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PubMed2002

Analysis of mono- to deca-brominated diphenyl ethers in chickens at the part per billion level.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants which have been found to be increasing in the environment. Because of structural similarities to the polychlorinated biphenyls and concerns that PBDEs may be widespread, we have investigated their presence in a food source, namely chickens. A GC-MS method was developed to analyze mono- through deca-BDEs in chicken fat samples. The method utilized GC pressure programming and selected ion monitoring to quantitate PBDEs at the low part per billion level. Four 13C-labeled surrogates were used to determine recoveries; recoveries averaged from 76% to 114%. Thirteen chickens from the Southern US and a composite sample of chickens from North Dakota were analyzed by this method. The total concentrations of PBDEs on a whole weight basis ranged from 1.7 ppb in North Dakota chickens to 39.4 ppb in a chicken from Arkansas. On a lipid weight basis, these levels were lower than those generally found in fish and fish-eating mammals. The PBDE pattern was also different from other samples reported; penta-BDEs rather than tetra-BDEs were the most prominent congeners.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1965

Pigment production from tryptophan by an Achromobacter species.

Duerre, John A. (University of North Dakota, Grand Forks), and Patrick J. Buckley. Pigment production from tryptophan by an Achromobacter species. J. Bacteriol. 90:1686-1691. 1965.-A microorganism was isolated from the soil near the University of North Dakota. Biochemical and morphological characteristics indicated that this organism would best be classified as a member of the family Achromobacteraceae, genus Achromobacter, species unknown. The organism produced a red pigment when grown in a medium containing yeast extract and tryptophan. The pH optimum for pigment production was about 8.0 and the optimal temperature was 25 C. During a study of the nutritional requirements for growth and pigment production, it was found that the organism would grow and produce pigment in a medium containing tryptophan and nucleosides, but the rate of both growth and pigment formation in this medium was slower than that observed with tryptophan and yeast extract. The organism grew well in the presence of acid-hydrolyzed casein and nucleosides without producing pigment, indicating that the pigment is not necessary for growth. Resting-cell experiments definitely established tryptophan as the sole exogenous requirement for pigment production. The pigment was extracted from yeast extract-tryptophan medium with chloroform. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of the crude pigment extracted from this medium revealed the presence of two other pigments in addition to the major red pigment. One of these was a highly fluorescent orange pigment and the other a pink pigment. Only the red pigment was produced by resting cells in the presence of tryptophan alone. This pigment served as an electron acceptor when coupled with formic dehydrogenase, indicating its possible function as an oxidation-reduction pigment. The oxidized pigment had absorption peaks at 506 and 304 mmu. The peak at 506 mmu disappeared upon reduction with sodium sulfite. Shaking the reduced pigment in air proved to be an unsatisfactory method for returning the reduced pigment to the oxidized, colored state.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the effects of parental risk markers on pre- and perinatal variables in multiple patient cohorts with fetal alcohol syndrome, autism, Tourette syndrome, and sudden infant death syndrome: an enviromic analysis.

The prevalence and magnitude of effect of individual risk markers for specific developmental disorders vary widely across diagnostic category. The four study cohorts for this project were patients from four diagnostic registries in North Dakota for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), autism, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and Tourette syndrome. These four cohorts were used to estimate prevalence and magnitude of effect of parental risk markers in patients with developmental disabilities. Cases with North Dakota birth certificates were matched with controls. Using birth certificate data, we then examined five parental risk markers for each cohort and estimated direct and indirect effects for each risk marker by cohort. The authors found two significant paternal risk markers (age in SIDS and education in FAS). Significant maternal markers were age in SIDS, education in FAS, autism, and SIDS. Marital status was a significant risk marker in FAS. Effect sizes were estimated using paired t tests, odds ratios, and population attributable risk (PAR) for both direct and indirect effects for each marker. We estimated both direct and indirect effects to allow for direct comparisons of the differential effect estimates of each of these markers. The direct effect of parental markers differs across diagnostic cohorts of patients. Use of cohorts from similar denominator populations obtained from prevalence studies is a useful methodological tool for estimating the prevalence and magnitude of effect of risk markers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

