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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Bureaucratic aspects of international health agencies.

In this paper the large international health agencies are viewed as bureaucracies, i.e. in Max Weber's sense as rational administrative organizations. The kinds of activities in which they engage, and the effectiveness of their programs, are interpreted as a function of their structural and dynamic characteristics, and of the professional assumptions held by administrators, planners and technical specialists. International health agency activities are placed in the context of the 'donor-recipient' model that characterizes post-World War II international developmental assistance programs. Some of the strengths and weaknesses of these organizations are noted, and linked to the organizations' structural, dynamic and professional characteristics.

Community Participation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Distribution of prazosin and its metabolites in animal organs during chronic administration].

The distribution of prazosin and its metabolites in organs of rabbits and rats during oral long-term administration at different doses was studied. Prazosin was shown to be accumulated in the animals' organs. Three metabolites of prazosin one of which was identified were detected in the blood serum, bile and organs of the animals. The contents of prazosin and the metabolites in organs and tissues were non-linearly related to the dose.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1985

Treatment planning instruction in North American dental schools, 1984-85.

A questionnaire developed to determine the structure and processes associated with dental treatment planning curricula was sent to the 70 American and Canadian dental schools in 1984. Information was solicited on administrative organization of treatment planning, faculty and their qualifications, time committed to and placement of treatment planning in the curriculum, teaching methods, evaluation procedures, clock hours for preclinical and clinical instruction, scope of clinical treatment plans, subject matter in the curriculum, textbook utilization, graduation requirements, and the inclusion of treatment planning examinations by the regional licensing board. Sixty-two schools responded, a response rate of 88 percent. The administrative and curricular structure of treatment planning depended primarily on the clinical and departmental organization of the school. The majority of respondents had an average of four full-time faculty members, usually affiliated with a department of oral diagnosis, responsible for teaching treatment planning. Eighty-one percent of the respondents offer preclinical treatment planning information and 85 percent develop clinical treatment plans, varying from identification of general treatment areas to comprehensive, sequential treatment plans with appropriate alternatives. The findings indicated that there is no definite distinction between oral diagnosis and treatment planning in many schools. Currently, there are no curricular guidelines focused exclusively on the principles of dental treatment planning.

Canada↗
PubMed1990

Nursing administration research as a paradigm reflection.

Nursing administration research: What has been done? What needs to be done? McDaniel analyzes the research completed in recent years, describing the extant research as atomistic, focused on the nurse provider, not on the organization, administration, or patient. She suggests directions for future nursing administration research: multisite and multivariate analyses of the complex and dynamic nature of health systems, including international perspectives.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Educating and orienting nurses for home healthcare.

Orientation to the specialty of home healthcare nursing in a Medicare-certified agency is not easy. In addition to clinical competency, the nurse must be able to document for and communicate with the fiscal intermediary. Documentation must be completed to meet the requirements of the site visitors from the site certifying agency as well as accrediting agencies. More recently, quality of care issues are of interest to the peer review organizations. Administrators, supervisors, and staff must be involved in this important process to attract and retain new as well as experienced nurses. A comprehensive orientation program that addresses the expectations of the agency as well as the external reviewing organizations and prepares the staff to meet these expectations is essential for providing quality home healthcare services.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2000

[Management control of cardiology: the experience of a departmental unit].

In most Italian hospitals, sanitary reform is being applied, while at the same time a new organization of the National Health System is being planned. The director of the medical hospital (head doctor) is becoming more and more involved in management and this aspect has modified his professional attributes. Cardiology is a branch of medicine that, through its scientific preparatory work consisting in debates, management courses, ethics, and production of managerial software, is closer to applying the reform without risking improper administrative aspects. This, obviously, comes about after thoroughly reviewing past work methods and the need to have an administrative organization, which allocates efficient use of manpower and materials, helping to eliminate any sources of inefficiency. The logical procedure foresees an actual analysis in terms of sanitary needs and availability of resources, and so attempting to better balance and harmonize both aspects of the problem. Certainly, the acquisition of theoretical norms and practices, which today are present because of the upsurge in training courses for doctors, is not enough to guarantee the achievement of optimal results. Furthermore, we find that theoretical models need to be validated and adapted to real work situations in the public hospital sector. This paper proposes, therefore, to explain the managerial experiences achieved in actual work situations at the Cardiology Department Unit of the San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital in Rome. In particular, it shows that in order to reach its clinical and economical objectives, it is essential to make available correct informative support for strategic and operational decisions. We can observe that there is a continuing lack of computer support systems being integrated into the present organization of most cardiology units. The use of software distributed to cardiology units from the Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO) has enabled us to partially remedy the above-mentioned inadequacy and, at the same time, has pointed out the limits of automated support with regards managerial needs which are rapidly changing and becoming increasingly more complex. The experience described shows the possibility of uniting an efficient organization, from a clinical point of view, with an adequate managerial automation without including any flaws from the previous organizational systems. Based on achieved results and the difficulties encountered, further development in computer technology support to hospital management is suggested. This paper, in particular, stresses the need to improve automated informative support available to doctors in managerial positions. This improvement would allow us to immediately evaluate "internal" administrative matters, have the data available for budget planning and analysis of budget variations, and be better able to integrate this with clinical data. The scientific community can give further assistance by promoting the genesis of data for a sensible bench-marking within medical organizations which is the only means sufficient to give reliable and clinically appropriate indications on the possibility of increasing its own structural efficiency.

