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PubMed1992

Hoof and distal limb surface temperature in the normal pony under constant and changing ambient temperatures.

Forelimb surface temperatures were continuously monitored in four clinically normal ponies exposed to: (i) constant ambient temperature; (ii) a biphasic change in ambient temperature; and (iii) an incremental increase in ambient temperature. Limb surface temperatures were recorded at the hoof, metacarpus and forearm, and rectal temperature was also measured. Under constant ambient temperature, limb surface temperatures remained relatively constant. A pyrexic episode occurred in one pony under constant ambient temperature conditions and was characterised by an onset phase in which rectal temperature gradually increased while limb surface temperatures concurrently decreased; a plateau phase in which rectal temperature was elevated but essentially constant although limb surface temperatures rose dramatically; and a febrilytic phase in which limb surface temperatures remained elevated while rectal temperature gradually decreased. A biphasic change in ambient temperature produced corresponding changes in limb surface temperature, but limb surface temperatures were less stable at the lower ambient temperatures. Surface temperature responses to incremental increases in ambient temperature were dependent on the baseline ambient temperature (before increase), and dramatic, spontaneous increases in limb surface temperatures were observed. Rectal temperatures in the normal animals remained relatively constant under all three ambient temperature regimens. It was concluded that clinical interpretation of limb surface temperatures in ponies required an awareness of ambient temperature conditions. For evaluation of vasodilator agents, constant ambient temperatures of at least less than 18 degrees C are suggested, and constant ambient temperatures exceeding 20 degrees C are recommended for the evaluation of vasoconstrictor agents.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Kinematics and kinetics of the carpus.

This study investigated the kinematics and kinetics of the carpus during the stance phase. Five Standardbred horses trotted on a treadmill at 8.9 m/s. The kinematics of the horses were filmed and hoof reaction forces (HRF) were recorded. The carpus was overextended throughout most of the stance. There were 2 periods of overextension, a more rapid period in the beginning of the stance and second directly following the first period. Maximal overextension occurred slightly before the second minimum of the braking horizontal HRF. The metacarpal and antebrachial segments rotated counter-clockwise for most of the stance. The angular velocities of these segments attained absolute and local extremes that were concurrent. The absolute maxima in the longitudinal and the transversal acceleration of the proximal metacarpus were coincident in time with the minimal horizontal braking force. The moment of force about the carpus was extending throughout most of the stance, with a short period of flexion near the end of the stance. The results show that horizontal braking of the hoof results in impulsive loading followed by maximal overextension of the carpus. The second phase of overextension is suggested to be related to the tension or active roll of the flexor tendons of the distal limb. The carpus is, therefore, subjected to rapid and high loading in both the longitudinal and transversal directions, as well as large moments and forces.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of bone mineral content and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in stall- vs. pasture-reared horses.

Sixteen Arabian yearlings were assigned randomly to 2 groups, confined to stall and pastured, to investigate the effects of confinement vs. pasture-rearing on bone mineral content and biochemical markers of bone metabolism over a 140 day period. Following an 84 day pretraining period, 6 horses from each group were selected randomly to complete a 56 day training period. Serum osteocalcin concentrations were determined from blood samples collected every 14 days. Urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations and mineral content of the third metacarpus, as determined by lateral and medial radiographic bone aluminum equivalency (RBAE), were determined every 28 days from 24 h urine samples and radiographs of the left forelimb, respectively. In comparison with starting values, lateral RBAE was lower in the confined horses at Day 28 and remained lower throughout most of the project, while pastured horses had increasing lateral RBAE. Horses kept in stalls had lower medial RBAE at Day 28 than pasture-reared horses. Medial RBAE tended to remain lower in confined horses than in pastured horses throughout most of the project. The onset of training failed to negate the loss of mineral. Serum osteocalcin concentrations were lower and urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations were higher in the confined horses at Days 14 and 28, respectively, compared with the pastured horses, and subsequently returned to baseline. These results suggest that housing yearling/2-year-old horses in stalls may be associated with a loss of bone mineral content in comparison with horses maintained on pasture.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2001

In vitro comparison between a DCP and external fixator for pancarpal arthrodesis in the dog.