The progression of fenfluramine-associated valvular heart disease assessed by echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: An association between the dietary suppressants fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine and valvular heart disease was first described in patients from North Dakota and Minnesota in 1997. Limited data are available on the natural history of this valvulopathy after discontinuation of drug therapy. OBJECTIVE: To follow the progression of fenfluramine-associated valvular heart disease after discontinuation of therapy by using serial echocardiography. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Regional medical center in Fargo, North Dakota. PATIENTS: 50 patients with previous exposure to fenfluramines who had at least mild mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation after exposure to fenfluramines on serial echocardiography between December 1994 and February 1999 (96% were female, mean body mass index was 36.6 kg/m(2), and mean duration of drug exposure was 447 days). MEASUREMENTS: Serial echocardiograms were reviewed by two echocardiographers who were blinded to the order of image acquisition. The severity of valvular regurgitation and presence or absence of valve leaflet restriction were assessed. RESULTS: As described in the initial report, significant valvular disease on initial postexposure echocardiography was common in this cohort; 38 patients (76%) had at least mild mitral regurgitation and 43 patients (86%) had at least mild aortic regurgitation. On serial echocardiograms obtained an average of 356 days apart, mitral regurgitation improved by at least one grade in 17 patients (P = 0.001) and aortic regurgitation improved by at least one grade in 19 patients (P = 0.004). Nineteen and 22 patients, respectively, experienced no change in severity of mitral and aortic regurgitation. Two patients in each group experienced worsening of regurgitation by at least one grade. Results were similar for tricuspid (P = 0.002) and pulmonic (P = 0.012) regurgitation. CONCLUSION: On serial echocardiography, fenfluramine-associated valvular regurgitation improved or remained stable in most patients after therapy ended. Worsening of valvular regurgitation was uncommon. The potential for stabilization or regression of valvular regurgitation should be taken into account when counseling patients and considering the need for and timing of valve surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

West Nile virus infections projected from blood donor screening data, United States, 2003.

National blood donor screening for West Nile virus (WNV) RNA using minipool nucleic acid amplification testing (MP-NAT) was implemented in the United States in July 2003. We compiled national NAT yield data and performed WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing in 1 WNV-epidemic region (North Dakota). State-specific MP-NAT yield, antibody seroprevalence, and the average time RNA is detectable by MP-NAT were used to estimate incident infections in 2003. WNV donor screening yielded 944 confirmed viremic donors. MP-NAT yield peaked in August with >0.5% of donations positive for WNV RNA in 4 states. Peak IgM seroprevalence for North Dakota was 5.2% in late September. The average time viremia is detectable by MP-NAT was 6.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-10.7). An estimated 735,000 (95% CI 322,000-1,147,000) infections occurred in 2003, with 256 (95% CI 112-401) infections per neuroinvasive case. In addition to preventing transfusion-transmitted WNV infection, donor screening can serve as a tool to monitor seasonal incidence in the general population.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed2003

Millet preference, effects of planting date on infestation, and adult and larval use of proso millet by Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

The interaction between millet and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was investigated to gain insight into whether millet could serve as a refuge or trap crop for O. nubilalis management. In 1995, 1996, and 1999, millet selection studies were conducted in North Dakota and New York with four millet species. Proso millet, Panicum milliaceum L., had the highest infestation and widest distribution of O. nubilalis developmental stages, indicating the presence of both univoltine and bivoltine ecotypes. Siberian foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois, harbored the greatest number of adults, followed by German foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois. These two millets appeared to serve as better aggregation sites than proso millet. In North Dakota in 1997, proso millet planting date studies showed later planting dates were more heavily infested than earlier dates; in 1998, this trend was reversed. The change in trends between years was probably a result of differences in the respective growing seasons and subsequent differences in O. nubilalis flights. Adult sampling showed that both old and young females aggregated in proso millet during the day; however, at night, it appeared that young females moved out of millet to oviposit, whereas old females remained in millet. Egg masses were detected in proso millet over a 7-d period in 1997 and a 4-d period in 1998. Larval sampling showed planting proso millet between late May and mid-June may maximize the presence of individuals from both O. nubilalis ecotypes. Once the optimal combination of planting date, plant density, and millet type is found, millet may serve as an effective refuge or trap crop for O. nubilalis management.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tourette disorder and schizophrenia in children.

