus ticks for infection by the spirochaete B. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.). The studies were performed using the primers for the fla gene, conserved for all European genospecies of B. burgdorferi s.l. Based on the incidence of B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA in I. ricinus ticks at eight sampling sites during 1998-2001, it may be concluded that a risk of contracting Lyme disease is present in the forest areas of north-western Poland. The highest risk of infection (9.4 % of infected ticks) is posed by human contact with female I. ricinus, and the risk is higher in late spring and early summer than in late summer and early autumn. The north-western part of Poland is an endemic region for B. burgdorferi s.l.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Epidemiology of end stage renal disease in Poland].

Development of end stage renal disease for many years was in Poland "signum maliominis" for patients with this syndrome. Situation dramatically changed as a consequence of dramatic development of renal replacement therapy. This progress was observed not only in basic forms of dialysis therapy (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) but also renal transplantation. Increased availability of renal replacement therapy influenced both on the increment total number of treated patients (by 250% during period 1991-2001) and an qualification criteria. These changes caused substantial increase of patients with diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy. Such phenomenon is observed in whole the world and one can conclude that situation in this matter is normalizing in Poland. Similar situation is observed taking into account age of treated patients together with described above changes in primary diseases leading to end stage renal disease will cause more and more significant problem for health care system in Poland and many other countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Preventing lead poisoning in children: can the US experience inform other countries? The case of Poland.

Exposure to excess lead during childhood is preventable, but nowhere has that goal been achieved. In the US, recommendations for prevention of childhood lead poisoning are issued by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, based on periodically updated population-based data on the prevalence of lead poisoning by age and blood lead level. A well developed public health infrastructure is to provide case management to the lead exposed children. In Poland, the social and economic transitions of the last decade changed the potential for childhood lead exposure, and there has been a profound restructuring of the health care system. Blood lead testing in children is performed outside the primary care. Data on blood lead levels are not collected and analysed centrally. The range of follow-up services may differ among the regions, depending on the local expertise. An updated approach to prevention of childhood lead poisoning, making better use of the existing expertise and involving primary care providers, needs consideration. Complex public health programs like this of lead poisoning prevention cannot be transplanted whole to other countries. However, experiences gained by the US might provide valuable suggestions for others, even though the US policy has flaws and is not fully implemented. Discussing proposal for Poland in light of the current US practice highlights the necessity of reliable estimates of the exposed population for rational policy. It also helps to define research questions relevant to public health practice in Poland, and confirms that prevention of lead poisoning in children requires the coordinated work of different professionals.

Child↗
PubMed2003

History traces of gastrointestinal motility in Poland.

The objectives of this chapter was to show how motility studies were developed and performed in Poland at the end of century to better understand pathophysiology and improve the clinicians ability to evaluate and treat patients with motility-related disorders. Some of the important historical points along the path to current understanding of the form and function of gastrointestinal motility are presented. Scarce information exists about other than Cracow and Wrocław motility centers in Poland in previous century. Lately sophisticated technology became available in Poland and more centers have begun to yield more effective strategies of treatment and enhanced understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying GI motility disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[HIV and AIDS epidemic in Poland and Europe].

The epidemics of HIV infection spreads wider and wider. It is estimated that in 2002 about 5 million new cases were registered in the world. In the paper there were analysed information concerning cases of HIV infection and AIDS cases reported in Poland in the years 1985-2002. The epidemic situation of HIV infection and AIDS was compared with the data on the epidemics of the disease in other European countries given in the reports of the World Health Organisation. The number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV infection equaled 7880 in the studied period in Poland. Until the end of the year 2001 there were diagnosed 1153 cases of AIDS and 570 patients died of it. In comparison with other European countries the prevalence of HIV carrier state is low in the Polish population. The main group of HIV infection risk in our country are i.v. drug abusers, and among newly detected carriers the majority are men aged 20-29. Dynamic increase of HIV infected patients in the countries being neighbours of Poland that is Russia, Belarus and Ukraine as well as the rise in importance of the of heterosexual intercourses as a means of spreading of the virus may become a threat to health of the Polish population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

[Infectious diseases in Poland in 2002].