Many clinical reports have previously documented the advantages of plates or external fixations but surgeons prefer to use plate for better acceptance by the owner, less dressing and a decreased rate of infection. In order to address complications of carpal surgery, infections, arthritis and osteomyelitis, external fixation is warranted. Twelve canine forelimbs, free of abnormality, were tested under compression to evaluate the in vitro biomechanical behaviour of the normal carpus. This behaviour was compared with that of a stabilized carpus stabilised by panarthrodesis with either plates (8 hole 3.5 mm dynamic compression plate (DCP), or a type II external fixator. Deformation vs. load was recorded after compression with a testing machine in conjunction with a digital data acquisition system. Yield load, maximal load to failure and stiffness were then calculated. Variables were significantly greater for arthrodesis with external fixation and plates than for intact forelimbs. The stiffness and the MLF after stabilisation with plates or external fixators did not differ significantly. At MLF, fracture of the third metacarpus appeared with plates, whereas deformations of the pins and bars of the external fixators increased with load. Stabilisation with plate or external fixation allowed more load to failure than the intact carpus. The biomechanical behaviour of both methods of arthrodesis was identical during loading. However, after rupture, external fixation was more plastic. External fixation, which is less often used than plates for pancarpal arthrodesis, mainly due to the occurrence of sepsis, may be useful for arthrodesis of the carpus in big or active dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed1971

Metabolic, respiratory and vasomotor responses to heating the scrotum of the ram.

1. Oxygen consumption, respiratory frequency, and temperatures of the rectum, common carotid artery, external auditory meatus, and skin on the ears, near the distal end of the metacarpus and metatarsus, upper thigh and mid-side of the body, were measured in five rams before, during and after heating the scrotum. Effects on the woolly animal exposed to ambient temperatures of 17-19 degrees C, and on the shorn animal exposed to ambient temperatures of 5.6-24.5 degrees C, were determined.2. In eight experiments on woolly animals scrotal heating resulted in vigorous panting and a lowering of deep body temperatures by 0.3-1.1 degrees C within 50 min. There was no significant change in oxygen consumption or body skin and upper thigh temperature. Changes in skin temperature of the extremities indicated, on average, a vasodilator response to heating. However, individual responses were unpredictable, there sometimes being dilation and constriction in different extremities of the same animal.3. In twelve experiments on shorn animals in environments below 20 degrees C, oxygen consumption before scrotal heating was higher than when the animal was woolly. Scrotal heating resulted in a fall in oxygen consumption and a lowering of deep body temperatures by 0.2-0.9 degrees C within 50 min. There was no change in respiratory frequency or body skin and upper thigh temperature. As in the woolly animal, vasomotor responses were disorganized, although there was a tendency towards vasodilation.4. In three shorn animals in environments of 20.5 and 24.5 degrees C, oxygen consumption before scrotal heating was only slightly higher than when the animal was woolly. In two of these animals (in 20.5 and 24.5 degrees C) scrotal heating resulted in a slight lowering of oxygen consumption and mild panting, and deep body temperature fell by 0.9 degrees C in 50 min. In the third animal (in 24.5 degrees C) there was no change in oxygen consumption but vigorous panting and vasodilation, and deep body temperature fell by 1.3 degrees C in 50 min.5. In a number of experiments on shorn animals scrotal heating was continued for more than 100 min. Deep body temperature was controlled at a new low level after the initial fall, and the possibility of a resetting of the ;set-point' temperature is discussed.6. The previously unexplained fall in body temperature of the shorn ram in which panting did not follow scrotal heating may now be mainly ascribed to a reduction in metabolic rate. Also, the possible role of cutaneous evaporation should not be discounted. The inhibition of panting in the shorn sheep at environmental temperatures below 20 degrees C remains unexplained.7. Body heating alone, by covering the shorn animal with a sheep skin coat in an environment of 19 degrees C, elicited well organized vasomotor changes in the ears and lower legs.8. As a result of the present study and previous work by others, it is clear that all thermoregulatory mechanisms, with the exception of vasomotor changes, may be influenced in a predictable manner by temperature changes of the scrotum.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Deforming arthropathy or lupus and rhupus hands in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: Although deforming arthropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterised by a number of manifestations, definitive criteria for the different forms have not yet been established. To define deforming arthropathy and its different types a study was undertaken of 176 SLE patients. METHODS: Using as criterion any deviation from any of the metacarpus finger axes 17 patients (16 women, one man) were identified with clinical deforming arthropathy. These patients were evaluated according to a standardised protocol that covered all known characteristics of deforming arthropathy. By means of "Jaccoud's arthropathy index" three different forms were identified. RESULTS: Three patients had an erosive form of deforming arthropathy (or rhupus hand) such as those seen in frank rheumatoid arthritis (RA), eight patients were identified as having Jaccoud's arthropathy (or lupus hand), and the remaining six patients had mild deforming arthropathy. Jaccoud's arthropathy is characterised by severe deformation of the hands (ulnar deviation, swan neck deformities, and Z deformity of the thumb) and feet with multiple non-erosive subluxations, mild aching and little or no evidence of synovitis. All patients, but one, fulfilled just four criteria of the ACR classification and joint symptoms were always found to precede the diagnosis of SLE. Furthermore a remarkable association of Jaccoud's arthropathy with fetal loss, thrombosis--both venous and arterial--and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies was found. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that Jaccoud's arthropathy represents a subset of SLE. Subdivision of deforming arthropathy into several clinical forms can facilitate the clinical management of this disorder.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Haematogenous osteomyelitis in cattle.