Cardiology↗
PubMed1982

Importance and timing of prophylactic antibiotics in urology with a special reference to growth and kill rates of E. coli in genitourinary organs.

We conducted an experimental study using rats to investigate the timing of prophylactic antibiotics in urological surgery and to evaluate the benefit from a single, prophylactic injection of an antibiotic. Another objective was to examine the growth and kill rates of Escherichia coli 06 in operated urinary tract organs. We were unable to demonstrate a short decisive period for the antibiotic treatment; it seems to vary with respect to the infecting organism and the infected organ. Administration of a single dose of antibiotic was sufficient to lower the rate of infection in the kidney and epididymis 24 hours after the operation and to eliminate bacteria completely from the prostate. The rate of growth and kill of E. coli 06 depended on the specific organs in which the infection took place.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The medical staff role: management in rural hospitals.

For this study medical chiefs of staff were asked about their views and the views of their medical staff regarding the management of their rural hospitals. Findings disclose a discrepancy between expectations and reality for the physician's role in the management of their institutions. However, the chiefs recommended no changes in the organizational structure, although they did suggest improved communication and better board-administration organization management. Although cooperation and team management were considered important, joint ventures between the physicians and their rural hospitals were perceived with skepticism.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1988

Survey of medical student electives in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Problems and solutions.

There is already a body of knowledge in the literature reflecting on the need, the organization and evaluation of a strong medical student physical medicine and rehabilitation experience. However, there is still a need to develop and implement these concepts in many academic programs. This paper will review the strategies for improving medical student education in physical medicine and rehabilitation with emphasis on faculty development, administrative organizations and departmental resources.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The toxicological characteristics of ammonium glycyrrhizinate (glycyram). A study of its acute and subacute toxicity].

A single parenteral and oral administration of ammonium glycyrrhizinate in rat and mice experiments showed that the compound is related to practically nontoxic drugs. Its repeated administration (30 times) into the stomach in a maximum daily therapeutic dose (7 mg/kg) and in a four-fold dose (28 mg/kg) did not cause signs of intoxication, essential changes in the hematological and integral parameters, shifts in the activity of serum enzymes, morphological changes in the cell structures of the internal organs. Administration of the drug in a dose of 28 mg/kg for a second time led to changes in the activity of some enzymes in the brain, the development of parenchymatous dystrophy of the liver which changed to acidophilic necrosis attended with signs of regeneration. Under conditions of a subacute experiment the maximum daily therapeutic dose of ammonium glycyrrhizinate may be considered practically nontoxic.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

Report of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources. Optimal resource guidelines for radioactive tracer studies of the heart and circulation.

The status of radioactive tracer studies in cardiovascular diagnosis is summarized. Planning guidelines are suggested for a hospital nuclear medical service including a central nuclear medical facility and satellite units, and resource criteria are given for professional personnel including training and duties, equipment, space, and support system. The administrative organization of a nuclear medical service and case loads are discussed. Guidelines for equipment maintenance and quality controls are described.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Effects of dalargin on excitation induced by L-glutamate agonists in the frog vestibular organs.

We have used an electrophysiological approach to investigate the action of a synthetic analog of leu-enkephalin dalargin (DAL) on chemically induced afferent activity in the frog vestibular organs. Administration of 5.0 microM kainic acid (KA), 5.0 microM (AMPA) and 50 microM NMDA produced an increase in the frequency of the resting discharge. Firing evoked by KA, AMPA or NMDA could be depressed by administration of 1 nM Dal by 55.5 +/- 9.9% (n = 10, p < 0.05), 64.5 +/- 11.2% (n = 13, p < 0.05) and 21.3 +/- 11.1% (n = 14, p = 0.051), respectively. Thus, the frequency decrease under NMDA was statistically non-significant. These results show that non-NMDA, but not NMDA subtypes of receptors are mostly involved in opioid action at the vestibular organs of the frog.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

The Food and Drug Administration's deliberations on antidepressant use in pediatric patients.

