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PubMedDate not supplied

The cytologic diagnosis of malignant neoplasms in pleural and peritoneal effusions.

This study presents data on 3,011 pleural and peritoneal effusion specimens that were examined over a three-year period (1982 to 1984). Totals of 812 (44%) of 1,846 pleural and 423 (36%) of 1,165 peritoneal specimens were positive for malignant cells. While 535 patients had malignant pleural effusions, 254 patients had malignant peritoneal effusions, and 57 had both malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions. The most common primary neoplasms causing malignant pleural effusions were carcinomas of breast (24%) and lung (19%) and lymphoreticular neoplasms (16%). The most common primary neoplasms causing malignant peritoneal effusions were carcinomas of ovary (32%) and breast (13%) and lymphoreticular neoplasms (7%). There was an average interval of more than 30 months between the histologic diagnosis of the primary neoplasm and the diagnosis of malignant effusions in patients with carcinoma of breast, lymphoreticular neoplasm and malignant melanoma. The average time until death following the diagnosis of a malignant effusions was five months or less, except for patients with carcinoma of the breast and carcinoma of the ovary. One hundred twenty-five patients (15%) presented with malignant effusions caused by neoplasms of unknown primary sites. The most common primary neoplasms that were later diagnosed were, in decreasing order of frequency, carcinoma of the ovary, carcinoma of the lung and lymphoreticular neoplasms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1966

The nature and classification of ovarian neoplasms.

The classification of ovarian neoplasms on a histogenetic basis according to presentday concepts of development and structure of the ovary is considered. There are four histogenetic categories of primary ovarian tumours: neoplasms of germ cell origin, neoplasms of celomic (germinal) epithelium and its derivatives, neoplasms of specialized gonadal stroma (sex cords and mesenchyme), and neoplasms of non-specialized gonadal stromal and heterotopic elements. In patients of all ages, 70% of ovarian neoplasms were of celomic epithelial origin, 16% of germ-cell origin, 5% of specialized gonadal stromal origin, and 9% arose from the non-specialized stroma and heterotopic elements. Before 20 years of age, 59% of ovarian neoplasms were of germ cell origin and before puberty they accounted for 90% of all ovarian tumours. The different structural types of neoplasms within the four categories are described. Accurate classification of ovarian neoplasms on a histogenetic basis is stressed if proper treatment is to be given and intelligent assessment of end results is to be made.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Secondary malignant neoplasms in 71 patients with Sézary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Sézary syndrome (SS) is characterized by a malignant proliferation of CD4+ve T cells, which may result in a degree of immunoparesis. Immunosuppression is associated with an increased incidence of internal malignant neoplasms and a high rate of nonmelanoma skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, we reviewed the incidence of secondary malignant neoplasms in patients with SS. OBSERVATIONS: Of 71 patients with SS, 16 (23%) developed 19 secondary and tertiary malignant neoplasms. These malignant neoplasms included 8 cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, 2 squamous cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa, and 9 other internal malignant neoplasms. The incidence of internal malignant neoplasms was twice that reported in patients of similar age treated for Hodgkin disease (P = .02). Furthermore, the incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in the cohort was 42 times that observed in a study conducted in England of an age-matched population (1657 per 1 x 10(5) vs 39 per 1 x 10(5) person-years [95% confidence interval, 626-2856]). CONCLUSIONS: A number of therapeutic modalities for SS are known to be carcinogenic. We compared the different therapeutic modalities received by our patients and found no significant difference between the total cohort of patients with SS and the patients who developed secondary malignant neoplasms. These data indicate that the high incidence of secondary malignant neoplasms in patients with SS is due, at least in part, to the disease itself. The clonal proliferation of CD4+ve T cells and the relative lymphopenia (compared with a healthy population) of nonneoplastic T cells may result in compromised immunosurveillance, so that early neoplasia, whether arising spontaneously or as a result of therapy, are not dealt with appropriately.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Second neoplasms after treatment of childhood cancer in Slovenia.

