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PubMed2002

Non-professional paint stripping, model prediction and experimental validation of indoor dichloromethane levels.

We have experimentally quantified exposure to dichloromethane during non-professional paint stripping and validated the mathematical paint exposure model of van Veen et al. (1999). The model innovates the prediction of the dichloromethane evaporation rate and room concentration by accounting for transport in the paint stripper matrix. The experiments show that peak concentrations range from 600 to 1600 mg/m3, increasing to 2000 mg/m3 when direct sun radiation increases evaporation. A naive model prediction, using a priori parameter values from the experimental set-up and a previous experiment with alkanes, accurately predicts the upper range of the experimental values, but overpredicted four out of six experiments. Statistical fit of the two paint stripper layer parameters to the experimental data resulted in a good coincidence of predicted and experimental data. Model and experiment indicate that 10-30% of dichloromethane is immediately available for evaporation.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of three small chamber test methods for the measurement of VOC emission rates from paint.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate a correlation between the measurement of emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in three different climate chambers. In order to achieve this aim, the early state of the emission process in the three chambers was investigated and the effects of some important factors on the emission rates from paint were determined. The paper presents results of measurements in three different climate chambers. For the study, a 1-m3 chamber, a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), and a chamber for laboratory investigation of materials pollution and air quality (CLIMPAQ) were used. The airflow and surface area were selected so that the area-specific ventilation rates were identical in the three chambers. Temperature and relative humidity were identical during all the measurements. The paint examined was a solvent-based alkyd paint intended for indoor, which use contained between 30 and 60% of white spirit in wet condition. The paint was applied to electropolished and cleaned stainless steel plates. After application, the test material was stored for 14 days for drying in a well-ventilated conditioning room before the measurements were made. After 2 weeks storage, the most pronounced emissions were pentanal, hexanal, octanal, and decanol. The period before the emission rate stabilized differed for the three chambers studied. However, all chambers gave similar emission rates within the overall uncertainty used in these experiments.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2002

Phylogenetic 16S rRNA analysis reveals the presence of complex and partly unknown bacterial communities in Tito Bustillo cave, Spain, and on its Palaeolithic paintings.

Tito Bustillo cave (Ribadesella, Spain) contains valuable Palaeolithic paintings, which date back 15 000-20 000 years. Since 1969, the cave has been open to the public. Rock wall surfaces, spelaeothems and soils are covered by apparent biofilms of phototrophic microorganisms, which develop under artificial lighting. In addition, rock surfaces present conspicuous bacterial growth in the form of round colonies of different colours and about 1-2 mm in diameter. Even the famous Paintings Panel shows some evident microbial growth. In the present study, bacterial communities on the paintings and on the rock surfaces near the paintings were analysed by culture-independent techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA), phylogenetic sequence analyses and genetic community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DGGE fingerprints showed complex bacterial community patterns. Forty-one clones matching DGGE bands of the community fingerprints were sequenced, representing about 39% of DNA fragments in the DGGE patterns. Phylogenetic sequence analyses revealed a high number of phylogenetically novel 16S rDNA sequence types and a high diversity of putatively chemotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria. Sequences were phylogenetically most closely related to the Proteobacteria (20 clones), green non-sulphur bacteria (three clones), Planctomycetales order (one clone), Cytophaga-Flexibacter- Bacteroides division (one clone) and the Actinobacteria (four clones). Furthermore, we report the presence of members of the Acidobacterium division (12 clones) in a karstic hypogean environment. Members of this phylum have not so far been detected in these particular environments.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2001

Painting of fourth, a chromosome-specific protein in Drosophila.

