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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Flavor release measurement from gum model system.

Flavor release from a mint-flavored chewing gum model system was measured by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectroscopy (APCI-MS) and sensory time-intensity (TI). A data analysis method for handling the individual curves from both methods is presented. The APCI-MS data are ratio-scaled using the signal from acetone in the breath of subjects. Next, APCI-MS and sensory TI curves are smoothed by low-pass filtering. Principal component analysis of the individual curves is used to display graphically the product differentiation by APCI-MS or TI signals. It is shown that differences in gum composition can be measured by both instrumental and sensory techniques, providing comparable information. The peppermint oil level (0.5-2% w/w) in the gum influenced both the retronasal concentration and the perceived peppermint flavor. The sweeteners' (sorbitol or xylitol) effect is less apparent. Sensory adaptation and sensitivity differences of human perception versus APCI-MS detection might explain the divergence between the two dynamic measurement methods.

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1996

5-HT2 receptor involvement in conditioned olfactory learning in the neonate rat pup.

These experiments addressed the role of 5-HT2 receptors in conditioned olfactory learning. Ritanserin, a 5-HT2A/2C antagonist, was injected subcutaneously into postnatal day (PND) 7 pups before or after conditioned olfactory training to a peppermint odor. When the pups were tested for olfactory preference on PND 8, those injected with ritanserin before training failed to acquire an odor preference whereas those injected after training learned. This suggested that the 5-HT2 receptor is required only in the acquisition of conditioned olfactory learning. Injection of ritanserin directly into the olfactory bulb before training also blocked preference for the peppermint odor. In pups that had depletion of the 5-HT input to the bulb, subcutaneous injection of a 5-HT2A/2C agonist was sufficient to maintain conditioned olfactory learning, confirming the importance of 5-HT in learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

What do we know about herbal morning sickness treatments? A literature survey.

OBJECTIVE: A literature survey investigating the use of herbs to treat morning sickness, with particular reference to what is known about their safety. DESIGN: All major English language medical, nursing and scientific databases as well as 300 World Wide Web sites, Internet newsgroups, books and magazines were searched for information about the use and safety of herbs in pregnancy. FINDINGS: A search of medical databases failed to locate any articles which specifically reported investigations of the safety of herbs used during pregnancy. Of 300 non-medical sources studied 75 cited the use of herbs in pregnancy. The most commonly cited herbs for morning sickness were ginger, chamomile, peppermint and raspberry leaf (55, 37, 44 and 63% cited respectively). There was no consensus in the popular literature about whether or not each of these herbs was safe for use in pregnancy. Seven sources (6%) cited chamomile and peppermint as unsafe, while 16 (12%) cited the use of ginger and 11 (15%) the use of raspberry leaf as unsafe during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Herbal remedies are often seen as safe, 'drug-free' treatments for morning sickness. However, the contradictory information and dearth of original research related to their safety indicates that these compounds should be used with caution.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of the inhibition of myeloperoxidase-catalyzed hypochlorite formation in vitro and in whole blood by different plant extracts contained in a phytopharmacon treating functional dyspepsia.

Ethanolic extracts from nine medicinal plants are combined in Iberogast (IG). This phytomedicine is successfully used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Functional gastrointestinal diseases such as non-ulcerous dyspepsia (NUD) are in many cases initiated by, or correlated to, inflammatory processes, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role. In this respect one prominent source of ROS are myeloperoxidase (MPO)-driven oxidation and chlorination reactions, assumed to be mainly responsible for tissue damage. In this study the contribution of the nine extracts to the overall performance of IG was compared with emphasis on MPO produced ROS. Concerning the influence on MPO-dependent chlorination reactions, it turned out that of the nine IG-components Iberis amara extract (IAE) exerted the highest activity. Furthermore, this can impressively be reproduced in an ex vivo experiment with whole blood, where neutrophilic leukocytes are activated by zymosan. Moreover, along with the extract of chamomile flowers, IAE counteracts the pro-oxidative properties of caraway, peppermint and celandine. As a consequence. IG was also efficiently inhibiting MPO-catalysed chlorinations. As shown by the addition of catalase, the pro-oxidative effects of caraway, peppermint and celandine are due to their content of hydrogen peroxide. The latter is probably an autoxidation product of certain monoterpenes in the essential oil part of these extracts. If one of the component extracts of IG is omitted, the antioxidant acitivity is reduced. Thus we conclude that all the single extracts combined in IG are of importance for the therapeutical effect, working in concert.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1998

A family of transketolases that directs isoprenoid biosynthesis via a mevalonate-independent pathway.