BACKGROUND: The number of long time survivors of childhood cancer treatment is constantly increasing over the last decades as a result of advances in diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of second neoplasms is one of most serious late effects observed in cancer survivors. METHODS: The risk of secondary neoplasm was studied in a cohort of 1,577 patients treated for childhood cancer registered in the Cancer Registry of Slovenia (CRS) between 1961 and 2000. The time at risk was defined from the date of diagnosis of first malignancy to the time of death or the end of the study. RESULTS: The most frequent primary malignancies were: acute leukemia 28.5%, central nervous system (CNS) tumors 21.3%, and lymphomas 16.6%. Median observation time was 7.8 years. Forty-eight patients developed second neoplasms. CNS tumors, acute leukemias, and thyroid carcinoma were most frequent second neoplasms. The cumulative risk for second neoplasm in the entire cohort was 0.06% at 5 years, 5.1% at 15 years, and 12.6% at 25 years after diagnosis of first cancer. The overall survival after second neoplasm was 65% 10 years after the diagnosis of second neoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: Patients after treatment of childhood cancer are at special risk for subsequent neoplasms and long-term follow-up is mandatory.

Central Nervous System Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

Secondary neoplasms of the male genital tract with different patterns of involvement in adults and children.

AIMS: The incidence, presentation and macroscopic and histological features of secondary neoplasms of the male genital tract are described with reference to their differential diagnosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective study of cases from the Royal London Hospital yielded a total of 31 secondary neoplasms involving the testis: 14 at postmortem examination and 17 surgical specimens. Nine cases were leukaemias: six acute lymphoblastic and two acute myeloid leukaemias in children, and one chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in an adult. The commonest primary sites of metastases to the testis were prostate (six cases), stomach (five cases) and lung (three cases). There were two malignant melanomas and isolated examples of metastases from the adrenal gland (neuroblastoma), cerebellum (medulloblastoma), soft tissue (alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma), pancreas and rectum. Of the metastases from solid tumours, 12 involved the right testis only, three involved the left and four were bilateral. In seven of these cases there were multiple testicular nodules, in seven there was a single mass, and in the rest there was diffuse involvement. Secondary neoplasms represented 4.6% of all testicular neoplasms at autopsy, and 1.6% in surgical specimens. There were five secondary penile neoplasms: two each from the pancreas and prostate and one from the bladder. Two neoplasms metastatic to the spermatic cord, both from a gastric primary, were included in the series. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary neoplasms of the testis occur with a frequency comparable to other sites in the genitourinary tract, and metastases to the spermatic cord, epididymis, and penis, are rare in comparison. Disseminated neoplasms rarely present initially at this site and are histologically distinctive in adults, but in children they must be distinguished from primary small round blue cell tumours.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Second neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood.

BACKGROUND: Effective forms of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in childhood now result in survival rates above 70 percent at five years, but the treatments are potentially carcinogenic. To determine the magnitude of this risk and identify possible risk factors for the development of second neoplasms, we studied a large cohort of children treated for ALL. METHODS AND RESULTS. We undertook a retrospective cohort study of 9720 children who had been given a diagnosis of ALL between June 1972 and August 1988 and had been treated according to the therapeutic protocols of the Children's Cancer Study Group. The median follow-up was 4.7 years (range, 2 months to 16 years). We found that 43 second neoplasms occurred among the children in the cohort, including 24 neoplasms of the central nervous system, 10 new leukemias and lymphomas, and 9 other neoplasms. This represented a 7-fold excess of all cancers and a 22-fold excess of neoplasms of the central nervous system. The estimated cumulative proportion of children in whom a second neoplasm developed was 2.53 percent 15 years after diagnosis (95 percent confidence limits, 1.74 percent and 3.38 percent). An even higher risk, particularly of central nervous system tumors, was evident in children five years of age or less at the time of the diagnosis of ALL (P = 0.012). All central nervous system neoplasms developed in children who had previously undergone irradiation. There was no association with exposure to cyclophosphamide or anthracyclines. CONCLUSIONS: There is a substantial excess of second neoplasms, especially of the central nervous system, among children treated for ALL. Children five years old or younger and those receiving radiation are at higher risk, especially for second tumors arising in the central nervous system.

