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PubMed1997

Olive oil increases the magnitude of postprandial chylomicron remnants compared to milk fat and safflower oil.

OBJECTIVE: The acute effects of olive oil, milk fat and safflower oil on postprandial lipemia and remnant lipoprotein metabolism were investigated. METHODS: Eight Healthy male volunteers randomly underwent three types of oral fat-vitamin A loading tests. The test drink was a mixture of retinyl palmitate (RP)(50,000 IU of aqueous vitamin A/m2 body surface area) and one of the three types of oils (40 g of fat/m2 body surface area): olive oil (70.7% oleic acid of total fatty acids); milk fat (69.3% saturated fatty acid); safflower oil (74.2% linoleic acid). RESULTS: Olive oil significantly increased plasma triacylglycerol and RP concentrations 4 hours after fat loading, as compared to other fats. Increases of remnant like particle concentrations were higher after olive oil than after the other two fats. CONCLUSION: These results show that olive oil increases the magnitude of postprandial chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants compared to milk fat and safflower oil.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Lipid metabolism responses in rats fed beef tallow, native or randomized fish oil and native or randomized peanut oil.

In experiments with male Wistar rats, we measured the effects of nonpurified diets containing 9.1% added fat (beef tallow, native or randomized fish oil, native or randomized peanut oil) on apparent digestibility of total fat and individual fatty acids. We also investigated the effects of the diets on plasma contents of triglyceride, cholesterolesters and free and total cholesterol as well as on the fatty acid profiles of plasma and liver phospholipids. Randomization of fish oil or peanut oil had no significant effect on any of the lipid measurements. Fat digestibility was significantly lower in the rats fed beef tallow. Apparent absorption of 18:1(n-9) and polyunsaturated fatty acids was not dependent on the fatty acid profile of the dietary fat. Apparent absorption of 16:1(n-7) and saturated fatty acids was generally highest in the rats fed fish oil. Intake of fish oil or peanut oil significantly decreased plasma triglyceride content. Intake of fish oil resulted in substantially decreased contents of total cholesterol and cholesterolesters in plasma, but intake of peanut oil did not. Efficiency of conversion of 18:2(n-6) into 20:4(n-6) was inhibited by long-chain (n-3) fatty acids.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Taurine prevents hypercholesterolemia in ovariectomized rats fed corn oil but not in those fed coconut oil.

We studied whether the type of dietary fatty acid influences the preventive effect of taurine on the ovarian hormone deficiency-induced increase in plasma cholesterol concentration in 6-mo-old ovariectomized rats. Rats were fed one of the following four diets for 28 d: purified diets based on corn oil, which is rich in linoleic acid, with or with out taurine (50 g/kg) or purified diets based on coconut oil, which is rich in lauric and myristic acids, with or without taurine. Body mass gain, food intake, liver weight and plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B, LDL and VLDL concentrations were not affected by the diets. On the other hand, taurine lowered the plasma total cholesterol concentration (P < 0.02) in rats fed corn oil, but not in those fed coconut oil. In rats fed both types of oils, taurine increased the LDL receptor mRNA level (P < 0.01), hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity (P < 0.01) and fecal bile acid excretion (P < 0.01). Taurine increased the HMG-CoA reductase mRNA level (P < 0.02) in the liver of rats fed coconut oil, but not in those fed corn oil. Taurine increased liver total lipid (P < 0.05) and triglyceride (P < 0.05) concentrations in rats fed corn oil, but not in those fed coconut oil. These results indicate that the effect of taurine on ovarian hormone deficiency-induced changes in cholesterol metabolism is influenced by the type of dietary fatty acids.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Use of olive oil based emulsions as an alternative to soybean oil based emulsions in total parenteral nutrition and their effects on liver regeneration following hepatic resection in rats.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of olive oil to those of soybean oil on liver tissue regeneration following hepatic resection in rats. METHODS: Seventy albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups which contained 10 rats each. Group 1 was the sham-treated group; groups 2 and 3 received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) containing soybean oil lipid emulsions (20% Lipofundin MCT/LCT) for 48 or 72 h; groups 4 and 5 received TPN containing olive oil (80%)/soybean oil (20%) lipid emulsions (ClinOleic 20%) for 48 or 72 h; group 6 was the control group for 48 h, and group 7 was the control group for 72 h. TPN was given via internal jugular vein, and 70% hepatic resection was performed in the study groups. In addition, hepatic resections with no TPN were performed in the control groups, except the sham group. Relative liver weight, mitotic index, proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index, and carnitine levels in liver tissue samples were used to assess hepatic regeneration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured as an index of lipid peroxidation and oxidative tissue damage. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were parameters for the liver function. RESULTS: The relative liver weight increased significantly with minimal hepatosteatosis in the olive oil treated groups. Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased with near-normal serum levels of the liver function parameters in the olive oil/soybean oil treated groups, and mitotic index and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index reached their maximum level in rats receiving TPN containing any kind of lipid emulsions for 48 h following resection. CONCLUSIONS: The use of olive oil/soybean oil lipid emulsions in TPN has important beneficial effects on the liver regeneration, and the antioxidant properties of olive oil originating from its natural components indirectly contribute to the liver regeneration in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Oil massage in neonates: an open randomized controlled study of coconut versus mineral oil.