New regulations concerning infectious diseases effective in Poland since 2002 did not changed surveillance of infectious diseases. The most frequent infectious disease as in the previous years was influenza. 228.055 cases were reported (596.5/100,000). Number of foodborne infections and intoxications remains high--26.734 cases (69.0/100,000). 77% of them were caused by Salmonella. In this high number of foodborne infections in 4,492 (16.8%) etiologic factor was not found. In this number Campylobacter infections, rarely tested in Poland may be found. Especially alarming is number of cases of diarrhea among children 0-2. Age adjusted incidence of 2.464/100,000 is the highest occurrence among infectious diseases in Poland. There was noted decrease of incidence of newly diagnosed cases of viral hepatitis B (5.3/100,000) which dropped to the level of the incidence of viral hepatitis C (5.17/100,000). Hepatitis A remains at the low level (0.9/100,000). Level of newly diagnosed cases of AIDS (113 cases, 0.3/100,000) remains relatively stable for last few years. The major problem is decreasing reporting of possible risk factors. Infectious diseases caused 0.74% of deaths. Mortality from infectious diseases was 6.9/100,000 and was significantly higher among men (8.9) then among women. (5.1). In the age groups 35-64 it was 3-4 times higher. In urban settings mortality from infectious diseases was higher (7.2/100,000) then in the country (6.6). In particular districts (voivodeships) mortality indices remained in the range of 4.3 (opolskie) to 11.4 (ślaskie). As in previous years, the highest number of deaths was caused by tuberculosis and its late sequels (35.4%). Attention should be given to the increased number of deaths due to sepsis (33.6%, without neonatal sepsis).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Measles in Poland in 2002].

In Poland 34 measles cases were registered in 2002 (0.09 per 100,000 population)--99 cases less than in the preceding year. Eleven (32%) cases occurred in unvaccinated persons, 9 (27%) in persons who had received only one dose of the vaccine and 14 (41%) in those vaccinated with two doses. The number of cases among the vaccinated population--23, including one case of vaccine associated measles--together with high vaccination coverage after 1975, indicates high effectiveness of measles vaccines used in Poland. Fifteen cases (44%) were confirmed serologically (IgM). Across the voivodeships the number of cases ranged from 0 in four voivodeships to 5 in the ślaskie voivodeship. In none of the voivodeships, however, did the incidence exceed 0.2 per 100,000. The most affected were infants (incidence 0.85 per 100,000), children in their second year of life (incidence 1.09) and children aged 5 and 6 years--incidence of 0.72 and 0.69 respectively. According to the immunization schedule these were children who should receive their first or subsequent dose of vaccine during the year 2002. Cases among children and adolescents below 15 years of age (26 cases) constituted 77% of all reported cases. Out of all reported cases 13 (38%) were hospitalized. There were no deaths due to measles in Poland in 2002.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Mumps in Poland in 2002].

In 2002, 39,978 cases of mumps were reported in Poland. The incidence (104.6 per 100,000) was higher then in 2001 (43.3), which corresponds to a periodical increase of mumps incidence occurring in Poland every 3-4 years. This year's peak is much lower than the previous ones, which can be attributed to the growing vaccine coverage. Even though the mumps vaccine was not included into the national immunization program, the coverage in the 3-year old children reached in 2002 35.5%. Approximately 3.5% of cases were hospitalized (1400) and no mumps deaths were reported. Children 5-9 years old constituted the most affected age group (incidence 965.2 per 100,000). In Poland the MMR vaccine was recommended on voluntary basis in place of measles vaccine for children in their 2nd and 7th year of age. Immunization of 2-years old children is mandatory beginning in 2004.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Hepatitis C in Poland in 2002].

The hepatitis C surveillance in Poland covers both acute and chronic presentation of hepatitis C. Chronic cases are registered only once, at the time of the first notification. In total, 1,987 cases were reported in Poland in 2002, out of which 84 (4.2%) persons were co-infected with HBV. The overall incidence, 5.2 per 100,000, was within the range observed during the preceding three years. As previously the incidence in the cities (6.8) was significantly higher than in rural areas (2.6), and males were more affected then females (incidence 6.1 and 4.3 per 100,000 respectively). Comparing the incidence across the regions, the rate ratio between the voivodeships with the highest and the lowest incidence (respectively 14.0 in świetokrzyskie and 1.5 in podkarpackie) was 9.5. The age distribution of cases was bimodal peaking in the age groups 50-54 years (incidence 7.9) and 20-24 years (incidence 7.0). Approximately 86.5% of cases were hospitalized. According to the preliminary national life statistics data in 2002 in Poland 91 persons died from acute or chronic hepatitis C.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Rabies in Poland in 2002].

In Poland in 2002, one case of human rabies was reported. There is no information about bitemark of the person with rabies and the person has not vaccinated. Mass oral vaccination of wild animals against rabies, which was introduced in 1993, seems to show a positive impact on the epizootic situation of rabies in Poland. In 2002 year we observed more than two-fold decrease in number of animal rabies cases. The outbreak of animal rabies, which started in 2001 year in Wielkopolskie voivodeship was still present. Moreover sources of wild and domestic animal rabies are present on the north-east, east, and south-east of the country. Out of 8,239 persons vaccinated in Poland against rabies, 1,179 (14%) were bitten by or were in contact with a rabid animal. Main reason for vaccination against rabies was exposure to an animal category C--rabies not excluded (6,071 cases, 74%) or category D--animals healthy at the moment of an exposition (989 cases, 12%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Occurrence of intestinal parasites among first grade students in Poland in years 2002/2003].