The examination of 70 cattle with haematogenous osteomyelitis resulted in the classification of the bone lesions into two main groups: the physeal type, in which an infection, usually of metaphyseal bone, originated at or near the growth plate, usually in the distal metacarpus, metatarsus, radius or tibia, and the epiphyseal type, in which an infection originated near the junction of the subchondral bone and the immature epiphyseal joint cartilage, most often in the distal femoral condyle epiphysis, the patella and the distal radius. Combinations of physeal and epiphyseal defects and even diaphyseal involvement were occasionally seen. Epiphyseal osteomyelitis was mostly caused by salmonella infection, physeal by Corynebacterium pyogenes, salmonella and other bacteria. The salmonella affected animals were with one exception less than 12 weeks old and the majority had had some previous illness or came from a problem herd. The C pyogenes affected calves were in almost all cases more than six months old. The prognosis of the metaphyseal infection was in general satisfactory, and surgical intervention (osteotomy or sequestrectomy) was often required. The prognosis of the epiphyseal type was grave but two of the three animals in which physeal and epiphyseal defects were accompanied by diaphyseal lesions recovered.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Necrosis and sloughing of skin associated with limb cellulitis in four cows and a calf: predisposing causes, treatment and prognosis.

Four cows and a calf with non-suppurative limb cellulitis were observed subsequently to suffer skin necrosis and sloughing in the affected limbs, either on or distal to the metacarpus or metatarsus. In comparison with six cows with suppurative Corynebacterium pyogenes limb cellulitis, topical therapy or the cases with skin necrosis and sloughing was adequate and the prognosis was good, when compared with the rigorous systemic therapy applied to the cows with suppurative cellulitis, some of which died. The skin necrosis and sloughing resulting from limb cellulitis seemed to be encouraged by the paucity of tissue between the skin and the bone, by the poor vascularity of the area, and by the causative bacteria.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2004

Risk of fatal distal limb fractures among Thoroughbreds involved in the five types of racing in the United Kingdom.

The risk of fatal distal limb fractures in thoroughbreds racing in the UK was calculated and shown to vary considerably between the different types of race. Flat turf racing was associated with the lowest risk (0.4 per 1000 starts) and national hunt flat racing was associated with the highest risk (2.2 per 1000 starts). The types of fracture were classified by detailed radiographic and postmortem examinations of all the cases recorded over two years, and the distribution of the different types of fracture in the five main types of racing was examined. Overall, lateral condylar fractures of the third metacarpus were the most common, and they were also the most common in national hunt-type races (hurdle, steeplechase and national hunt flat races). In all-weather flat racing biaxial proximal sesamoid fractures were most common, and in turf flat racing fractures of the first phalanx were most common. The risk of fractures of more than one bone was greater in national hunt-type races.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Assessment of skeletal development in preterm and term infants by quantitative ultrasound.

Assessment of skeletal development using a nonionizing method would be desirable in critically ill preterm infants. We investigated the second metacarpus by quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Cross-sectional data were collected in 132 preterm or term infants measured within 24 h from birth and in 142 term infants up to the age of 18 mo. Longitudinal data were collected in 150 preterm infants up to the age of 14 mo. Cross-sectional data were used to devise reference curves for metacarpal speed of sound (mcSOS) and metacarpal bone transmission time (mcBTT). Both parameters increase during the last trimester of gestation. After birth, mcSOS declines up to the 6 mo and then increases up to 18 mo of life. McBTT values remain stable after birth. At birth, QUS values of preterm infants are lower than those observed at birth in term infants. In the longitudinal study, mcSOS showed a trend similar to that observed among term infants, nevertheless, values are lower up to 4-6 mo of life. Among preterm infants, mcBTT increases until it reaches values observed in term infants. Preterm infants in their first months of life have lower QUS values compared with term infants of same weight or length. This study demonstrates that it is possible to follow skeletal development and maturation by QUS in preterm infants. More specifically, the mcBTT values may provide information on bone tissue that is independent of length and weight of the preterm infant. The method here described is safe, repeatable, and reliable.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2000

Serum parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels in racehorses with fracture.

Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) levels in fractured racehorses were measured by radioimmunoassay. Racehorses with fracture of large bone such as the radius, third metacarpus, third carpus, digital bone or tibia, showed normal PTH level and elevated CT level in the serum. Serum PTH level was slightly higher in racehorses with sesamoid bone fracture compared to that of healthy racehorses, but not statistically significant. Moreover, serum CT level of racehorses with sesamoid bone fracture was significantly higher than that of healthy racehorses. Racehorses with sesamoid bone fracture and large bone fracture might be in different conditions of calcium regulation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oral manifestations of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a case report.

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy is a hereditary metabolic disorder of dominant autosomal etiology that is commonly characterized by short stature, round face, small metacarpus and metatarsus, mental retardation, osteoporosis, subcutaneous calcification, variable hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. In this study, we report a clinical case of a 17-year-old woman with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, and we discuss her clinical, radiographic, and laboratory test characteristics together with the oral manifestations, and we correlate them with the characteristics found in the literature. We also discuss the odontological management of treatment of related periodontal disease and planning for corrections of related malocclusions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Deep palmar arteries of monkeys, with special reference to the palmar metacarpal arteries.

The palmar metacarpal arteries in monkey hands were studied. The palmar metacarpal arteries arose from the deep palmar arch or catella palmaris proximalis and descended in the deep palm, forming the catella palmaris distalis at the distal end of the metacarpus. The palmar metacarpal arteries could be classified into four kinds in relation to the interosseous muscles and metacarpal bones: (i) the superficial palmar metacarpal (sM) arteries descending on the palmar surfaces of the interosseous muscles along the metacarpal bones, (ii) the superficial palmar intermetacarpal (sI) arteries descending on the palmar surfaces of the interosseous muscles along the intermetacarpal spaces, (iii) the deep palmar metacarpal (dM) arteries descending deep in the interosseous muscles along the metacarpal bones, and (iv) the deep palmar intermetacarpal (dI) arteries descending deep in the interosseous muscles along the intermetacarpal spaces. These findings largely coincide with those obtained from studies of the human hand by Murakami (1969).

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Reproduction studies of VP 16-213 (I)--Oral administration to rats prior to and in the early stages of pregnancy].

VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered orally to male Crj : CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats for 64 days and to female rats of the same strain for 15 days prior to mating at dose levels of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day. These animals were then mated under the consecutive administration of this drug and the females confirmed to be copulated were further dosed from day 0 through 7 of gestation. The summarized results obtained are as follows: VP 10 mg/kg suppressed the body weight increase in females from day 8 of pre-mating through day 20 of gestation, but did not affect the body weight in males. VP 10 mg/kg decreased the organ weights of testes, epididymides and thymus in males and induced atrophy of these organs macroscopically, but did not affect their reproductive performances. As for fetuses, VP 10 mg/kg elevated the mortality and induced anophthalmia, microphthalmia and dilated lateral ventricles, as well as suppressed their growth and the ossification processes of sternums, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae, metacarpus, thoracic vertebrae and pubis. Based on these results, the no-effect dose level of VP under the present experimental condition was estimated to be 3 mg/kg/day against parent rats of both sexes and their offspring.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1986

[Reproduction studies of VP 16-213 (V)--Intravenous administration to rats prior to and in the early stages of pregnancy].

