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PubMed1977

Binomial assessment of behavioral-phenotypic variations: constancy of choices, trial effects, and social interaction effects in mass-screened color preferences of quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Individual variations in repeated approach choices between colors by quail chicks were efficiently and reliably identified by methods of binary mass screening and binomial assessment. Choices between a pair of identical white stimuli showed only random variations, which indicated that position habit, systematic alternation, and extraneous stimulus factors did not influence performances. Choices between blue and red colors showed significant individual variations, which were free of influences from changes in the probabilities of choices on repeated trials, interdependence between trials, and interdependence between individual performances of mass-screened subjects. Genetic determination of individual variations were shown by strong responses to bidirectional genetic selection of choices between blue and red, which also introduced small social interaction effects in mass-screened performances. Results are discussed in relation to the use of binomial distribution for identifying phenotypic units and variations in choice behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Usefulness of age-specific reference range of prostate-specific antigen for Japanese men older than 60 years in mass screening for prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the age-specific reference range of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in Japanese men older than 60 years of age by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Several reports have noted that many clinically serious cancers are missed by raising the cutoff value of the age-specific PSA reference range for men older than 60 years. METHODS: We studied 6744 individuals who had undergone mass screening for prostate cancer in Gunma Prefecture from 1994 to 1998. PSA determination was the first step of the mass screening in all subjects. Digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) were performed in all except in a fraction of patients. Subjects with an abnormal PSA level or abnormal digital rectal examination or TRUS findings underwent TRUS-guided systematic sextant biopsies. Patients older than 60 years of age were grouped according to their age at 5-year intervals, and the cutoff value of the age-specific PSA reference range was calculated for each age group by analyzing the ROC curve. RESULTS: The diagnostic efficiency of the age-specific PSA reference range was optimal with cutoff values of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.0, and 7.0 ng/mL in subjects 60 to 64, 65 to 69, 70 to 74, 75 to 79, and older than 80 years of age, respectively. By using the age-specific PSA reference range as determined by the ROC curve, the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency increased to 92.4%, 91.2%, and 84.3%, respectively. When the standard PSA reference range was used for the diagnosis, the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency was 89.1%, 92.4%, and 82.3%, respectively. All of the cases of prostate cancer detected by using the age-specific PSA reference range with the cutoff point based on the ROC curves were clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The age-specific PSA reference range cutoff value in this setting demonstrated better diagnostic efficiency than the standard cutoff value of PSA and the age-specific PSA reference range determined by the 95% confidence interval. It appears likely to be a useful diagnostic index for the first step of mass screening in Japanese men.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1981

An evaluation of mass screening for breast cancer.

In Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, 41,922 women (26,669 in actual number) were subjected to mass screening with physical examination from 1970-1977. In 42 including 10 of so-called "interval cancer", breast cancer was detected. Those with breast cancer detected by mass screening were in the earlier stage of the disease as compared to those diagnosed through regular medical care at our-patient clinic during the same period. Procedures such as inspection and palpation are readily carried out and early occurrences of breast cancer can be detected.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of mass screening for neuroblastoma on incidence, mortality, and survival rates in Osaka, Japan.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of mass screening for neuroblastoma, time trends of incidence, mortality, and survival of neuroblastoma in Osaka Prefecture were analyzed. METHODS: Data for this analysis was obtained from the population-based Osaka Cancer Registry. Time trends of incidence and mortality rates were analyzed by calendar year and by birth cohort. Survival was compared between before and after the introduction of systematic screening. RESULTS: From 1970-94, 457 cases of neuroblastoma and 182 deaths from neuroblastoma were observed in Osaka. The annual age-standardized incidence rate per million children increased from 7.5 in 1970-84 to 20.5 in 1985-94, while the mortality rates did not differ between these two periods. Analysis by birth cohort showed that the incidence rate at 0 year of age per 100,000 live births increased from 2.30 in 1970-79 (unscreened) to 19.80 in 1988-89 (screening by high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC). The incidence rate in children 1 and 2-4 years of age also increased according to the introduction of HPLC. The mortality rate in children 1-4 years of age per 100,000 live births slightly decreased from 3.87 in 1970-79 to 3.30 in 1988-89, which was presumed to be derived from the improvement in survival due to the progress in treatment. CONCLUSIONS: It is strongly suggested that mass screening for neuroblastoma causes harm because of overdiagnosis, and it has little effect on decreasing the incidence and the mortality of neuroblastoma at 1-4 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Psychological side-effects of the mass screening on cervical cancer.