Isopentenyl diphosphate, the common precursor of all isoprenoids, has been widely assumed to be synthesized by the acetate/mevalonate pathway in all organisms. However, based on in vivo feeding experiments, isopentenyl diphosphate formation in several eubacteria, a green alga, and plant chloroplasts has been demonstrated very recently to originate via a mevalonate-independent route from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as precursors. Here we describe the cloning from peppermint (Mentha x piperita) and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of this pyruvate/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate pathway. This synthase gene contains an ORF of 2,172 base pairs. When the proposed plastid targeting sequence is excluded, the deduced amino acid sequence indicates the peppermint synthase to be about 650 residues in length, corresponding to a native size of roughly 71 kDa. The enzyme appears to represent a novel class of highly conserved transketolases and likely plays a key role in the biosynthesis of plastid-derived isoprenoids essential for growth, development, and defense in plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Effects of olfactory stimulation on the vigilance performance of individuals with brain injury.

Observers with brain injury and control participants performed a vigilance task during which they received periodic whiffs of unscented air or air scented with peppermint. Under both fragrance conditions, controls reduced the frequency of commissive errors (false alarms) over the course of the vigil, an adaptive strategy given the low probability of signals employed (0.04). The false alarm rate of observers with brain injury increased precipitously toward the end of the vigil in the unscented air condition. However, exposure to the scent of peppermint rendered the false alarm scores of observers with brain injury similar to that of controls, a result which is consistent with evidence that olfactory stimulation activates brain areas vital for planning and judgment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Stability of nifedipine in an extemporaneously compounded oral solution.

The stability of nifedipine in an extemporaneously compounded oral solution is described. A solution of nifedipine 10 mg/mL was prepared from commercially available nifedipine powder with polyethylene glycol 400, glycerin, and peppermint oil. Four samples were stored in amber glass bottles at room temperature under fluorescent lighting and analyzed in duplicate. Samples were analyzed immediately and at 7, 14, 23, and 35 days. Eight samples were stored in amber oral syringes and eight in amber oral syringes wrapped in aluminum foil; all were stored at room temperature under fluorescent lighting. Samples from foil-wrapped syringes were analyzed at 7 and 14 days; samples not wrapped in foil were analyzed after 7 days. Nifedipine concentrations were measured with a modified stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Excessive degradation was defined as a greater than 10% loss of initial drug concentration. There were no detectable changes in color or odor and no visible solids or microbial growth was observed in any sample. Samples in amber glass bottles and amber oral syringes wrapped in aluminum foil retained more than 90% of the initial nifedipine for 35 and 14 days, respectively. Samples packaged in amber oral syringes not wrapped in foil lost over 20% of the initial nifedipine concentration within 7 days. Nifedipine 10 mg/mL was stable in an oral solution prepared from commercially available powder in a peppermint-flavored vehicle for at least 35 days when stored at 22-25 degrees C in amber glass bottles and for at least 14 days when stored in amber oral syringes wrapped in aluminum foil.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Identification of olfactory dysfunction in carriers of X-linked Kallmann's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that clinically unaffected female carriers of X-linked Kallmann's syndrome have an olfactory defect. DESIGN: Assessment of the olfactory threshold to seven standard odorants, each at a concentration of 1-10(-8) mol/l. PATIENTS: Five families with X-linked Kallmann's syndrome (KS) were tested, containing 19 males with KS, and 9 female carriers. Related but unaffected males (n = 8) were used as a control group, and in addition seven patients with Turner's syndrome (XO) were assessed. MEASUREMENTS: The olfactory threshold was taken as the lowest concentration at which each odorant was clearly distinguished from control (liquid paraffin). The threshold for each odorant was compared between the subject groups using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: All patients with KS were anosmic to all odorants. The female carriers had hyposmia, with a significant reduction in the olfactory threshold to putrid, peppermint, floral and pungent odorants compared to control subjects, and to peppermint, floral and pungent odorants compared to subjects with Turner's syndrome. The latter had olfactory thresholds which were statistically identical with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Obligate female carriers of X-linked Kallmann's syndrome are hyposmic compared to control subjects. The overlap between the two groups, however, makes olfactory testing unreliable as a diagnostic test.

Female↗
PubMed1988

The effects of menthol isomers on nasal sensation of airflow.