INTRODUCTION: Oil massage for newborns is reported to improve weight gain by better thermoregulation. A role for transcutaneous absorption has also been suggested. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to compare the effect of massage with coconut oil versus mineral oil and placebo (powder) on growth velocity and neuro-behavior in well term and preterm babies. STUDY DESIGN: Open Randomized Controlled trial. SETTING: The Premature unit and the postnatal wards of a major teaching hospital in a metropolitan city. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Intramural preterm appropriate for gestational age babies weighing between 1500 to 2000 grams and term births weighing more than 2500 grams fulfilling the inclusion criteria constituted the two gestation age categories studied. Babies in each group were randomized to receive massage with either coconut oil, mineral oil or with placebo. Oil massage was given by a trained person from day 2 of life till discharge, and thereafter by the mother until 31 days of age, four times a day. Babies were followed up daily till discharge and every week after discharge for anthropometry. Neuro-behavioral outcome was assessed by the Brazelton Score at baseline, day 7 and on day 31. RESULTS: Coconut oil massage resulted in significantly greater weight gain velocity as compared to mineral oil and placebo in the preterm babies group; and in the term baby group, as compared to the placebo. Preterm infants receiving coconut oil massage also showed a greater length gain velocity compared to placebo group. No statistically significant difference was observed in the neurobehavioral assessment between all three subgroups in term babies as well as in preterm babies.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1995

Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflowerseed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of supplementing a low fat diet with an alpha-linolenic acid-rich (C18:3 n-3) oil with a linoleic acid-rich (C18:2 n-6) oil on platelet composition and function. DESIGN: Prospective study with random allocation to one of the two oils. SETTING: Free-living study. SUBJECTS: Eleven healthy young males recruited from within the University. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were allocated to consume 40 g of either flaxseed oil (n = 5) or sunflowerseed oil (n = 6) daily for 23 days. Fasting blood samples were collected at commencement and completion of supplementation for analysis of platelet fatty acids and platelet aggregation. RESULTS: The platelet eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) more than doubled in the group taking flaxseed oil (P < 0.05) but was unchanged in the sunflowerseed group. As a result the platelet EPA:arachidonic acid ratio, considered a marker for thromboxane production and platelet aggregation potential, increased in the flaxseed group (P < 0.05). The aggregation response induced by 0.75 and 2 micrograms of collagen was decreased in those taking flaxseed oil (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study provides further evidence that consumption of alpha-linolenic acid-rich oils may offer protective effects against cardiovascular disease over linoleic acid-rich oils via their ability to decrease the tendency of platelets to aggregate.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Criteria for oil spill recovery: a case study of the intertidal community of Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

Marine intertidal organisms in Prince William Sound were exposed to crude oil following the TN Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The intertidal communities were also subjected to mechanical disturbance during invasive oil spill remediation and cleanup efforts. Using monitoring data collected from 1989 to 1997, impacts and eventual recovery were assessed at oiled but uncleaned sites and oiled and cleaned study areas. A statistical model where recovery was defined as parallelism between the time profiles at control and oiled sites was evaluated. Statistical analysis and graphical presentations of the data suggest intertidal epibiota communities recovered from the oil spill by 1992 at the oiled sites and by 1994 at the oiled and remediated sites. Empirical data from the intertidal monitoring program supports the use of tests of parallelism in evaluating recovery and the need to avoid simply the comparison of sample means from control and oiled sites.