On February 2, 2004, the Food and Drug Administration organized a joint meeting of the Neuro-Psychopharmacologic Advisory Committee and Pediatric Subcommittee of the Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee to examine the occurrence of suicidality in clinical trials that investigate the use of the newer antidepressant drugs in pediatric patients. Committee members reconvened on September 13-14, 2004, and concluded that there was a causal link between the newer antidepressants and pediatric suicidality. This article provides a summary of the Food and Drug Administration deliberations for the pediatric clinician. We also provide research, regulation, education, and practice implications for care for children and adolescents who may be eligible for treatment with these medications.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunoglobulin antibodies to lysosomal enzymes as a means of proteolysis inhibition in severe blood loss].

Experiments were conducted on rats with massive prolonged blood loss to study the effect of immunoglobulins to lysosomal enzymes in combination with isotonic sodium chloride solution on the values of hemodynamics, oxygen regimen, and acid-base balance in the organism. Administration of antibodies to the lysosomal enzymes with an infusion medium leads to a decrease of cathepsin D activity to the initial level. Most probably, diminution of proteolysis is conducive to improvement of circulation. Inhibition of protease activity improves the permeability of vessels and thus facilitates an increase of the volume of circulating plasma, which may be judged from the authentic decrease of the hematocrit and hemoglobin. The oxygen budget and the acid-base balance in the organism are restored more fully. The use of immunoglobulins to lysosomal enzymes prolongs the animals' life.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Preconditioning protects against systemic disorders associated with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion through blockade of tumor necrosis factor-induced P-selectin up-regulation in the rat.

Previous studies indicate that ischemic preconditioning protects against lung injury resulting from hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) through inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release from Kupffer cells. The present study investigated whether this effect is limited to the lung or is a generalized systemic response and explores the molecular mechanisms involved. Hepatic I/R led to an increase in neutrophil accumulation in liver, lung, and splanchnic organs. Although preconditioning did not modify neutrophil infiltration in liver during reperfusion, it conferred protection against hepatic injury associated with I/R. In remote organs, preconditioning abrogated the increase in P-selectin up-regulation, preventing neutrophil infiltration and thus reducing the oxidative stress and microvascular disorders following hepatic I/R in these organs. Administration of Abs against P-selectin or TNF previous to ischemia had the same effects as preconditioning. The effects of preconditioning on the blockade of P-selectin up-regulation probably results from inhibition of systemic TNF release from Kupffer cells. Supplementation of TNF abolished the benefits of preconditioning, whereas the injurious effects of TNF were prevented by previous blockade of P-selectin. The results of the present study suggest that ischemic preconditioning protects the liver against I/R injury by a mechanism independent of adhesion molecule expression and neutrophil accumulation. In remote organs, however, hepatic preconditioning prevents inflammatory damage by reducing the systemic TNF release from the liver and thus preventing P-selectin up-regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Acetazolamide-induced increase in blood flow to rabbit organs is confirmed using colored microspheres.

Inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase activity have been found to increase blood and organ PCO2 and to increase blood flow (BF) in individual organs. To determine whether carbonic anhydrase inhibition coordinately induces an increase in BF in several organs, we assayed the effect of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide (AZ), on BF in rabbit organs using the colored microsphere (CM) assay. Eight female white rabbits were anesthetized with ketamine and urethane, and administered three sequential doses of 4 mg/kg AZ. After each dose, the rabbits were injected with 9 x 10(5) CMs of different colors, and arterial blood was collected. We found that AZ had no effect on blood pressure, body temperature, hemoglobin concentration, or PaCO2. In contrast, 12 mg/kg AZ significantly increased PaO2 and significantly decreased base excess. When we measured organ BF, we observed, in response to 12 mg/kg AZ, an 82% increase in brain BF and a 55% increase in kidney BF, but no change in BF of the liver, stomach wall, or abdominal muscle. These findings suggest that the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity by AZ, which decreases the rate of CO2 conversion to HCO3-, causes the retention of CO2 in tissues and organs, and thus increases BF in specific organs. Administration of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as AZ, may increase BF to the brain and kidney without reducing PaO2, thereby increasing the supply of oxygen in conditions involving hypoxia such as ischemia and shock.

Acetazolamide↗