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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

The syntheses and biological properties of 1-N-(S-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl)-gentamicin B and 1-N-(S-3-amino-2-hydroxypropionyl)-gentamicin B.

The syntheses of 1-N-(S-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl)-gentamicin B and 1-N-(S-3-amino-2-hydroxypropionyl)-gentamicin B, designated sch 20287 and Sch 21420, respectively, by procedures similar to those developed by KAWAGUCHI and co-workers for the transformation of kanamycin A to amikacin are described. The in vitro microbiological properties of Sch 20287 and Sch 21420 are compared with amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Key issues in developing antibiotic policies: from an institutional level to Europe-wide. European Study Group on Antibiotic Policy (ESGAP), Subgroup III.

Establishment of a rational antibiotic policy (RAP) is a key issue for both better care of patients and combating antimicrobial resistance [1-5]. The problem of rational antibiotic use is complex [6,7] and requires co-ordination of the activities of healthcare authorities, institutions and individual practitioners. Furthermore, on a community basis, it involves restriction of non-human usage of antibiotics [8] and awareness of society about both the useful and harmful effects of antibiotics [9] and, on a national basis, participation of governmental [10] and non-governmental [11] organizations in collaboration with European and international medical societies [12-14]. The rational use of antibiotics should be established in both hospital and ambulatory settings [10]. Institutional, regional, national and global aspects of antibiotic policies should be considered [2].

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Interactions in the parasite-host system in chronic obstructive lung diseases].

The interactions in "parasite-host" system were studied in 120 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) living in Samara. The significant interrelation between the composition of intestinal and pneumotropic microflora was revealed. It is conditioned both by the mechanisms of cooperation between some types of bacteria and by their translocation from one organs to another. The data obtained demonstrate the complex influence of abnormal microbial ecology in lungs and intestine on formation of "parasite-host" system and the significance of its function in COPD pathogenesis. The results of investigation show the necessity to include the measures for correction of microbial ecology disorders into the general complex of COPD therapy.

Asthma↗
PubMed1984

The cellular response to Listeria monocytogenes is mediated by a heterogeneous population of immunospecific T cells.

Immunospecific T cells cooperate with macrophages in the expression of delayed type hypersensitivity and cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes. The mediator cells involved are generated in response to an immunizing Listeria infection. Immunospecific T cells are formed in lymphoid tissue and appear briefly in the blood. Many localize at sites of microbial implantation, but others leave the blood spontaneously and infiltrate tissues throughout the body. Both circulating T cells and those in tissues participate in the expression of delayed type hypersensitivity and cellular resistance. Several lines of evidence suggest that these two phenomena are mediated by heterogeneous but possibly cooperating T cell populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Surveillance of communicable diseases in Europe; more than just a means of communication among national institutes].

The re-emergence of infectious diseases as a threat to the health of the public has led to the initiation of several surveillance programmes in the European community. The impact of these Europe-wide surveillance programmes, including the surveillance of antibiotic resistance, will depend on the ability of the epidemiologists involved to gather validated data that accurately reflect the trends in the occurrence of infectious diseases and of antibiotic resistances. The results of surveillance should be communicated not only between the national institutes but should also reach the medical communities and the public at large in the participating countries.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interactions among microorganisms of the indigenous intestinal flora and their influence on the host.

The animal host and its intestinal microbial flora function together as a complex ecologic system in which there is a significant impact of the intestinal flora on the host as well as of components of the microbial flora on one another. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the intestinal flora influence numerous anatomic, physiologic, and immunologic parameters of the host. Constituents of the indigenous intestinal flora also engage in a multitude of antagonistic and cooperative interactions. The normal bacterial intestinal flora represents an extremely important defense mechanism, which effectively interferes with the establishment of many important enteric pathogens. Mechanisms by which microorganisms suppress the growth of other microorganisms include modification of bile acids, stimulation of peristalsis, induction of immunologic responses, depletion of essential substrates from the environment, competition for attachment sites, creation of restrictive physiologic environments, and elaboration of antibiotic-like substances. Components of the intestinal microbial flora also interact synergistically in the induction of disease or the utilization of substrate.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Possible usefulness of cephem antibiotics with anti-staphylococcal activity for preventing the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The validity of clinical use of cephem antibiotics for preventing the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was investigated using a methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) carrying mecA gene. It became evident that drug with anti-staphylococcal activity, such as cefuzonam (CZON) or cefazolin (CEZ), has comparatively low selectivity of high-level methicillin resistant clones (methicillin MIC range from 25 to 800 micrograms/ml) from MSSA carrying mecA gene among cephem antibiotics tested. At concentrations over 1.56 micrograms/ml of both CZON and CEZ, about a 2-3 log10 decrease in viable count was observed. Therefore, it seems that much satisfactory disappearance of bacterial cells can be obtained in cooperation with host defence mechanisms.

Cefazolin↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of chemical and physical properties of feeds that affect protein metabolism in the rumen.