Chromosome-specific gene regulation is known thus far only as a mechanism to equalize the transcriptional activity of the single male X chromosome with that of the two female X chromosomes. In Drosophila melanogaster, a complex including the five Male-Specific Lethal (MSL) proteins, "paints" the male X chromosome, mediating its hypertranscription. Here, with the molecular cloning of Painting of fourth (Pof), we describe a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a chromosome-specific protein in Drosophila. Unlike the MSL proteins, POF paints an autosome, the fourth chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosome translocation analysis shows that the binding depends on an initiation site in the proximal region of chromosome 4 and spreads in cis to involve the entire chromosome. The spreading depends on sequences or structures specific to chromosome 4 and cannot extend to parts of other chromosomes translocated to the fourth. Spreading can also occur in trans to a paired homologue that lacks the initiation region. In the related species Drosophila busckii, POF paints the entire X chromosome exclusively in males, suggesting relationships between the fourth chromosome and the X and between POF complexes and dosage-compensation complexes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lead-based paint testing technologies: summary of an EPA/HUD field study.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development sponsored a field study of portable technologies for testing for lead in paint in three U.S. cities in 1993. Six chemical test kits and six X-ray fluorescence instruments, which represented the two main types of portable technologies available for residential lead testing at that time, were evaluated. Painted building components in single-family and multifamily housing units were selected to assess the performance of these products under real-world conditions. The study found that the chemical test kits were not effective in distinguishing lead-based paint, as defined by federal standards, from nonlead based paint. The X-ray fluorescence instruments were, under certain circumstances, found to be effective. The study filled an informational gap about the accuracy and precision of the portable lead-testing technologies. This article describes the design of the study and its major findings.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed2006

Biofouling communities on test panels coated with TBT and TBT-free copper based antifouling paints.

Formation of biofouling communities on the surfaces of steel panels coated with two different TBT-free copper-based and one TBT-based antifouling paint was examined following submersion for periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in Kastela Bay, Croatia. Test panels coated with Shopprimer and anticorrosive paint were used as control panels. Thirty five taxa of benthic algae and 32 taxa of benthic animals were found. Diatomeae dominated by frequency and abundance on test panels coated with antifouling paints, while the animal species Serpula vermicularis, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Balanus amphitrite amphitrite dominated the fouling communities on control panels. On panels protected by antifouling paints, low values of biomass were found compared to the very high values associated with control panels.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The impact of recirculating industrial air on aircraft painting operations.

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments resulted in new environmental regulations for hazardous air pollutants. Industries such as painting facilities may have to treat large volumes of air, which increases the cost of an air control system. Recirculating a portion of the air back into the facility is an option to reduce the amount of air to be treated. The authors of this study developed a computer model written in Microsoft Excel 97 to analyze the impact of recirculation on worker safety and compliance costs. The model has a chemical database with over 1300 chemicals. The model will predict indoor air concentrations using mass balance calculations and results are compared to occupational exposure limits. A case study is performed on a C-130 aircraft painting facility at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. The model predicts strontium chromate concentrations found in primer paints will reach 1000 times the exposure limit. Strontium chromate and other solid particulates are nearly unaffected by recirculation because the air is filtered during recirculation. The next highest chemical, hexamethylene diisocyanate, increases from 2.6 to 10.5 times the exposure limit at 0 percent and 75 percent recirculation, respectively. Due to the level of respiratory protection required for the strontium chromate, workers are well protected from the modest increases in concentrations caused by recirculating 75 percent of the air. The initial cost of an air control system is $4.5 million with no recirculation and $1.8 million at 75 percent recirculation. The model is an excellent tool to evaluate air control options with a focus on worker safety. In the case study, the model highlights strontium chromate primers as good candidates for substitution. The model shows that recirculating 75 percent of the air at the Hill painting facility has a negligible impact on safety and could save $2.7 million on the initial expenses of a thermal treatment system.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1999

An evaluation of worker lead exposures and cleaning effectiveness during removal of deteriorated lead-based paint.