The effects of inhalation of L-menthol, D-isomenthol and D-neomenthol, upon nasal resistance and sensation to airflow were investigated in 40 subjects. L-menthol caused a highly significant enhancement of nasal sensation of airflow but despite their great similarity in structure and a similar peppermint smell the isomers D-isomenthol and D-neomenthol had no effect on nasal sensation of airflow. These findings show that L-menthol has a specific pharmacological action on nasal sensory nerve endings which is not related to its peppermint smell.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Buccal absorption of midazolam: pharmacokinetics and EEG pharmacodynamics.

PURPOSE: To determine whether buccal/sublingual administration of midazolam (MDL) would lead to detectable venous concentrations and EEG changes in 10 healthy volunteers. METHODS: The study consisted of an open-label and a double-blind phases. Subjects held 10 mg MDL in 2 ml peppermint-flavored fluid or peppermint-flavored placebo in their mouth for 5 min and then spat it out. Cardiorespiratory and EEG monitoring was performed in all subjects. RESULTS: Venous MDL concentrations measured on 10 occasions from 5 to 600 min after administration showed a rapid increase for the first 20-30 min. However, changes in the 8- to 30-Hz frequencies identified by spectral analysis of the EEG showed changes in < or = 5-10 min in test but not in control subjects--more rapid than were expected from the venous absorption data. There were no significant adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide direct evidence of the speed of cerebral effect of a drug. Our results suggest that the buccal/sublingual route of administration should be tested in emergency treatment of seizures as an alternative to the rectal route, over which it has clear practical advantages.

Absorption↗
PubMed1984

Enhanced neural response to familiar olfactory cues.

Norway rat pups have an enhanced olfactory bulb response to a familiar odor. A specific complex of glomeruli showed increased carbon-14-labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in response to peppermint odor in 19-day-old pups exposed to peppermint on days 1 to 18 after birth, relative to control pups that had been exposed to clean air. The increased activity was not due to increased respiration of the familiar odor.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Optical imaging of odor preference memory in the rat olfactory bulb.

Early olfactory preference learning in rat pups occurs when novel odors are paired with reinforcing tactile stimulation that activate the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Pairing of odor and a noradrenergic agonist in the olfactory bulb is both necessary and sufficient for odor preference learning. This suggests the memory change occurs in the olfactory bulb. Previous electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that odor preference training induces an increase in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential to olfactory nerve input and an alteration, after training, in glomerular [14C]2- deoxyglucose uptake and in single-unit responses of principal cells. We investigate here whether, 24 h after olfactory preference training, there is an alteration in intrinsic optical signals at the glomerular level. Six-day-old rat pups were trained, as previously, for a peppermint odor preference. Trained pups and control littermates were subjected to imaging of odor-induced intrinsic optical signals 1 day after the training session. Trained pups exhibited significantly larger responses to the peppermint compared with untrained littermates previously exposed to the same odor. The response of trained pups to a control odor (amyl acetate) was, however, not significantly different from that of untrained littermates. These observations demonstrate that odor preference memory can be read-out by optical imaging techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A comparison between Gastrils and Aludrox in the treatment of gastric hyperacidity in general practice.

A single-blind multicentre crossover study was carried out in general practice of 47 patients with symptoms due to hyperacidity. Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment either with Gastrils for the first 2 weeks followed by Aludrox tablets for the second 2 weeks, or with Aludrox tablets for the first 2 weeks followed by Gastrils for the second 2 weeks. Clinical evaluation took place initially, after the first 2 weeks treatment and after the second 2 weeks treatment. The efficacy and acceptability of both preparations were compared, likewise the flavours of different Gastrils packs. Analysis of the results showed that peppermint flavoured Gastrils were significantly preferred to Aludrox tablets, and a peppermint flavour to a banana flavour. Side-effects were significantly more prevalent with Aludrox tablets. Differences in antacid response were similar, but numerically, if not statistically significantly, Gastrils had a more beneficial effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Temporal determinants of long-term retention of olfactory memory in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.