The results are reported of a study on the psychological side-effects of mass screening for cervical cancer in Rotterdam. The reactions of participants towards a positive smear and towards the treatment which followed the positive smear were analysed. Women who had problems with a positive smear and with a serious disorder which necessitated an operation and hospitalization had problems with the treatment. However, most women who underwent the operation did not have lasting problems of either a psychological or somatic nature. Women who had been treated by their G.P.s or by a gynaecologist in most cases did not have problems with their treatment. The final conclusion was that mass screening for cervical cancer in Rotterdam caused psychological side-effects to occur among women with a positive smear. However, for the majority of women with a positive smear they were not of a lasting or serious nature.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Analysis of site differences in voiding condition of elderly men-- comparison to results of mass screening for prostate diseases between the villages of Shimamaki-mura, Hokkaido and Satomi-Mura, Ibaraki].

We performed mass screening for prostate diseases in the village of Satomi-mura, in Ibaraki Prefecture for males between 40 and 79 years old (participation rate; 21%). The findings were compared to those obtained by mass screening in the village of Shimamaki-mura, in Hokkaido Prefecture, conducted by the same examiners in a consistent manner (participation rate; 47%). When we considered the difference in biopsy rates between the two sites, the detection rate of prostate cancer in Satomi-mura was similar to that in Shimamaki-mura. There were no apparent differences in distribution of prostate volume, the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) and maximum flow rate between the two sites for each 10-year-age group. Our findings suggested that there was little site difference in the detection rate of prostate cancer and voiding condition between the two villages.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Relationship of prostate-specific antigen levels to prostate volume and age in mass screening subjects.

To evaluate the relationship between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and prostate volume and age in a mass screening for prostatic disease, a total of 1,162 examinees from one Japanese prefecture who were over 45 years of age underwent a mass screening for prostatic disease that used the Hybritech (Tandem(R)RIA) kit, and the prostate volume was estimated by transabdominal ultrasonography. Differences among several groups of men according to prostate volume and age were examined by multiple comparisons using ranks. When some subjects visited several times, the data of the first visit were adopted only. The total number of individual subjects in this study was 589 men. The multiple comparisons using ranks and 10-year age brackets revealed that the levels of PSA showed significant differences between only two pairs of groups stratified by age. In contrast, the levels of PSA showed significant differences among seven pairs of groups stratified by the prostate volume according to 10-ml brackets. When a logarithmic transformation of the serum levels of PSA was used, the results showed the same tendencies. From the results of the present study, it can be said that the PSA reference range calculated with stratified prostate volume might be more useful in the detection of prostate cancer than that calculated with stratified age.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[7 years of annual mass screening for colorectal cancer in office workers--usefulness of 3-day RPHA method].