VP 16-213 (etoposide, abbr. to VP), an oncostatic drug, was administered intravenously to male Crj: CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats for 61 days and to female rats of the same strain for 14 days prior to mating at dose levels of 0.05, 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg/day. These animals were then mated under the consecutive administration of this drug and the females confirmed to be copulated were further dosed from day 0 through 7 of gestation. The summarized results obtained are as follows: Body weight increases were suppressed at the dose level of VP 0.8 mg/kg in males and females. VP 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg decreased the thymic weight and 0.8 mg/kg decreased testicular and epididymal weight in males showing macroscopic atrophy of these organs, but these doses failed to affect the reproductive ability and so on in parent rats. As for fetuses, VP 0.8 mg/kg elevated the mortality, decreased the number of survivors and suppressed their growth. Furthermore, this dose raised the incidences of anophthalmia, microphthalmia, dilated lateral ventricles and unossified 5th and 6th sternums, as well as brought retarded ossification of sternums, cervical vertebrae, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae, metacarpus and thoracic vertebrae. Based on these results, the no-effect dose levels of VP under the present experimental condition were estimated to be 0.05 mg/kg/day against parent rats of both sexes and 0.2 mg/kg/day against their offspring.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Comparison of equine amnion and a nonadherent wound dressing material for bandaging pinch-grafted wounds in ponies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate healing of pinch-grafted wounds on the distal aspect of the limbs of ponies bandaged with equine amnion or a standard nonadherent wound dressing material. ANIMALS: 6 ponies. PROCEDURE: A 2.5x2.5-cm full-thickness section of skin was removed from the dorsal aspect of each limb at the midpoint of the metacarpus or metatarsus. Six days later, wounds were grafted with partial-thickness pinch grafts. Half the wounds were bandaged with amnion, and the other half were bandaged with a nonadherent dressing. Bandages were changed every 3 days until wound healing was complete. At each bandage change, numbers of grafts lost were recorded, and wounds were measured. RESULTS: Percentage of grafts lost from wounds bandaged with amnion was not significantly different from percentage lost from wounds bandaged with the nonadherent dressing. Median healing time for wounds bandaged with amnion (30 days) was significantly less than median healing time for wounds bandaged with the nonadherent dressing (39 days). All wounds were healed by day 45. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that amnion can be used for bandaging pinch-grafted wounds on the distal aspect of the limbs of ponies.

Amnion↗

PubMed2002

Factors regulating collagen synthesis and degradation during second-intention healing of wounds in the thoracic region and the distal aspect of the forelimb of horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine significant molecular and cellular factors responsible for differences in second-intention healing in thoracic and metacarpal wounds of horses. ANIMALS: 6 adult mixed-breed horses. PROCEDURE: A full-thickness skin wound on the metacarpus and another such wound on the pectoral region were created, photographed, and measured, and tissue was harvested from these sites weekly for 4 weeks. Gene expression of type-I collagen, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were determined by quantitative in situ hybridization. Myofibroblasts were detected by immunohistochemical labeling with alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). Collagen accumulation was detected by use of picrosirius red staining. Tissue morphology was examined by use of H&E staining. RESULTS: Unlike thoracic wounds, forelimb wounds enlarged during the first 2 weeks. Myofibroblasts, detected by week 1, remained abundant with superior organization in thoracic wounds. Type-I collagen mRNA accumulated progressively in both wounds. More type-I collagen and TGF-beta1 mRNA were seen in forelimb wounds. Volume of MMP-1 mRNA decreased from day 0 in both wounds. By week 3, TIMP-1 mRNA concentration was greater in thoracic wounds. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Greater collagen synthesis in metacarpal than thoracic wounds was documented by increased concentrations of myofibroblasts, type-I collagen mRNA,TGF-beta1 mRNA, and decreased collagen degradation (ie, MMP-1). Imbalanced collagen synthesis and degradation likely correlate with development of exuberant granulation tissue, delaying healing in wounds of the distal portions of the limbs. Factors that inhibit collagen synthesis or stimulate collagenase may provide treatment options for horses with exuberant granulation tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effect of a silicone-containing dressing on exuberant granulation tissue formation and wound repair in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a silicone dressing on the rate and quality of repair of limb wounds and compare microvascular occlusion and apoptosis in wounds treated with the silicone dressing and those treated with a conventional dressing in horses. ANIMALS: 5 horses. PROCEDURE: Horses received two 6.25-cm2 wounds on each metacarpus. Ten wounds were treated with a silicone dressing; the other 10 were treated with a control dressing. Quality of repair and wound size were evaluated at each bandage change. Time to healing and the number of excisions of exuberant granulation tissue were recorded. Biopsy specimens taken from healed wounds were evaluated semiquantitatively via histologic examination, p53 immunohistochemical analysis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) to quantify apoptosis, and electron microscopic examination to measure microvessel luminal diameters. RESULTS: The silicone dressing surpassed the conventional dressing in preventing formation of exuberant granulation tissue and improving tissue quality. Microvessels were occluded significantly more often in wounds dressed with the silicone gel, which also diminished the expression of mutant p53, an indirect inhibitor of apoptosis, although greater apoptosis was not confirmed quantitatively by use of TUNEL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Because the silicone dressing inhibited the formation of exuberant granulation tissue, it may be integrated in a management strategy designed to improve the repair of limb wounds in horses.

Animals↗