Accidents↗

PubMed1984

The impact of oil and oil-dispersant mixtures on fungi in freshwater ponds.

The impact of oil and oil-dispersant mixtures on the mycoflora of a freshwater ecosystem was assessed using man made ponds. Data indicated that the ponds were well stabilized before pond treatment. Sufficient Norman Wells crude oil to give 100 ppm was added to each treated pond. The dispersant, Corexit 9527, was initially one-fifth of the oil concentration in the oil-dispersant-treated ponds. After pond treatment, an immediate increase occurred in the number of geoaquatic fungi in the oil-treated pond whereas an increase, followed by a sharp decrease, which was in turn followed by a recovery occurred in the oil-dispersant-treated ponds. The fungal enhancement effects, which were slight, were largely short term in duration (7-83 days). No clear cut medium or long term geoaquatic fungal enhancement effects were observed. The pond treatments had no detectable effect on the vertical distribution of fungi in the ponds. No significant treatment effects were observed on the water mould levels in the treated ponds. No obvious treatment effect was observed on the percentage of viable fungi capable of growth on non-degraded or biodegraded oil as a sole carbon source. Fifteen of 39 selected pond water fungi were able to grow on non-degraded Norman Wells oil. Corexit 9527 incorporated into agar plates inhibited the radial growth of the oil utilizing fungal isolates; EC50 values were determined.

Fresh Water↗

PubMed2004

Oil dispersant increases PAH uptake by fish exposed to crude oil.

The use of oil dispersants is a controversial countermeasure in the effort to minimize the impact of oil spills. The risk of ecological effects will depend on whether oil dispersion increases or decreases the exposure of aquatic species to the toxic components of oil. To evaluate whether fish would be exposed to more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in dispersed oil relative to equivalent amounts of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF), measurements were made of CYP1A induction in trout exposed to the dispersant (Corexit 9500), WAFs, and the chemically enhanced WAF (dispersant; CEWAF) of three crude oils. The crude oils comprised the higher viscosity Mesa and Terra Nova and the less viscous Scotian Light. Total petroleum hydrocarbon and PAH concentrations in the test media were determined to relate the observed CYP1A induction in trout to dissolved fractions of the crude oil. CYP1A induction was 6- to 1100-fold higher in CEWAF treatments than in WAF treatments, with Terra Nova having the greatest increase, followed by Mesa and Scotian Light. Mesa had the highest induction potential with the lowest EC50 values for both WAF and CEWAF. The dispersant Corexit was not an inducer and it did not appear to affect the permeability of the gill surface to known inducers such as beta-napthoflavone. These experiments suggest that the use of oil dispersants will increase the exposure of fish to hydrocarbons in crude oil.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Emulsification of caraway essential oil in water by lecithin and beta-lactoglobulin: emulsion stability and properties of the formed oil-aqueous interface.

The stability and droplet size of protein and lipid stabilised emulsions of caraway essential oil as well as the amount of protein on the emulsion droplets have been investigated. The amount of added protein (beta-lactoglobulin) and lipid (phosphatidylcholine from soybean (sb-PC)) were varied and the results compared with those obtained with emulsions of a purified olive oil. In general, emulsions with triglyceride oil proved to be more stable compared with those made with caraway essential oil as the dispersed phase. However, the stability of the emulsions can be improved considerably by adding sb-PC. An increase in the protein concentration also promoted emulsion stability. We will also present how ellipsometry can be used to study the adsorption of the lipid from the oil and the protein from the aqueous phase at the oil-water interface. Independently of the used concentration, close to monolayer coverage of sb-PC was observed at the caraway oil-aqueous interface. On the other hand, at the olive oil-aqueous interface, the presence of only a small amount of sb-PC lead to an exponential increase of the layer thickness with time beyond monolayer coverage. The amounts of beta-lactoglobulin adsorbed at the caraway oil-aqueous interface and at the olive oil-aqueous interface were similar, corresponding roughly to a protein monolayer coverage.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Antiestrogenicity of clarified slurry oil and two crude oils in a human breast-cancer cell assay.