We evaluated worker lead exposures and cleaning effectiveness during initial cleanup of 19th-century buildings with highly deteriorated lead-based paint. Eighteen rooms of similar size and condition in two university-owned buildings were selected for a pilot project to compare three methods for removing loose paint, paint chips, and dust. The methods used were: dry scraping followed by dry sweeping (no engineering or work practice controls); wet scraping and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) vacuuming; and the latter method with the addition of a portable HEPA-filtered exhaust fan in the room providing about 40 air changes per hour. The final step for all methods was wet-mopping once with tri-sodium phosphate solution. During a single day 18 rooms were cleaned; each of three two-person work crews cleaned six rooms, two with each method. Air and surface samples were collected before, during, and after cleaning. All of the methods were potentially hazardous to workers: 44 percent of the method-based exposures (range: 5.0-360 micrograms/m3) and one of five full-shift exposures exceeded the OSHA PEL (range 9.4-110 micrograms/m3). Lowest worker exposures were during the wet scraping and vacuuming method (mean: 24 micrograms/m3). Providing general ventilation in rooms did not reduce worker exposures and appeared to increase them (mean: 73 micrograms/m3). Overall, the mean floor surface lead levels were reduced 50 percent after cleaning (from 2,600 to 1,300 micrograms/ft2), but the effectiveness of the three methods in reducing floor lead levels did not differ significantly. Overall, the method, mean paint lead concentration, pre-cleaning surface lead concentration, and work crew were significantly associated with the mean worker exposures during cleaning (p = 0.023), but not with the post-cleaning surface lead concentrations (p = 0.13).

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1995

Evaluation of VOC emission measurement methods for paint spray booths.

Interest in regulations to control solvent emissions from automotive painting systems is increasing, especially in ozone nonattainment areas. Therefore, an accurate measurement method for VOC emissions from paint spray booths used in the automotive industry is needed to ascertain the efficiency of the spray booth capture and the total emissions. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study evaluating potential VOC sampling and analytical methods used in estimating paint spray booth emissions, and discusses these results relative to other published data. Eight test methods were selected for evaluation. The accuracy of each sampling and analytical method was determined using test atmospheres of known concentration and composition that closely matched the actual exhaust air from paint spray booths. The solvent mixture to generate the test atmospheres contained a large proportion of polar, oxygenated hydrocarbons such as ketones and alcohols. A series of identical tests was performed for each sampling/analytical method with each test atmosphere to assess the precision of the methods. The study identified significant differences among the test methods in terms of accuracy, precision, cost, and complexity.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1980

Paint spray tests for respirators: aerosol characteristics.

Liquid paint is sprayed from an atomizing nozzle to form an aerosol for testing paint spray respirators. The generated aerosol conditions are dependent upon liguid properties, spray-nozzle flow conditions and droplet evaporation. A technique was developed for controlling the aerosol concentrations reliably. Particle-size distributions of lacquer and enamel have been measured. The lacquer distribution was found to be multi-modal. Aerosol concentration dradients arise when the nozzle is not properly positioned. Filter loading resistance is significantly affected by these concentration variations. With regard to selection of standard aerosol test be improved by modifying the current NIOSH criteria to include a description of the particle-size distribution, a more precise definition of the paint and paint thinner chemical compositions, and a narrower concentration range.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1984

Solvent vapor exposures in booth spray painting and spray glueing, and associated operations.

Time-weighted average exposures for all solvents present at detectable levels were obtained for eighty-nine solvent-using workers and thirty-six control-group (unexposed) workers in seven plants of three companies applying paints and glues, primarily by spraying. Over twenty solvents were quantified if detected. Concentrations of specific solvents and cumulative fractions of TLVs were measured for various job types. All spray painting and most spray glueing was conducted in operating spray booths. Only low to moderate exposures were observed, with one TWA exceeding the cumulative TLV and three additional TWAs exceeding 50 percent of the cumulative TLV. It may be concluded that solvent TWA exposures in spraying of paints and glues are often well-controlled by common spray booths, and further, that other solvent-use operations including light-duty solvent wiping and manual paint mixing do not frequently produce high exposures (relative to TLV levels) in the presence of ordinary general room ventilation.

Adhesives↗

PubMed2002

A field evaluation of the impact of transfer efficiency on worker exposure during spray painting.

