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PubMed2004

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis among immigrants of Somalian ethnic origin in London: a cross-sectional study.

The objectives were to study knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding tuberculosis (TB) among Somalian subjects in inner London. We administered structured, fixed response KAP questionnaires to 23 patients (culture proved TB), and two groups of controls: 25 contacts (family members) and 27 lay controls (general Somali immigrant population). Responses were summed on a five-point scale. Most were aware of the infectious nature of TB but uncertain of other risk factors. Many were uncertain about coping with the disease and its effect on lifestyle. Belief in biomedicine for TB was unequivocal with men having a significantly higher belief score than women (p = 0.02); the need to comply with TB medication was unambiguously understood. Somalians interviewed were educated, multilingual, and aware of important health issues. Uncertainties in core TB knowledge need to be addressed with direct educational input, especially in women and recent entrants into the country. Volunteers from the established Somalian community could play a valuable part as links in the community to fight TB.

Black People↗
PubMedDate not supplied

['5 digit test': a multilinguistic non-reading alternative to the Stroop test].

INTRODUCTION: The use of digits in groups that may or may not correspond to their arithmetic values (for instance: five twos, that can be easily read as 'two', but must be counted as a 'five') allows us to measure at the same time the 'processing speed' of the subjects and their ability to 'direct' and 'switch' their attentional control. AIMS: The use of this new 'five digit test' (5DT) as a multilingual non-reading alternative to the Stroop test presents a series of advantages: it minimizes the effects of education and social class, allows the testing of much younger students, and allows the testing of some severe clinical cases, who may not be able to read words or name colors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using groups of 20 adults at different age levels (55-64, 65-74, 75+) and groups of 20 and 20 subjects with cerebral-vascular episodes (anterior and posterior) we can estimate the usefulness of this instrument in concrete nosological populations. RESULTS: We find a slowing of production and reorientation times with aging; and a dramatic influence of neurological dysfunctions. CONCLUSIONS: The tests allows a valid exploration of the Stroop effect in prereading and non-reading subjects, even in other languages.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The global burden of typhoid fever.

OBJECTIVE: To use new data to make a revised estimate of the global burden of typhoid fever, an accurate understanding of which is necessary to guide public health decisions for disease control and prevention efforts. METHODS: Population-based studies using confirmation by blood culture of typhoid fever cases were sought by computer search of the multilingual scientific literature. Where there were no eligible studies, data were extrapolated from neighbouring countries and regions. Age-incidence curves were used to model rates measured among narrow age cohorts to the general population. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the sensitivity of the estimate to the assumptions. The burden of paratyphoid fever was derived by a proportional method. FINDINGS: A total of 22 eligible studies were identified. Regions with high incidence of typhoid fever (>100/100,000 cases/year) include south-central Asia and south-eastAsia. Regions of medium incidence (10-100/100,000 cases/year) include the rest of Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania, except for Australia and New Zealand. Europe, North America, and the rest of the developed world have low incidence of typhoid fever (<10/100,000 cases/year). We estimate that typhoid fever caused 21,650,974 illnesses and 216,510 deaths during 2000 and that paratyphoid fever caused 5,412,744 illnesses. CONCLUSION: New data and improved understanding of typhoid fever epidemiology enabled us to refine the global typhoid burden estimate, which remains considerable. More detailed incidence studies in selected countries and regions, particularly Africa, are needed to further improve the estimate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Limited take-up of health coverage tax credits: a challenge to future tax credit design.

The Trade Act of 2002 created federal tax credits to subsidize health coverage for certain early retirees and workers displaced by international trade. Though small, this program offers the opportunity to learn how to design future tax credits for larger groups of uninsured. During September 2004, the most recent month for which there are data about all forms of Trade Act credits, roughly 22 percent of eligible individuals received credits. The authors find that health insurance tax credits are more likely to reach their target populations if such credits: 1) limit premium costs for the low-income uninsured and do not require full premium payments while applications are pending; 2) provide access to coverage that beneficiaries value, including care for preexisting conditions; 3) are combined with outreach that uses easily understandable, multilingual materials and proactive enrollment efforts; and 4) feature a simple application process involving one form filed with one agency.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed2005

Development & standardization of a scale to measure socio-economic status in urban & rural communities in India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The commonly used available scales for measurement of socio-economic status (SES) with some cross regional applicability are old and have lost their relevance. There is a need for the development of a valid and reliable instrument for measurement of SES in rural and urban communities in India. The present study was undertaken to develop a cross regionally applicable scale for the purpose of enlisting true measures of socio-economic items applicable in multilingual, multicultural, multireligious, setting of the country. METHODS: For developing the scale, seven indicators (house, materials possession, education, occupation, monthly income, land, social participation and understanding), presumably determining the socioeconomic status were selected. These indicators were named as profiles. Thus, initially the scale had seven profiles and every profile contained five alternatives. This instrument was prepared on a 10-point scale. Weightage system of scoring (varying from 2 to 10) was followed from first to sixth profile while the additive pattern of scoring was followed in seventh profile. The final version of the scale was arrived at through three trial administrations on rural and urban families. The basis of selection of the families for the first two trials was stratified random. The validity and reliability of the scale was established through a defined visual analogue scale (VAS) and test-retest methods. RESULTS: Both the initial version as well as the final version of the scale for the measurement of SES of incumbents had seven profiles. The difference between the two versions was in terms of contents and range of items in different categories of SES. The final version was arrived at through field trials and suggestions of the experts. The reliability of the scale was high with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The new scale appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of socio-economic status of the families/individuals from urban as well as rural areas in India.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Fish consumption and advisory awareness among expectant women.