Central Nervous System Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

MDCT urography of upper tract urothelial neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to review the MDCT urography appearance of pathologically proven transitional cell carcinomas of the renal collecting system and ureter and to correlate the MDCT urography findings with pathology findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 370 MDCT urography examinations performed over an 18-month period, 18 patients were diagnosed with 27 renal collecting system or ureteral urothelial neoplasms at endoscopic biopsy (n = 8) or surgery (n = 19). Initial MDCT reports were reviewed to determine the sensitivity of original reviewers in detecting these neoplasms. Two radiologists also retrospectively reviewed these scans and characterized the CT appearance of the neoplasms on both axial CT and 3D reformatted images. Findings at retrospective review were correlated with pathology results to determine whether any CT features could be used to predict tumor grade. RESULTS: Eighteen of 27 neoplasms were prospectively identified on MDCT urography, and an additional six neoplasms were detected on retrospective review. Three ureteral neoplasms could not be visualized. The 24 retrospectively detected neoplasms had three distinct MDCT appearances: circumferential urothelial wall thickening (n = 14), small masses (> 5 mm in maximal diameter) (n = 5), and large masses (> 5 mm in maximal diameter) (n = 5). All detected lesions could be seen on axial excretory phase images provided wide window settings were reviewed; however, only six were detected on 3D reconstructions. MDCT urography appearance did not correlate with tumor grade. CONCLUSION: MDCT urography is a promising technique for detecting upper urinary tract neoplasms. The static 3D reconstructions used in this study are insufficient for visualization. Axial image review remains essential for tumor identification.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Characteristics of neoplasm occurrence of renal allograft recipients and their prognosis].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Renal allograft recipients are more likely to develop neoplasm than general population because of long-term immunosuppressive treatment and concurrent infections. This study was designed to analyze the clinical features of neoplasm occurrence of renal allograft recipients, and the effect of radical surgery (RS) on their prognosis. METHODS: Records of 2 160 renal allograft recipients treated in our center from Oct. 1987 to Apr. 2003 were retrospectively studied. The time to neoplasm development, pathologic type of tumor, patients' survival time were analyzed to explore the clinical features of neoplasm developing after kidney transplantation. Recipients developed neoplasms were divided into RS group and non-RS group according to their treatment pattern. The effect of RS on patients' survival was estimated. RESULTS: A total of 33 patients developed neoplasms after transplantation. Among them,11(33.3%) developed neoplasms in digestive system. The median survival time of RS group (10 patients) was 41.5 months, that of non-RS group (23 patients) was 6.0 months. The 20-month survival rate of RS group was 70.0%, while that of non-RS group was 13.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Renal allograft recipients are more likely to develop neoplasm than general population. Moreover, their main malignancies are liver cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma and thyroid carcinoma, which differ from those observed in general population. Early diagnosis and treatment, especially feasible RS, will improve short-term outcome, while long-term therapeutic effect needs to be further observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Colorectal cancer in the context of multiple primary malignant neoplasms].

INTRODUCTION: The finding of more than one carcinoma throughout the life of a patient is not unusual. In fact, the occurrence of multiple primary cancers has been well documented. However, the features, implications and prognosis of colorectal cancers associated to other malignancies, have been less well documented. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We report 29 patients with multiple primary neoplasms in which at least one of them was a colorectal cancer. Number, extension and localization of colonic neoplasm, and time interval between diagnosis of both neoplasms, and mortality and survival rate were retrospectively analyzed. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 360 months. RESULTS: Twenty three patients had two cancers, and six more than three neoplasms. Colorectal cancer was primary in 8 patients, metachronous in 14 patients and synchronous in 5 patients. Breast (7 cases), prostate (5 cases), endometrium (3 patients) and stomach (3 cases), were the other malignancies most frequently detected. Overall, 13 of the 27 patients (49%) died during the follow-up period after the recognition of the colorectal cancer. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Mantel-Haenszel test did not show significative differences in survival between patients with two or more neoplasms. There were no differences in survival depending upon the timing of diagnosis of the colorectal tumor. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that colorectal cancer may share etiologic factors with hormone-dependent neoplasms (breast, prostate) and gastric cancer. In patients with primary multiple neoplasms, the number of neoplasms detected and the interval time between both diagnosis are not prognostic factors when one of the malignancies in colorectal cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Multiple primary malignant neoplasms associated with genitourinary cancer].