In North Dakota children, the prevalence rate for DSM-III schizophrenia is 0.19 per 10,000 for both sexes; for males 0.35 per 10,000 and 0 per 10,000 for females. In this report we utilize case studies to convey the symptomatic courses of the 2 child patients with DSM-III-R defined schizophrenia. Both patients first developed Tourette Disorder (TD) and later developed schizophrenia by DSM-III and by DSM-III-R criteria. Among North Dakota children with TD the prevalence rate of schizophrenia is 8.7% for boys. The ramifications of concordance for the two disorders are explored.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Correlated terrestrial and marine evidence for global climate changes before mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.

Terrestrial climates near the time of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction are poorly known, limiting understanding of environmentally driven changes in biodiversity that occurred before bolide impact. We estimate paleotemperatures for the last approximately 1.1 million years of the Cretaceous ( approximately 66.6-65.5 million years ago, Ma) by using fossil plants from North Dakota and employ paleomagnetic stratigraphy to correlate the results to foraminiferal paleoclimatic data from four middle- and high-latitude sites. Both plants and foraminifera indicate warming near 66.0 Ma, a warming peak from approximately 65.8 to 65.6 Ma, and cooling near 65.6 Ma, suggesting that these were global climate shifts. The warming peak coincides with the immigration of a thermophilic flora, maximum plant diversity, and the poleward range expansion of thermophilic foraminifera. Plant data indicate the continuation of relatively cool temperatures across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary; there is no indication of a major warming immediately after the boundary as previously reported. Our temperature proxies correspond well with recent pCO(2) data from paleosol carbonate, suggesting a coupling of pCO(2) and temperature. To the extent that biodiversity is correlated with temperature, estimates of the severity of end-Cretaceous extinctions that are based on occurrence data from the warming peak are probably inflated, as we illustrate for North Dakota plants. However, our analysis of climate and facies considerations shows that the effects of bolide impact should be regarded as the most significant contributor to these plant extinctions.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic findings in the 1992 epornitic of neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants from the upper midwestern United States.

Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (NVND) occurred in juvenile double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, simultaneously in nesting colonies in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska and in Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron, and Ontario during the summer of 1992. Mortality as high as 80%-90% was estimated in some of the nesting colonies. Clinical signs observed in 4- to 6-wk-old cormorants included torticollis, tremors, ataxia, curled toes, and paresis or weakness of legs, wings or both, which was sometimes unilateral. No significant mortality or unusual clinical signs were seen in adult cormorants. Necropsy of 88 cormorants yielded no consistent gross observations. Microscopic lesions in the brain and spinal cord were consistently present in all cormorants from which Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated. Characteristic brain lesions provided rapid identification of new suspect sites of NVND. Lesions were also present in the heart, kidney, proventriculus, spleen, and pancreas but were less consistent or nonspecific. NDV was isolated at the National Wildlife Health Center from 27 of 93 cormorants tested. Virus was most frequently isolated from intestine or brain tissue of cormorants submitted within the first 4 wk of the epornitic. Sera collected from cormorants with neurologic signs were consistently positive for NDV antibody. The NDV isolate from cormorants was characterized as NVND virus at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa. The NVND virus was also identified as the cause of neurologic disease in a North Dakota turkey flock during the summer of 1992. Although no virus was isolated from cormorants tested after the first month of submission, brain and spinal cord lesions characteristic of NVND were observed in cormorants from affected sites for 2 mo, at which time nesting colonies dispersed and no more submissions were received. Risk to susceptible populations of both wild avian species and domestic poultry makes early recognition and confirmation of NVND in wild birds a priority.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Federal employees health benefits program; medically underserved areas for 1998--OPM. Notice of medically underserved areas for 1998.

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has completed its annual calculation of the States that qualify as Medically Underserved Areas under the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program for the calendar year 1998. This is necessary to comply with a provision of FEHB law that mandates special consideration for enrollees of certain FEHB plans who receive covered health services in states with critical shortages of primary care physicians. Accordingly, for calendar year 1998, OPM's calculations show that the following States are Medically Underserved Areas under the FEHB Program: Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, West Virginia, and Wyoming. North Dakota has been removed from that list, with no new additions for 1998.

Government Agencies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Certificate of Need: up for revision.