Exposure to crude oil and certain petroleum products can be a serious health hazard. Clarified slurry oil (CSO) is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons derived from the processing of crude oil, and is a known systemic and developmental toxicant, mutagen, and carcinogen. In the present study, CSO and two crude oils, Belridge heavy crude oil (BHCO) and Lost Hills light crude oil (LHLCO), were examined for their estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties in a human breast-cancer cell (MCF-7) assay. The MCF-7 focus assay is based on postconfluent cell growth and tissue restructuring, measured as the postconfluent development of multicellular nodules or foci. The mutagenicity indices of BHCO and LHLCO also were determined in a modified Ames Salmonella assay. Oil samples were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide, resulting in extraction of virtually all of the aromatic compounds including the sulfur- and nitrogen-substituted three- to seven-ring polycyclic aromatic compounds comprising 62.2% of the CSO, 9% of the BHCO, and 2% of the LHLCO by total weight. None of the three samples was estrogenic in the MCF-7 focus assay. In contrast, all of the samples were antiestrogenic; that is, they inhibited the development of foci induced by 1 nM 17beta-estradiol (E2). The potencies of the oil samples for both antiestrogenicity and mutagenicity were correlated with the percent of polycyclic aromatic compounds they contained. Two potential mechanisms for the observed antiestrogenicity were examined. Radiometric analysis of the catabolism of [3H]E2 in MCF-7 cell cultures demonstrated that all three samples increased catabolism of E2. Results from a whole-cell estrogen-receptor (ER) binding assay suggested that metabolites of compounds in the oil samples might have competed with [3H]E2 for ER in the MCF-7 cultures. Thus the antiestrogenicity of the oil samples may occur through at least two mechanisms, increased catabolism of E2 and antagonistic binding to ER.

Binding, Competitive↗

PubMed1976

The toxicity of brominated sesame oil and brominated soybean oil in miniature swine.

Miniature swine were fed brominated sesame oil at dietary levels of 0, 5, 25, 50 or 500 mg/kg of body weight for 17 weeks and brominated soybean oil at levels of 0, 5, 50 or 500 mg/kg of body weight for 28 weeks. Growth rate and food intake were decreased only at the high dose level in the brominated sesame oil study. In both studies, signs of lethargy and ataxia occurred in pigs fed the highest dose, and were probably due to a dose-related increase in serum bromine concentrations. Marked elevations in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase (SGPT) values were seen at the highest dose level with both substances and these enzyme activities were increased at the 50 mg/kg dose level in the brominated sesame oil study. Histopathologic lesions were confined to animals given the highest dose level of either oil. Marked fatty degeneration of the hepatic plate cells and renal tubular epithelial cells were seen in both studies. In the brominated sesame oil study, neutral fat was moderately increased in the myocardium of the pigs fed 500 mg/kg. However, marked diffuse accumulation of LDH, marked diffuse fatty degeneration and focal degeneration, and/or necrosis of individual or small groups of cardiac muscle fibers were seen in the group fed brominated soybean oil at 500 mg/kg. A moderate to marked testicular atrophy was also observed in this group. A dose-related accumulation of total and hexane-soluble bromine was observed in all tissues examined in both studies; the highest concentrations occurred in adipose tissue of the pigs given the highest dose level. Kidneys, livers, hearts and thyroids of these groups also contained large amounts of bromine. In pigs given the 50 mg/kg dose level, total and hexane-soluble bromine concentrations were higher in the brominated sesame oil study than in the longer brominated soybean oil study and may be responsible for the elevations in LDH, SGPT and SGOT activities in this group.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Partitioning of olive oil antioxidants between oil and water phases.