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict breathing-zone overspray concentrations produced during spray painting as a function of the overspray generation rate, ventilation and work practices. The overspray generation rate required an estimate of the spray gun transfer efficiency, which was provided by a previously developed mathematical model. These models were evaluated in the field under two different scenarios: first in a controlled environment that approximated the assumptions of models, and then under actual spray painting conditions. Results from the first test showed the model overestimated transfer efficiency, but the measured exposures and predicted exposures were not significantly different. During actual spray painting operations, all task exposures were within a factor of three of the model predictions, and there was no statistical difference between the measured and predicted values. The predicted average exposure of each worker was within the 95% confidence interval. The overall mean exposure was within one standard error of the model prediction. The current study expands on the original exposure model by including a transfer efficiency model to provide a better estimate of the overspray generation rate. The theoretical foundation between exposure and its primary determinants is established, and this knowledge can be applied to design and can evaluate optimal control interventions. Also, the general methodology presented here for developing an exposure model is applicable to operations other than spray painting.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1998

Analysis of large and small colony L5178Y tk-/- mouse lymphoma mutants by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and by whole chromosome 11 painting: detection of recombination.

Analysis of 122 spontaneous large and small colony mutants derived from L5178Y tk +/- mouse lymphoma cells at 28 heteromorphic microsatellite loci on chromosome 11 showed that extensive loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is common in both large colony and small colony mutants, eliminating most chromosome 11 loci as candidates for a putative growth control locus. These results, in conjunction with historical cytogenetic data, suggest that a putative growth control locus lies distal to the thymidine kinase (Tk1) gene, near the telomere. Thirty seven mutants were hybridized with a chromosome 11-specific whole chromosome painting probe for analysis of rearrangements. Generally, painting confirmed earlier observations that large colony mutants are karyotypically normal, whereas small colony mutants frequently have detectable rearrangements. A point probe distal to Tk1 revealed no evidence of chromosome breakage in small colony mutants that appeared normal on whole 11 painting and had no LOH. Therefore, the molecular difference between large and small colony mutants remains unknown. Models to explain large and small colony mutants consistent with our findings are presented, including loss of a putative growth control gene, differential mechanisms of chromosome breakage/repair and second site mutations as explanations for small colony mutants. Painting revealed translocations and aneuploidy and showed that non-disjunction was not a common explanation for complete LOH. The most common finding was that large regions of LOH do not result from deletions, demonstrating that these cells can detect recombination events as well as previously observed chromosomal rearrangements, deletions and point mutations.

Aneuploidy↗

PubMed2005

Study of mural painting isolates, leading to the transfer of 'Bacillus maroccanus' and 'Bacillus carotarum' to Bacillus simplex, emended description of Bacillus simplex, re-examination of the strains previously attributed to 'Bacillus macroides' and description of Bacillus muralis sp. nov.

A group of 24 strains was isolated from deteriorated mural paintings situated in Spain (necropolis of Carmona) and Germany (church of Greene-Kreiensen). (GTG)5-PCR genomic fingerprinting was performed on these strains to assess their genomic variability and the strains were delineated into four groups. Representatives were studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and were found to be closely related to Bacillus simplex and the species 'Bacillus macroides' (strain NCIMB 8796) and 'Bacillus maroccanus' (names not validly published) according to a fasta search. The close similarity between B. simplex, 'B. macroides' NCIMB 8796, 'B. maroccanus' and the mural painting isolates was confirmed by additional (GTG)5-PCR, ARDRA, FAME and SDS-PAGE analyses. Furthermore, these techniques revealed that strains of 'Bacillus carotarum', another name that has not been validly published, also showed high similarity to this group of organisms. On the other hand, it was shown that the strains labelled 'B. macroides' in different collections do not all belong to the same species. Strain NCIMB 8796 can be allocated to B. simplex, while strain DSM 54 (=ATCC 12905) shares the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus fusiformis (both around 98.6 %). On the basis of further DNA-DNA hybridization data and the study of phenotypic characteristics, one group of five mural painting strains was attributed to a novel species in the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus muralis sp. nov. is proposed. Finally, the remaining mural painting strains, one (LMG 18508=NCIMB 8796) of two strains belonging to 'B. macroides' and strains belonging to 'B. maroccanus' and 'B. carotarum' are allocated to the species B. simplex and an emended description of B. simplex is given.

Bacillus↗

PubMed2006

Determination of the method of construction of 1650 B.C. wall paintings.