UNLABELLED: In the school year 2002/2003 there were examined in Poland some of the population of 7-year-old children for the presence of intestinal parasites, continuing countrywide operation launched in 1988. METHODS: The studies were based on the examination of a single faecal specimen and a cellophane swab using the following methods: wet mount preparations in 0.9% NaCl and diluted Lugol's ioine, zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation and decantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The studies included 31 504 children from 15 provinces of Poland. The parasites most frequently encountered in the examinations included: Enterobius vermicularis (in 3 827 of the examined, i. e. 12, 15%), Ascaris lumbricoides (in 263; 0.83%), Giardia intestinalis (in 217: 0.69%), Entamoeba coli (n 189; 0.60%) and Trichuris trichiura (in 39; 0.12%) The overall percentage of the infected children was 15.4%. The highest number of infected children was found in the province warmińsko-mazurskie (29.6%0), the smallest in slaskie (8.8%). The number of infected among children inhabiting country (19%) was significantly higher than among those from the towns (10.4%). The obtained results confirmed hitherto existing views that in Poland the epidemiological situation of infections with intestinal parasites is steadily improving.

Ascariasis↗
PubMed2004

[Should ticks be regarded as a tularemia vector in habitants of North-Eastern Poland?].

BACKGROUND: A growing incidence of tick borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in north-eastern Poland as well as an increasing number of Ixodes ricinus ticks in wooded areas and meadows have prompted the authors to evaluate the presence of antibodies against Francisella tularensis in serum of forest workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sera of 820 persons, including 765 healthy forest workers (group I) and 55 patients with lymphadenopathy (group II) admitted to the Department of Infectious and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Medical Academy, Białystok, were diagnosed for antibodies against F. tularensis. Agglutination test at 37 degrees C, with suspensed F. tularensis (Biomed, Kraków, Poland) were used. Simultaneously all sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi, using ELISA test, Borrelia IgM and Borrelia IgG recombinant (Biomedica, Austria). RESULTS: Of the 765 forest workers (group I), 20 (2.06%), persons showed positive (1:20) result of agglutination test, including 8 persons with antibodies against B. burgdorferi in IgG, of these 1 in IgM and IgG. Twenty persons with positive agglutination test had no signs of present or past tularemia in physical examination. Nine persons with prior diagnosis of arthritic form of Lyme boreliosis had undergone repeated antibiotic therapy (two 30-days therapy courses with cefotaksym or doxycycline). In group II, sera of 55 patients were negative in the agglutination test with F. tularensis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show that in North-Eastern Poland, Ixodes ricinus is not essential in Francisella tularensis transmission in this region.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the accessibility of stroke units in Poland].

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) assumptions every patient with a stroke should be treated by a specialized stroke team or in a specialized stroke unit. The aim of our study was to evaluate the accessibility and eligibility of stroke units in Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have developed a questionnaire evaluating the structure and staff of neurological departments. The questionnaire was sent to all neurological departments in Poland in the last quarter of 2003. We grouped the departments in 5 categories: having a stroke unit of class A (fulfilling the criteria of the Experts of the National Program of Prevention and Treatment of Stroke guidelines), class B (conditionally fulfilling the criteria), class C (not fulfilling the criteria), departments having stroke units without a separate structure and departments without stroke units. The classification was shown to each provincial consultant in order to verify our data in January 2004. RESULTS: We have received replies from 194 of 222 (87.4%) departments. 97 departments declared having a stroke unit: 20 -- class A, 56 -- class B, 14 -- class C and 7 -- stroke units without a separate structure. The remaining 97 departments do not have any stroke units. The most frequent problem that plays a role in the classification of departments was the deficit of staff or equipment. CONCLUSIONS: The stroke unit network in Poland is developing dynamically, but a significant number of the existing stroke units need more diagnostic equipment, staff and structural changes.

Health Care Surveys↗
PubMed2004

Survey of health status and quality of life of the elderly in Poland and Croatia.