The partition coefficient (K(p)) of the natural phenolic antioxidant compounds in the olive fruit between aqueous and olive oil phases was determined. The antioxidants of olive oil are either present in the olive fruit or formed during the olive oil extraction process. The antioxidants impart stability to and determine properties of the oil and are valuable from the nutritional point of view. The olive oil antioxidants are amphiphilic in nature and are more soluble in the water than in the oil phase. Consequently, a large amount of the antioxidants is lost with the wastewater during processing. The determination of antioxidants was performed using HPLC, and the K(p) was estimated to be from as low as 0.0006 for oleuropein to a maximum of 1.5 for 3,4-DHPEA-EA (di-hydroxy-phenyl-ethanol-elenolic acid, oleuropein aglycon). Henry's law fitted very well to the experimental data. The partition coefficients were also estimated by applying the activity coefficients of the antioxidants in the two phases using a predictive group contribution method, the UNIFAC equation. The K(p) values estimated with UNIFAC method were of the same order of magnitude but varied from the experimental values. Nevertheless, this method may be a rough predictive tool for process optimization or design. Because the K(p) values were very low, some changes in the process are recommended in order to achieve a higher concentration of antioxidants in the oil. A temperature increase may lead to increasing the partition coefficient. Also, limiting the quantity of water during oil extraction could be a basis for designing alternative processes for increasing the antioxidant concentration in the olive oil.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2006

Detection of adulteration of poppy seed oil with sunflower oil based on volatiles and triacylglycerol composition.

Although poppy seed oil is an expensive article of trade, no literature about identification methods for adulteration with cheaper vegetable oils, like sunflower oil, has been published. This kind of adulteration is a challenge for routine analytical methods, such as the determination of fatty acid composition, because of almost similar fatty acid ratios. The detection of adulteration of poppy seed oils with sunflower oils at different levels (5-40%, w/w) by using SPME-GC-MS and MALDI-ToF-MS is the subject of our investigation. With the mentioned SPME-GC-MS method, it was possible to detect an admixture of sunflower oils in all relevant (5-40%) amounts by using alpha-pinene as a marker compound. Admixture of sunflower oil with high levels of triolein (high-oleic acid type) could be undoubtedly detected by MALDI-MS down to the 5-10% level. In contrast, adulteration of pure poppy seed oil by "standard" sunflower oils remained indistinguishable using this MALDI-MS.

Bicyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed2006

Replacing dietary fish oil by vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

In order to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on mechanisms involved in lipid deposition, two groups of rainbow trout were fed from first-feeding to the commercial size of 1 kg (for 62 weeks) with two diets differing only by lipid source: 100% fish oil or 100% blend of vegetable oils (55% rapeseed oil, 30% palm oil, 15% linseed oil). The activities and levels of gene expression of lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme) in liver and of lipoprotein lipase in perivisceral adipose tissue, white muscle and liver were determined. Transport of lipid was studied by determining lipid composition of plasma and lipoprotein classes. We also examined the clearance of LDL by assaying the level of LDL receptor gene expression in several tissues. Total replacement of dietary fish oil by the blend of vegetable oils did not affect growth of rainbow trout and did not modify muscle lipid content. Hepatic lipogenesis and lipid uptake in perivisceral adipose tissue, white muscle and liver were also not modified by dietary treatments. Diets containing the blend of vegetable oils induced a decrease in plasma cholesterol and LDL. In trout fed the vegetable oils diet, expression of LDL receptor gene in the liver was down-regulated.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Boron deprivation alters rat behaviour and brain mineral composition differently when fish oil instead of safflower oil is the diet fat source.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether boron deprivation affects rat behaviour and whether behavioural responses to boron deprivation are modified by differing amounts of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. RESEARCH DESIGN: Female rats were fed diets containing 0.1 mg (9 micromol)/kg boron in a factorial arrangement with dietary variables of supplemental boron at 0 and 3mg (278 micromol)/kg and fat sources of 75 g/kg safflower oil or 65 g/kg fish (menhaden) oil plus 10 g/kg linoleic acid. After 6 weeks, six females per treatment were bred. Dams and pups continued on their respective diets through gestation, lactation and after weaning. Between ages 6 and 20 weeks, behavioural tests were performed on 13-15 male offspring from three dams in each dietary treatment. The rats were euthanized at age 21 weeks for the collection of tissues and blood. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: At ages 6 and 19 weeks, auditory startle was evaluated with an acoustic startle system and avoidance behaviour was evaluated by using an elevated plus maze. At ages 7 and 20 weeks, spontaneous behaviour activity was evaluated with a photobeam activity system. A brightness discrimination test was performed on the rats between age 15 and 16 weeks. Brain mineral composition was determined by coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Plasma total glutathione was determined by HPLC and total cholesterol and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha) were determined by using commercially available kits. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Boron-deficient rats were less active than boron-adequate rats when fed safflower oil based on reduced number, distance and time of horizontal movements, front entries, margin distance and vertical breaks and jumps in the spontaneous activity evaluation. Feeding fish oil instead of safflower oil attenuated the activity response to boron deprivation. In the plus maze evaluation, the behavioural reactivity of the boron-deficient rats fed fish oil was noticeably different than the other three treatments. They made more entries into both open and closed arms and the center area and thus visited more locations. The boron-deficient rats fed fish oil also exhibited the lowest copper and zinc and highest boron concentrations in brain and the highest plasma glutathione concentration. Both boron deprivation and safflower oil increased plasma 8-iso-PGF2alpha. CONCLUSIONS: Both dietary boron and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids influence rat behaviour and brain composition and the influence of one these bioactive substances can be altered by changing the intake of the other. Brain mineral and plasma cholesterol, glutathione and 8-iso-PGF2alpha findings suggest that rat behaviour is affected by an interaction between boron and fish oil because both affect oxidative metabolism and act the cellular membrane level.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1994