Between October 1980 and December 1994, we treated 392 patients with malignant neoplasms associated with genitourinary organs. We made a statistical study on 42 patients (10.6%) with multiple malignant neoplasms. The average age of 42 patients was 72.2 years and 83% of the patients were male. Malignant neoplasms originating from bladder, prostate or kidney were observed in 19 cases (35%), 19 cases (35%) or 10 cases (11%), respectively. The incidence of prostatic cancer was higher than that in other single primary malignant neoplasms associated with genitourinary organs. The other organs having malignant neoplasms accompanying genitourinary organs were the stomach (39%), lungs (12%), esophagus (9%), and pancreas (9%). Only 16 patients (35%) had synchronous multiple malignant neoplasms. However, 35 cases (75%) including these cases had second primary malignant neoplasms within 5 years of the first. In conclusion, the incidence of multiple malignant neoplasms with genitourinary cancer was as high as 10.6% and the prognosis of these patients was poor. These findings suggest the necessity of careful follow-up on patients with genitourinary cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Multiple primary malignant neoplasms. A search for an immunogenetic basis.

The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms in single individuals is well documented. Although many hypotheses have been advanced to explain this occurrence, there has been no study to determine if a presumed "increased susceptibility to cancer" has an immunogenetic basis. We evaluated the cellular immunity and histocompatibility antigens of 42 patients who had had from two to four multiple primary malignant neoplasms. We failed to demonstrate a preexisting impairment of immunocompetence or abnormal HL-A antigen frequencies in these patients. The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms in related tissues, eg, lung/larynx/oral cavity, and the occurrence of successive primary malignant neoplasms at a time interval consistent with the patient's being cured of preceding malignant neoplasms suggest that multiple primary malignant neoplasms result from repetitive induction by the same or similar etiologic factors in patients who are cured after treatment of the first malignant neoplasm.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Different patterns of macrophage infiltration into allogeneic-murine and xenogeneic-human neoplasms growing in nude mice.

This study determined the distribution pattern of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in murine and human neoplasms growing subcutaneously in nude mice. Seven different human neoplasms (cancers of the breast, kidney, colon, prostate, lung, and skin, and a melanoma) and five different murine neoplasms (carcinomas of the lung, colon, and kidney, melanoma, and fibrosarcoma) were injected into nude mice. The murine tumors also were injected into syngeneic mice. Tumor-associated macrophages in small and large tumors were studied immunohistochemically by the use of several antibodies, including the macrophage-specific F4/80. The pattern of TAM distribution differed between mouse and human tumors. Regardless of histologic classification, TAM were uniformly distributed throughout all the murine neoplasms growing in syngeneic or nude mice. In the human neoplasms, TAM were found on the periphery of the lesions and in association with fibrous septae. The distribution of TAM in murine and human tumors was associated with a pattern of vascularization as determined by antibodies to basement membrane collagen type IV. Because the pattern of TAM distribution in neoplasms influences their antitumor activity, the data question the validity of the nude mouse model for the study of macrophage infiltration into human neoplasms.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Study on radiation-induced malignant neoplasms].

Nineteen patients with newly developed malignant neoplasms following radiotherapy are presented. The primary lesions of 6 patients were tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis, the primary lesions of the other 13 patients were malignant neoplasms. The radiation-induced malignant neoplasms of 15 patients were epithelial, only 4 patients were non-epithelial. The prognosis was not good. However, we think that radiation-induced malignant neoplasms are not highly radioresistant and that the benefits of radiotherapy for malignant neoplasms outweigh the risk of radiation-induced malignant neoplasms.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

The morphology, immunohistochemistry, and incidence of hematopoietic neoplasms in mice and rats.