AIM: To describe health status and the quality of life among the Polish and Croatian elderly and explore differences between the countries, as well as patterns of gender and age differences. METHODS: Randomly chosen elderly aged 65-85 from Krakow (Poland) and from Zagreb and some smaller towns in Croatia were interviewed on health (self-rated health, physical functioning, mental health, perceived bodily pain, hearing and vision ability, morbidity, functional status, loneliness and depression) and general quality of life. The database (528 and 286 interviews with the Polish and Croatian elderly, respectively) was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and general linear model procedure. RESULTS: Significant differences in favor of the Croatian elderly were found in self-rated health and perceived bodily pain (controlled for age, gender, education, and morbidity). The Polish elderly experienced fewer depressive symptoms and reported better vision ability and quality of life in comparison with the Croatian elderly. With some exceptions (hearing and vision ability) the collected data confirmed better health status and quality of life in men in comparison with women in both countries. Significant trends were found in deterioration of health with age. However, the pattern of deteriorating health with age was inconsistent, and more visible among women than among men. Health status results in Poland and Croatia were generally lower in comparison with elderly populations in Western Europe. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the broadest possible panel of instruments should be used to describe health within each country and to compare health between the countries. Poor health and quality of life produce a considerable task for public health bodies in Poland and Croatia to equal the standards of the European Union.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2004

[Surgical correction of Poland's syndrome in children].

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a method of the surgical correction of Poland's syndrome in children. METHODS: From May 1990 to May 2002, 3 female children with Poland's syndrome were treated. One child of 12 years old with defects of the right second and third costal cartilages, pectoralis major and pectoralis minor underwent repair of chest wall with graft of autologous costal cartilage from left sixth costal cartilage and transfer of the latissimus dorsi flap. The other 2 children, 3 and 16 years old, with defects of the left second, third and fourth costal cartilages, pectoralis major and pectoralis minor underwent graft of autogenous costal cartilage from the right sixth costal cartilage and implant of Dexon mesh. RESULTS: Three patients were followed up 1, 7 and 10 years postoperatively, respectively. The contour of chest wall in 3 patients were improved. The functions of the chest, back and upper limbs in the deformitis side were good and the growth and development of the children were normal during follow-up postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The congenital deformities of multiple systems and parts in the body are involved in Poland's syndrome so that it is necessary to make a proper surgical plan according to the extent of lesions for a satisfactory result.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The risk of exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Mid-Eastern Poland.

Both the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and the seroprevalence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis have been reported in different parts of Europe. There are few reports concerning this problem in Poland. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks, and to detect antibodies against the HGE agent in serum of forest workers in the region of Mid-Eastern Poland. In our opinion, this should reflect the real probability of infection of people exposed to Ixodes tick bites. Seroactivity against Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 20.6% of persons in the study group. Coexistence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi was present in 84.6 % of individuals seropositive to A. phagocytophilum. The PCR test identifying Anaplasma phagocytophilum was positive in 13.1% of overall tick samples. The highest prevalence of infection (45.7%) was found in female ticks. Anaplasmal DNA was detected in 4.5% of male ticks and only in 0.9% of nymphs. The results of our study confirmed the existence of A. phagocytophilum in the natural environment of Mid-Eastern Poland. As the risk for infection exists, it should call the attention of public health services to the possibility of an increasing number of patients with this disease.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2004

Peptic ulcer among rural population in a selected region of south-eastern Poland.

Environmental conditioning of peptic ulcer, territorial variations in the occurrence of this disease, as well as reports indicating changes in the natural history of peptic ulcer provided incentives to undertake the present study. The aim of the study was to determine whether the above-mentioned changes in the course of peptic ulcer also concerned rural population from the agricultural region of south-eastern Poland. The study covered 1,647 patients with peptic ulcer treated in the General Surgery Ward at the Specialist Hospital in Brzozów (Rzeszów Region) between 1980-1999. The analysis was conducted based on data obtained from the documentation of the General Surgery Ward. In order to determine changes in the parameters examined taking place during the 20 year period, it was divided into 4 sub-periods of 5 years each. The total number of patients treated due for peptic ulcer was 1,647, including 470 patients with gastric ulcer (28.5%), 1,137 patients with duodenal ulcer (69.0%) and 40 with gastric and duodenal ulcer (2.5%). A decrease was noted in the number of patients treated for peptic ulcer during Period I of observation (1980-1984) and Period IV (1995-1999) - from 460 down to 348 patients p < 0.0001. Peptic ulcer more often affected males than females (70.2% and 29.8% respectively), most frequently in the age groups 41-50 (20.9%) and 51-60 (20.0%). Gastric ulcer was most often noted in the age groups 51-60 (24.4%) and 61-70 (23.8 %), whereas duodenal ulcer in the age groups 42-50 (22.4%) and 31-40 (20.6%). During the study period (1980-1999), a decrease was observed in the number of patients treated for peptic ulcer. Hospitalization due to peptic ulcer decreased, mainly in patients with duodenal ulcer, and to a smaller degree among those with gastric ulcer. The relationship was observed between the incidence of peptic ulcer and the site of ulcer, sex and age of patients. Changes observed in hospitalization due to peptic ulcer among rural population in the south-eastern region of Poland was similar to those observed in other regions of Poland and the majority of European countries.

Adult↗