Factors associated with pathogenicity of oils related to the toxic oil syndrome epidemic in Spain.

The toxic oil syndrome (TOS), which affected over 20,000 persons in Spain in 1981, has been linked to the consumption of aniline-denatured rapeseed oil, but the precise etiologic agent is still unknown. We attempted to validate the use of high concentrations of oleyl anilide as a marker for oils that contain (or contained) the causal agent. We compared the chemical compositions of oils obtained from ill (N = 59) and unaffected (N = 70) families in 1981. Case oils had higher concentrations of fatty acids and sterols in which rapeseed oil is particularly rich. In addition, case oils had more frequent and extensive contamination with oleyl anilide and other fatty acid anilides. We observed a dose-response effect; risk increased sharply with increasing concentrations of oleyl anilide, and no control oil had more than about 825 micrograms per liter of that compound. We conclude that high concentrations of oleyl anilide specifically mark oils that contain (or used to contain) the TOS etiologic agent.

Aniline Compounds↗

PubMed2000

Suppression of altered hepatic foci development by a high fish oil diet compared with a high corn oil diet in rats.

Effects of low corn oil, high corn oil, and high fish oil diets on altered hepatic foci development in female Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. Rats assigned to Groups 1-4 were initiated with saline as the control and those assigned to Groups 5-7 were initiated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN 15 mg/kg) at 24 hours of age. After weaning, all rats, except those in Group 1, received 500 ppm phenobarbital (PB) in their diet as tumor promoter for three months. Altered hepatic foci development was significantly lower in DEN-initiated rats fed the high fish oil + PB diet than in DEN-initiated rats fed the high corn oil + PB diets. Liver weight and relative liver weight were significantly greater in rats fed the high fish oil + PB diet than in rats fed the other diets, and hepatic biotransformation/detoxification enzyme activities were greater in rats fed the fish oil + PB diets than in rats fed the other diets. These results suggest that the effect of a high fish oil diet on altered hepatic foci may occur through regulation of hepatic biotransformation/detoxification enzyme activities, leading to alteration in the tumor-promoting action of PB. Dietary lipid significantly affected the hepatic phospholipid fatty acid composition of rats. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were incorporated into membrane phospholipid at the expense of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A high fish oil diet caused greater oxidative stress in rats, as measured by plasma vitamin E level, red blood cell glutathione status, liver lipid peroxidation, and hepatic glutathione reductase activity. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that the foci number was negatively correlated to the liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity, and the foci area was negatively correlated to the liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance activity (p < 0.05) in rats of groups that developed foci. These results suggest that the type of dietary lipid is the more important determinant for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci development than the amount of dietary lipid when rats consumed approximately the same amount of calories in all the dietary groups, and the underlying mechanisms may be partially ascribed to the antioxidant/oxidation status and biotransformation/detoxification system of rats.

Animals↗