The goal of the NC-185 Cooperative Regional Research Project is to provide the information needed to improve the nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle, a major factor determining composition of milk and cost of milk yield. Emphasis is placed on understanding how energy and protein nutrition of lactating cows can be manipulated to increase the quantity and improve the profile of AA passing to the small intestine and to improve yield of milk and milk protein. To achieve this goal, one of the major objectives of this project has been to evaluate quantitatively the chemical and physical properties of protein and energy sources that determine AA availability to lactating cows. Reliable measurements of microbial protein synthesis and protein degradation in the rumen are critical in the evaluation process. Therefore, one of the ongoing areas of investigation of this research project has been to determine the most appropriate methods for estimating microbial protein synthesis and dietary protein degradation in the rumen. Other areas have been investigated, using continuous culture fermenters and ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows, including factors that alter microbial metabolism of N in the rumen and subsequently protein supply to the small intestine, such as sources of carbohydrate, protein, and fat and interrelationships of protein and carbohydrate. Findings of the NC-185 Cooperative Regional Research Project Committee and other investigators are summarized in this review.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Inflammation and lymphocyte activation during mycobacterial infection in the interferon-gamma-deficient mouse.

Interferon-gamma is a pivotal cytokine in the protective response to tuberculosis. In its absence rampant bacterial growth results in tissue destruction and death. While macrophage activation is key, this pleiotropic cytokine has other secondary but significant roles. To investigate these roles, both intravenous and aerosol infection of the IFN-gamma gene disrupted (GKO) mouse was performed. For the first time we describe the very similar growth of bacteria, during the initial phase of infection, between control and GKO mice. During this initial phase, however, very different histopathologic consequences between control and GKO mice were observed. Key observations included an early increased accumulation of granulocytes and a much more rapid and pronounced interstitial pneumonia in the GKO mice. As infection developed, GKO mice mounted an antigen-specific response; however, lymphocyte activation was much more rapid in these mice. Of interest is the fact that this increased rapidity occurred prior to significant differences in bacterial number. Taken together these data support a role for IFN-gamma in limiting both initial cellular recruitment and acquired lymphocytic responses to mycobacterial infection. This role may be key in surviving the kind of chronic stimulatory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of surfactants on plasticizer biodegradation by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633.

The biodegradation of plasticizers has been previously shown to result in the accumulation of metabolites that are more toxic than the initial compound. The present work shows that the pattern of degradation of di-2-ethylhexyl adipate by Bacillus subtilis can be significantly altered by the presence of biosurfactants, such as surfactin, or synthetic surfactants, such as Pluronic L122. In particular, this work confirms that the monoester, mono-2-ethylhexyl adipate, is a metabolite in the breakdown of the plasticizer. This metabolite was proposed but not observed in earlier studies. Toxicity measurements showed it to be significantly more toxic than the plasticizer. Thus, the effect of the surfactants was to significantly increase the accumulation of one or both of the two most toxic metabolites; i.e., the monoester and 2-ethylhexanol. It was proposed that the most likely cause of the effect of the surfactants was the sequestering of these two metabolites into mixed micelles, resulting in their reduced availability for further degradation.

Adipates↗
PubMed1977

The mechanism of actions of collagenase on the inhibition of release of acetylcholine from synaptosomal preparations.

The release of acetylcholine from synaptosomal preparations from bovine superior cervical ganglia and rat cortex was inhibited when the preparations were pretreated with collagenase. The inhibition of release could be overcome with the calcium ionophore A23187. Collagenase treatment was shown to inhibit the uptake of calcium into the preparations. In addition, gel electrophoresis of synaptosomal membranes revealed two missing high molecular weight proteins when either synaptosomes or synaptosomal membranes were incubated with collagenase.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2005

Selected Toll-like receptor agonist combinations synergistically trigger a T helper type 1-polarizing program in dendritic cells.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense microbial products and initiate adaptive immune responses by activating dendritic cells (DCs). As pathogens may contain several TLR agonists, we sought to determine whether different TLRs cooperate in DC activation. In human and mouse DCs, TLR3 and TLR4 potently acted in synergy with TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 in the induction of a selected set of genes. Synergic TLR stimulation increased production of interleukins 12 and 23 and increased the Delta-4/Jagged-1 ratio, leading to DCs with enhanced and sustained T helper type 1-polarizing capacity. Global gene transcriptional analysis showed that TLR synergy 'boosted' only approximately 1% of the transcripts induced by single TLR agonists. These results identify a 'combinatorial code' by which DCs discriminate pathogens and suggest new strategies for promoting T helper type 1 responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Decreased in vitro susceptibility to zidovudine of HIV isolates obtained from patients with AIDS.

This study tested isolates of human immunodeficiency virus, obtained before and after zidovudine therapy from 10 patients, for susceptibility to the drug in vitro. The isolates collected after therapy were less susceptible to zidovudine as assessed by replication in MT-2 cells and production of reverse transcriptase activity by infected mononuclear leucocytes in the presence of the drug. Furthermore, pretherapy isolates were sensitive to a range of zidovudine concentrations when 100% inhibition was used as the end point. The loss of zidovudine susceptibility did not correlate with any clinical or virologic consequences in this small group of patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