Hematopoietic neoplasms in the rodent may be classified into lymphoid or nonlymphoid neoplasms. Lymphoid neoplasms include the following morphologic types: follicular center cell, lymphoblast (lymphocytic), immunoblast, plasma cell, and large granular lymphocyte (LGL). Nonlymphoid hematopoietic neoplasms include histiocytic sarcoma, granulocytic leukemia, erythroid leukemia, and mast cell tumors. Most types of hematopoietic neoplasms, exclusive of LGL lymphoma (leukemia), are more common in mice than in rats. Specific strains of mice have a hematopoietic tumor incidence of more than 50% in aged animals. Some strains of rats (i.e., Fischer-344) may have an incidence of over 50% of LGL lymphoma in aged animals. The tumor type and incidence are characteristic for each rat or mouse strain. Hematopoietic neoplasms have been better characterized immunomorphologically in mice than in rats. The specific cell type and tissue of origin for hematopoietic neoplasms may be important for safety evaluation of chemicals. Specific chemicals may induce specific types of these tumors, which may be the same or different from the spontaneous types. Lymphoid cell neoplasms should not be grouped with nonlymphoid neoplasms in determining the toxicity and carcinogenicity of test substances.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor beta chain gene rearrangement analysis of ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms: clinical and biologic implications.

We investigated the organization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and the T cell receptor beta chain (T beta) gene loci in 20 ocular adnexal and four extraocular lymphoid neoplasms obtained from 18 patients presenting with an ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasm. Fifteen ocular adnexal and four extraocular lymphoid neoplasms occurring in 13 patients were classified by morphological examination and immunophenotypic analysis as monoclonal B cell lymphomas. Each one of these 19 lymphoid neoplasms exhibited clonal IgH gene rearrangements upon hybridization of EcoRI- or HindIII-digested DNA to a heavy-chain joining region (JH)-specific DNA probe. The bilateral ocular adnexal monoclonal B cell neoplasms occurring simultaneously in two individuals exhibited identical clonal IgH gene rearrangements, which indicated their derivation from an identical B cell clone. The ocular adnexal and the extraocular monoclonal B cell neoplasms occurring in two of three patients also exhibited identical clonal IgH gene rearrangements, which suggested that they too were derived from an identical B cell clone. Five ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms were classified by morphological examination and immunophenotypic analysis as benign, polyclonal pseudolymphomas. Three of these five ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms exhibited clonal IgH gene rearrangements, which suggested the presence of monoclonal B cell populations that escaped detection by morphological and immunophenotypic examination. None of the 24 pathological samples exhibited clonal T beta gene rearrangements upon hybridization of EcoRI- or BamHI-digested DNA to a T beta gene DNA probe. The results of these studies demonstrate the value of Southern blot hybridization analysis for clonal IgH and T beta gene rearrangements in the diagnosis, classification, and investigation of extranodal lymphoid neoplasms originating and/or presenting in the ocular adnexa.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

The application of monoclonal antibodies to the characterization and diagnosis of lymphoid neoplasms: a review of recent studies.