During the spring of 2003, the Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services (DHFS) piloted a fish consumption advisory program targeted at pregnant women. Fish consumption recommendations and information about the prenatal effects of methylmercury were illustrated in multilingual posters, brochures, fact cards, and other promotional items. These materials were mailed to Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program providers, local health departments, and medical clinics, along with a cover letter that encouraged them to display the materials in waiting areas and distribute them to new mothers and expectant women who visited their facilities. In August 2003, a survey was mailed to 1000 women who had given birth during the first week of June 2003. The survey was intended to provide an estimate of the number and types of fish meals the women had consumed during pregnancy and evaluate their familiarity with the outreach materials. On average, survey respondents consumed 3 fish meals a month. The most frequently consumed fish were canned tuna and frozen fish. Approximately one third of women knew that older fish and predatory fish have the highest levels of mercury. While almost half of the women were aware of Wisconsin's sport fish advisory, only 13% of them remembered seeing any of the outreach materials.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Semi-automatic construction of the Chinese-English MeSH using Web-based term translation method.

Due to language barrier, non-English users are unable to retrieve the most updated medical information from the U.S. authoritative medical websites, such as PubMed and MedlinePlus. A few cross-language medical information retrieval (CLMIR) systems have been utilizing MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) with multilingual thesaurus to bridge the gap. Unfortunately, MeSH has yet not been translated into traditional Chinese currently. We proposed a semi-automatic approach to constructing Chinese-English MeSH based on Web-based term translation. The system provides knowledge engineers with candidate terms mining from anchor texts and search-result pages. The result is encouraging. Currently, more than 19,000 Chinese-English MeSH entries have been complied. This thesaurus will be used in Chinese-English CLMIR in the future.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Representing lexical components of medical terminologies in OWL.

Medical Terminologies play a vital role in clinical data capture, reporting, information integration, indexing and retrieval. The Web Ontology language (OWL) provides an opportunity for the medical community to leverage the capabilities of OWL semantics and tools to build formal, sound and consistent medical terminologies, and to provide a standard web accessible medium for inter-operability,access and reuse. One of the tasks facing the medical community today is to represent the extensive terminology content that already exists into this new medium. This paper addresses one aspect of this challenge - how to incorporate multilingual, structured lexical information such as definitions, synonyms, usage notes, etc. into the OWL ontology model in a standardized, consistent and useful fashion.

Internet↗
PubMed2005

Pond4Kids - an multi-site online Pediatric Oncology Research Database for collaborative protocol research.

Abstract: The Pediatric Oncology Networked Database (POND4Kids) is an online, multilingual database for pediatric hematology/oncology patients. Its purpose is to improve the care of pediatric oncology patients in countries with limited resources by the exchange of information and experience between oncologists in diverse geographic regions who practice in a similar medical environment.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Enriching medical terminologies: an approach based on aligned corpora.

Medical terminologies such as those in the UMLS are never exhaustive and there is a constant need to enrich them, especially in terms of multilinguality. We present a methodology to acquire new French translations of English medical terms based on word alignment in a parallel corpus - i.e. pairing of corresponding words. We automatically collected a 27.7-million-word parallel, English-French corpus. Based on a first 1.3-million-word extract of this corpus, we detected 10,171 candidate French translations of English medical terms from MeSH and SNOMED, among which 3,807 are new translations of English MeSH terms.

France↗
PubMed2006

An Ontology driven collaborative development for biomedical terminologies: from the French CCAM to the Australian ICHI coding system.

The CCAM French coding system of clinical procedures was developed between 1994 and 2004 using, in parallel, a traditional domain expert's consensus method on one hand, and advanced methodologies of ontology driven semantic representation and multilingual generation on the other hand. These advanced methodologies were applied under the framework of an European Union collaborative research project named GALEN and produced a new generation of biomedical terminology. Following the interest in several countries and in WHO, the GALEN network has tested the application of the ontology driven tools to the existing reduced Australian ICHI coding system for interventions presently under investigation by WHO to check its ability and appropriateness to become the reference international coding system for procedures. The initial results are presented and discussed in terms of feasibility and quality assurance for sharing and maintaining consistent medical knowledge and allowing diversity in linguistic expressiveness of end users.

Australia↗
PubMed1991

The six languages of social work.