Temporal determinants of olfactory long-term memory retention in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus were studied. Elementary appetitive and aversive conditioning procedures, as well as a differential conditioning procedure, were applied. In appetitive conditioning, peppermint odour was paired with a water reward. In aversive conditioning, vanilla odour was paired with saline solution. In differential conditioning, an appetitive conditioning trial was followed by an aversive conditioning trial. The odour preference of crickets was tested before and 2 h, 1 day and 4 days after training by allowing the crickets to choose between peppermint or vanilla sources. Differential conditioning or appetitive conditioning alone led to long-lasting memory retention with no significant decay from 2 h to 4 days after training, but retention after aversive conditioning was absent 1 day after training. Studies using differential conditioning have shown (i) that four trials are sufficient to cause a saturated level of acquisition, (ii) that conditioning is successful when the conditioned stimulus is presented immediately or 5 s before the onset of presentation of the unconditioned stimulus, (iii) that the optimal interval between trials is 2-5 min, and (iv) that anaesthetic treatment with CO2 given immediately after training results in memory disruption but that anaesthetic-resistant memory develops fully 20 min after training. This study demonstrates that a differential conditioning procedure is particularly effective for the formation of long-term memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Quality evaluation of essential oils].

Essential oils on the market were analyzed using GC-MS and the main ingredients of each essential oil were quantified. Analysis of the essential oil of Lavandula officinalis (lavender oil) showed that each sample had a different ratio of the contents of main ingredients, such as linalool, linalyl acetate, and camphor. In addition, some commercial lavender oils were analyzed by GC-MS for comparison with the Lavandula flagrans (lavandin oil) and the reference standard. As a result of this analysis, although the components of almost all commercial lavender oils were approximately the same as those of the reference standard, there were a few products that contained more than 0.5% of the amount of camphor in lavandin oil. This suggests that some lavender oil samples are mixed with lavandin oil to lower the price. Commercial essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia (teatree oil) and Mentha piperita (peppermint oil) were also analyzed by GC-MS. Each of the peppermint oil samples had a different ratio in the content of its main ingredient. With respect to teatree oils, the amount of terpinens in each sample differed. These results led to concern about the efficacy of essential oils. For achieve the expected efficacy of essential oils, correct information on their ingredients should be available and quality control using instrumental analysis should be introduced.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed1995

Cytochrome P450 limonene hydroxylases of Mentha species.

The oxygenation pattern of the monoterpenoids of mint (Mentha) species is determined by regiospecific cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation of the common olefinic precursor (-)-limonene. In peppermint, C3-allylic hydroxylation leads to (-)-trans-isopiperitenol that ultimately is converted to (-)-menthol, whereas in spearmint, C6-allylic hydroxylation leads to (-)-trans-carveol that is oxidized to (-)-carvone. The limonene-6-hydroxylase and the cytochrome P450 reductase were purified from the oil glands of spearmint, and the system was reconstituted. Amino acid sequences from the purified hydroxylase were utilized to design primers with which a large, non-degenerate PCR product was prepared. This probe was employed to screen a spearmint oil gland cDNA library from which the corresponding full-length cDNA was isolated. This clone provides the tool for isolating the homologous cDNA species from peppermint and related Mentha species.

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System↗
PubMed1987

An acceptability study of two pivampicillin mixtures in children in general practice.

In order to evaluate the paediatric patient compliance to treatment with penicillin mixture, 84 children with respiratory system infections were randomized to treatment with pivampicillin (Pondocillin) mixture with two different flavour additives, cocoa-peppermint and banana. Using a scoring system, the taste acceptability and the easiness of administration were evaluated at the beginning and the end of treatment. While taste acceptability and easiness of administration decreased significantly during the treatment (p = 0.046 for taste and p = 0.049 for easiness) with Pondocillin cocoa-peppermint mixture, only small non-significant differences were noticed during treatment with Pondocillin banana mixture.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Alternating exposure to two compound flavors creates inhibitory associations between their unique features.

Rats were exposed to two compound solutions, saline-lemon and sucrose-lemon. In Group ALT, trials with one solution alternated with trials with the other. Group BLK received all trials with one solution before any trials with the other. Previous retardation tests had implied that only alternating exposure would establish sucrose as an inhibitor of saline. To provide a complementary summation test for this inhibition, in Experiment 1, all the animals received pairings of peppermint and saline and were tested for consumption of peppermint-sucrose under sodium depletion. Consumption was increased by sodium depletion only in Group BLK. In Experiment 2, a retardation test was used to show that presentation of saline-lemon before sucrose-lemon on each exposure day would establish sucrose as an inhibitor of saline. Neither exposure to sucrose-lemon before saline-lemon nor alternating exposure to sucrose and saline alone had the same effect. These results provide support for an associative theory of perceptual learning that suggests that exposure to complex stimuli aids later discrimination partially as a result of establishing inhibitory associations between their unique elements.

Animals↗