In this paper, a methodology of general applicability is presented for answering the question if an artist used a number of archetypes to draw a painting or if he drew it freehand. In fact, the contour line parts of the drawn objects that potentially correspond to archetypes are initially spotted. Subsequently, the exact form of these archetypes and their appearance throughout the painting is determined. The method has been applied to celebrated Thera Late Bronze Age wall paintings with full success. It has been demonstrated that the artist or group of artists has used seven geometrical archetypes and seven corresponding well-constructed stencils (four hyperbolae, two ellipses, and one Archimedes' spiral) to draw the wall painting "Gathering of Crocus" in 1650 B.C. This method of drawing seems to be unique in the history of arts and of great importance for archaeology, and the history of mathematics and sciences, as well.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Ultra-high resolution array painting facilitates breakpoint sequencing.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a considerably advanced method of array painting, which allows the rapid, ultra-high resolution mapping of translocation breakpoints such that rearrangement junction fragments can be amplified directly and sequenced. METHOD: Ultra-high resolution array painting involves the hybridisation of probes generated by the amplification of small numbers of flow-sorted derivative chromosomes to oligonucleotide arrays designed to tile breakpoint regions at extremely high resolution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: How ultra-high resolution array painting of four balanced translocation cases rapidly and efficiently maps breakpoints to a point where junction fragments can be amplified easily and sequenced is demonstrated. With this new development, breakpoints can be mapped using just two array experiments: the first using whole-genome array painting to tiling resolution large insert clone arrays, the second using ultra-high-resolution oligonucleotide arrays targeted to the breakpoint regions. In this way, breakpoints can be mapped and then sequenced in a few weeks.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Use of computed radiography in the study of an historic painting.

The authors demonstrate the use of radiography in the investigation of an historic painting and describe the potential benefits of computed radiography compared with conventional screen-film radiography. The subject for the comparison was a 16 x 19-foot oil-on-canvas painting, Scipio Africanus Freeing Massiva, by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Radiographs of the painting were obtained by using a portable, industrial radiographic unit and both conventional screen-film and photostimulable phosphor plate cassettes. For this investigation, computed radiography had a number of advantages over screen-film radiography, largely due to its wider dynamic range and its capabilities for enhancing the digital images with image processing tools such as magnification, edge enhancement, colorization, and airbrushing. The ability to electronically combine images from the large painting into a single composite image file was extremely valuable, as this technique was much less cumbersome and resulted in much higher quality composite images than could be achieved with conventional radiography. An additional advantage of computed radiography includes the capability to easily archive and transmit these images in a digital format for subsequent review.

Famous Persons↗

PubMed2005

Reciprocal painting between humans, De Brazza's and patas monkeys reveals a major bifurcation in the Cercopithecini phylogenetic tree.

We report on reciprocal painting between humans and two Cercopithecini species, Erythrocebus patas (patas monkey) and Cercopithecus neglectus (De Brazza's monkey). Both human and monkeys chromosome-specific probes were made by degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR (DOP-PCR) from flow sorted chromosomes. Metaphases of both monkey species were first hybridized with human chromosome-specific probes and then human metaphases were hybridized with chromosome paints from each monkey species. The human paint probes detected 34 homologous segments on the C. neglectus karyotype, while the C. neglectus probes, including the Y, revealed 41 homologous segments on the human karyotype. The probes specific for human chromosomes detected 29 homologous segments in the E. patas karyotype, while the patas monkey probes painted 34 segments on the human karyotype. We tested various hypotheses of Cercopithecini phylogeny and taxonomy developed by morphologists, molecular biologists and cytogeneticists. Our hybridization data confirm that fissions (both Robertsonian and non-Robertsonian) are the main mechanism driving the evolutionary trend in Cercopithecini toward higher diploid numbers and strongly suggest an early phylogenetic bifurcation in Cercopithecini. One branch leads to Cercopithecus neglectus/Cercopithecus wolfi while the other line leads to Erythrocebus patas/Chlorocebus aethiops. Allenopithecus nigroviridis may have diverged prior to this major phylogenetic node.

Animals↗