Three states scaled back their Certificate of Need programs during 1995. Intergovernmental Health Policy Project research scientist Helen Leeds examines the history of CON and discusses whether Ohio, Wisconsin, and North Dakota presage a trend.

Certificate of Need↗
PubMed1997

The gift of community.

After working side by side with three generations, the authors unfolds a story of survival. This poignant testimony to humanity focuses on the courage and the strength of the people of North Dakota during the 1997 flood.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1978

Area health education center libraries and medical school libraries: establishing an interface.

Establishing an interface between area health education center (AHEC) libraries and medical school libraries requires careful planning, including: the overall plan, needs assessment, resource evaluation, a developmental plan, monitoring and evaluation, institutional agreements, and publicity. This paper reports on the development of AHEC libraries in North Dakota.

Health Education↗
PubMed2006

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome--five states, 2006.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rodentborne viral disease characterized by severe pulmonary illness and a case-fatality ratio of 30%-40%. Sin Nombre virus causes the majority of HPS cases in the United States, and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) is its predominant reservoir. This report describes an increase in human cases of HPS reported during January-March 2006 from Arizona, New Mexico, North Dakota, Texas, and Washington state. The findings emphasize the need for renewed attention to reducing the risk for hantavirus exposure.

Arizona↗
PubMed1993

Networking the rural community.

A branch network of affiliate hospitals has been providing home care services to rural North Dakota residents successfully for a decade. Here's how this effective system meets the special challenges that a rural environment poses for hiring, training, scheduling, and supporting home care aides.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Outcomes in an academic nursing center: client satisfaction with student services.

An important element of quality assessment/quality improvement efforts in health care organizations is the evaluation of patient satisfaction. This element is also important in academic nursing centers, where students provide home visiting services to improve access to care for vulnerable populations in the community. Using a modified version of an existing patient satisfaction instrument, faculty and staff of the University of North Dakota Nursing Center surveyed clients at the end of each semester of service. Results indicated overwhelming satisfaction with all aspects of care provided by the students. Other effects of the program on clients are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Influence of season on dietary composition, intake, and digestion by beef steers grazing mixed-grass prairie in the northern Great Plains.

We used six beef steers (377 +/- 12.7 kg) to evaluate the effect of advancing season on dietary composition, forage intake, and digestion. Six 10-d sample collections were conducted from mid-June to mid-December 1995. Diet quality data demonstrated a linear (P < .01) decline in CP and in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD), whereas NDF, ADF, acid detergent-insoluble CP (ADICP; percentage of CP), and undegradable intake protein (UIP; percentage of CP) increased linearly (P < .01) with advancing season. Fecal output and ruminal OM fill (percentage of BW) demonstrated linear and cubic responses (P < .10) across the grazing season. Intake of OM (percentage of BW) followed quadratic and cubic (P < .10) patterns across season. Rate (percentage per hour) of in situ NDF disappearance (ISNDFD) decreased and lag time increased linearly (P < .01) with advancing season. Likewise, quadratic (P < .07) and cubic (P < .06) responses were observed for rate and lag time of ISNDFD. The rapidly degraded CP fraction increased (P < .10) linearly, and the rate of in situ CP disappearance (ISCPD) followed a linear and quadratic decrease (P < .10) with advancing season. In summary, these data indicate decreases (P < .10) in dietary CP, IVOMD, ISNDFD, and ISCPD with advancing season. In addition, seasonal increases (P < .10) in forage NDF, ADF, ADICP, UIP (percentage of DM) and fecal output were observed and correspond to the grazing of increasingly mature forage. These data suggest that mixed-grass range forage consumed by cattle in western North Dakota during November and December is deficient in degradable intake protein (DIP). Investigation of protein supplementation (particularly DIP) during these times is warranted.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Impact of the terminal Cretaceous event on plant-insect associations.

Evidence for a major extinction of insect herbivores is provided by presence-absence data for 51 plant-insect associations on 13,441 fossil plant specimens, spanning the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in southwestern North Dakota. The most specialized associations, which were diverse and abundant during the latest Cretaceous, almost disappeared at the boundary and failed to recover in younger strata even while generalized associations regained their Cretaceous abundances. These results are consistent with a sudden ecological perturbation that precipitated a diversity bottleneck for insects and plants.

Animals↗