Twenty-three T-cell neoplasms were divided, according to their reactivity with the OKT monoclonal antibodies as follows: Fourteen neoplasms of diverse histopathology expressed the OKT3+ OKT4+ phenotype, commonly associated with the helper T-cell subset; seven histologically similar lymphoblastic neoplasms expressed diverse phenotypes consistent with various stages of intrathymic differentiation and two neoplasms expressed the uncommon OKT3+ OKT10+ phenotype. Thus, T-cell neoplasms are divisible into phenotypes that correspond to normal stages of T-cell differentiation and functionally distinct T-cell subsets. Benign and malignant lymphoid cells were investigated in cell suspension and in cryostat tissue sections for their reactivity with OKB1, OKB2, OKB4, and OKB7, monoclonal antibodies known to detect distinctive B lymphocyte antigens. Fetal liver pre-B cells, cases of pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and common-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia were OKB2+ but unreactive with the other OKB antibodies. All mature lymphoid tissue B cells and 47/47 surface immunoglobulin (SIg)-positive B-cell neoplasms were OKB2+. Interfollicular, follicular center, and many, but not all, mantle zone B cells were OKB1+ OKB7+. Follicular center B cells were OKB4+ but mantle zone and interfollicular B cells were OKB4-. 45/47 SIg+ B-cell neoplasms were OKB1+ OKB4+. 45/46 SIg+ B-cell neoplasms were OKB7+. Benign and myeloma plasma cells were OKB-. T-cell neoplasms were OKB2- OKB4- but were occassionally OKB1+ and OKB7+. The OKB antibodies appear to detect distinctive antigens that may be expressed at different stages of B-cell differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Retinyl acetate effects on the life span and the incidence of cryptogenic neoplasms in C3H mice.

The effect of feeding 0.02% retinyl acetate on the development of cryptogenic neoplasms and the life span of C3H/HeJ (+) mice of both sexes was studied. The survival at 105 weeks was 58% in untreated males and 28% in untreated females vs. 39% in treated males and 14% in treated females. The average weight in treated groups was also 10-15% lower. The incidence (percent) of neoplasm-bearing animals and total neoplasms was 87% and 57, respectively, in female controls vs. 93% and 55 in treated females. In male controls, these values were 57% and 39 compared with 50% and 38 in treated males. In treated animals, there was no reduction in the most common neoplasms, that is, neoplasms of the mammary gland and liver. The numbers of ovarian neoplasms and lung adenomas were slightly lower. Therefore, retinyl acetate exerted, at best, only a slight inhibitory effect on development of some types of cryptogenic neoplasms in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Malignant neoplasms subsequent to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with 6-mercaptopurine.

OBJECTIVE: Most complications of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occur early, whereas neoplasms occur late in the course. Concern persists that the risk is increased when 6MP is used. We report our experience with malignant tumors developing over 27 yr of treating IBD patients with 6MP. METHODS: A total of 591 patients with IBD treated with 6MP between 1969 and 1997 were followed or traced until present to identify all malignant tumors and blood dyscrasias that had developed to determine the type, distribution, and duration of the IBD, the dose and duration of 6MP therapy, the concurrent versus previous use of 6MP, the incidence and probable relationship of 6MP to specific neoplasms, and whether the 6MP had been effective in treatment. RESULTS: A total of 550 patients (93%) fulfilled the criteria for follow-up; these included 380 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 170 with ulcerative colitis (UC). Twenty-five patients had developed neoplasms (16 of 380 CD and nine of 170 UC) (p = 0.66). In half of the cases, the goal of therapy had been achieved with 6MP. In 10 patients, the neoplasm was diagnosed while the patients were taking 6MP (40%) and in 15, many years after the 6MP had been terminated (60%). The incidence of neoplasms (25 of 550) was 2.7/1000 patient-years of follow-up. The most common neoplasms were found in the bowel (eight of 550, 1.6%; five CD, and three UC), and breast (three, 0.5%; two CD, and one UC). Non-Hodgkins lymphomas occurred in two patients with CD; one was cerebral and the other abdominal. One patient with CD developed leukemia. The duration of 6MP therapy ranged from 5 months to 22 yr, with a mean of 5 yr. The dose of 6MP ranged from a quarter of a tablet/day (12.5 mg) to 100 mg/day, with the majority in a range from 50 to 75 mg/day. CONCLUSION: In no instance could a neoplasm be attributed to the use of 6MP. The incidence of colon cancer is not greater than that with long standing colitis. Suspicion of a relationship between 6MP and leukemia/lymphoma persists, but the incidence is low. This must be weighed against the improved quality of life due to 6MP for patients with IBD.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