This article describes the six languages that scientifically minded and practice-competent social workers need to be fluent in: the lay language of the client, the abstract language of the theorist, the empirical and often quantitative language of the researcher, the categorical language of the information scientist, the technical terminology or jargon used by helping professionals, and the preferential language that conveys values. It is the thesis of this article that social workers need multilingual and translingual proficiency in moving rapidly back and forth among these languages for maximum effectiveness and humane service.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[Curriculum development in speech-language therapy and audiology: basis and principles].

The aim of this article is to discuss some of the important issues that form the basis of curriculum development for education in speech-language therapy and audiology. The demands of the profession are such that a horizontal occupational structure is no longer adequate in the multicultural, multilingual RSA context. It is therefore necessary to investigate alternative educational options to accommodate current needs. These may include diploma training for technicians, certificate programmes for community rehabilitation workers and professionally directed masters courses. It is also apparent that the professional functions of the speech-language therapist and audiologist have extended to the point where aspects such as computer literacy, management functions, community work and consultation should play a greater role in the curriculum than is the case at present.

Audiology↗
PubMed1990

An inquiry into the effects of health related behaviour on dental health among young Asian children resident in a fluoridated city in Canada.

In low-fluoride areas, infant feeding practices have been implicated in the aetiology of extensive caries found in young Asian children. The purpose of this study was to compare the findings in low-fluoride Leeds, UK with fluoridated Edmonton, in Canada. A multilingual interpreter interviewed Asian parents, and their children aged 2 to 5 years were then given a dental examination. From the initial sample contacted by post, a 72 per cent response rate was achieved. Of the 72 parents interviewed, three-quarters reported that the child was initially breast fed, 11 for over 12 months. The majority of children continued bottle feeding beyond 24 months of age, and one-third drank sweetened milk. Two-thirds of the sample were caries free. The continued use of a feeding bottle per se was not associated with caries experience, but caries was more likely to occur if sugar, honey or cereal were added to the drink. A positive association was found between caries experience and sustained breast feeding beyond 12 months of age. Social variables, including father's occupation and mother's ability to speak English were not related to caries experience. The results confirm that, as in the UK, South Asian parents in Canada provide feeding bottles for their children's drinks well beyond infancy. Nevertheless, in a fluoridated city, bottle-feeding practices were not associated with caries experience unless drinks were sweetened. However, prolonged breast feeding was found to be harmful to dental health. The role of fluoride ingestion in relation to these feeding practices is discussed.

Alberta↗
PubMed1987

Speech reception thresholds for digits.

Of every 10 Canadians, 4 do not speak English as a first language. With non-native speakers of English, SRT testing using spondaic words lists, after the fashion in the U.S.A., may be difficult or invalid. This study examined the viability of using a closed set of English digits (1, 2, 4, 5, 9) for SRT testing in a Canadian setting. Ss were 130 consecutive patients referred for audiologic assessment in an English hospital in Montreal. Approximately 1/3 were native English, 1/3 native French, and 1/3 with other ethnic languages. Digit SRTs by a 10-db-down and 5-db-up procedure correlated very highly with both the standard 3-frequency (.5, 1, 2 kc/s) pure-tone average HTL (r = .94) and the Fletcher average of the 2 best speech-frequency pure-tone HTLs (r = .96). This study concluded that serial digits are viable SRT testing material for Canadian speech audiometry and should be studied for application to other multilingual populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Extramedullary hematopoiesis within the hypotympanicum presenting as a glomus tympanicum.

We discuss the case of a 22-year-old black woman who presented with a mass in the left hypotympanicum. Both the pre- and postoperative diagnosis of the lesion was a glomus tympanicum. Histopathologic examination revealed the "tumor" to be a nodule of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Many sickled erythrocytes were also noted within the lesion. A multilingual literature search (English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Russian) failed to reveal a documented case of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the hypotympanicum. We assume that the patient's hemoglobinopathy was the cause of her unusual focus of extramedullary hematopoiesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

International trends in aphasia rehabilitation.

Some of the most prominent international approaches to aphasia therapy are discussed with the aim of stimulating the continued exchange of information within an international, crosscultural, and multilingual framework. The discussion focuses on several central topics of rehabilitation, including efficacy of language therapy, therapies of a general nature, therapies of reading and writing impairments, and rehabilitation of bilingual and foreign-speaking aphasic persons. Past practices are critically assessed with stipulations for future innovative approaches and delineation of areas in which additional research is desirable.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1980

Language medium and schizophrenic thought disorder.

Ten selected schizophrenic patients and 10 control subjects were assessed in their home language and in a second language for evidence of formal thought disorder. The performance of the schizophrenics was significantly poorer in their home language, while that of control subjects did not differ between the two languages. The results are compatible with Bannister's serial invalidation hypothesis of schizophrenic thought disorder. Of more immediate importance, they indicate that careful attention must be paid to the language used in assessing psychiatric patients in a multilingual society.

Adult↗