Immunological fecal occult blood test have been proved to be useful in the mass screening for colorectal cancer. Since 1986, we have started annual mass screening by the use of 3-day RPHA method and medical questionnaire for office workers over 40 yr old. During 7 yr, 261 out of 5386 examinees were testing positive for fecal occult blood, a test positive rate was 4.8% and 12 colorectal cancer (7: early, 5: advanced) were found. Among 12 cases, 10 were detected by positive results of RPHA test and 2 by questionnaires of symptoms or family history. The sensitivity and specificity of this method were calculated at 83.3% and 95.3% respectively. But as for advanced cancers, the sensitivity of this method was 100%. 75% of patients with colorectal cancer were over 55 yr old. The predictive value of positive test (PV) were much more higher in subjects with 2 or 3 times test positive (high risk group: PV = 14.3%) than in subject with only 1 time test positive (low risk group: PV = 0.6%). So it is considered to be reasonable that the high risk group (24% of total test positive) should be immediately undergone further examinations (Ba. enema or colonoscopy), and the low risk group should be undergone re-examinations of 3-day RPHA method. By this system, almost 50% of further examinations will be reduced. In conclusion, 3-day RPHA method with this further examination system is reasonable and efficient for screening of colorectal cancer in office workers, considering the high reliability in cancer detection and decreased further examinations.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determining the cost-effectiveness of mass screening for cervical cancer using common analytic models.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost per life-year saved (cost-effectiveness ratio [CER]) for cervical cancer and to evaluate the influence of the decreased incidence upon the cost per life-year saved. STUDY DESIGN: We established hypothetical cohorts at 10-year intervals between 30 and 79 years of age, each of which consisted of 100,000 asymptomatic female subjects, and estimated the cost and effect of single mass screening for cervical cancer. To investigate the influence on CER, we performed a sensitivity analysis of each item, including the consultation rate for further examination, prevalence rate and cost of medical treatment. RESULTS: The estimated CER per one expected life-year of survival was lowest for subjects in their 30s and highest for those in their 70s. The difference between the two was more than five-fold. Sensitivity analysis was rarely affected by changes in the cost of medical treatment and the prevalence rate, but the effectiveness rate could be fairly affected by the consultation rate for closer examination. CONCLUSION: Mass screening for cervical cancer is acceptable in terms of economic effectiveness. Moreover, mass screening for cervical cancer could decrease the morbidity rate for scores of years thereafter.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Gas chromatographic study of the urinary codeine-to-morphine ratios in controlled codeine consumption and in mass screening for opiate drugs.

The urinary codeine-to-morphine ratios in fifteen volunteers administered codeine tablets at intervals were studied by gas chromatography (GC) and compared with one month's GC results for enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)-screened urine specimens in a mass-screening programme for abuse of opiate drugs, particularly heroin. It appears that when M less than 2 and C/M greater than 0 or when M greater than 2 and C/M greater than 0.5, where C and M are codeine and morphine concentrations in micrograms per 10 ml of urine, codeine consumption has to be presumed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mass screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Effects and problems.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of and problems with mass screening and in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. STUDY DESIGN: About 3,570,000 females who underwent mass screening for cervical cancer between 1962 and 1994. RESULTS: The screening rate in the female population aged 30 years or older was 9.5% in 1970, gradually increased and exceeded that rate in 1991 but showed only slight changes thereafter. The standardized death rate due to malignant neoplasm of the cervix fell from 12.1 per 100,000 in 1961 to 4.0 in 1994. CONCLUSION: There still remain various problems, such as lack of a further increase in the screening rate, the fixation of examinees and an increase in the incidence of cervical cancer in young females.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Risk factors in mass screening for breast cancer, multivariate analysis of data from the Cuban diagnosis pilot study.

The evolution of mammography has provided possibilities for mass screening programs. Early diagnosis is considered the most important factor in reducing the breast cancer mortality but the mass screening is very expensive if we include all female population. In this paper we show the results of an early diagnosis pilot study with a multivariate data analysis. Data concerning risk factors (age, age at menarche, menopause, parity, age at first childbirth, lactation, abortions and previous benign breast disease) were recorded in 438 patients with breast carcinoma and 1750 patients with benign breast diseases diagnosed in the Early Diagnosis Pilot Program at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology in Cuba. A group of 449 healthy women living in Havana City was also studied. Age and age at first childbirth were the major factor considered. Multivariate data analysis allowed to build stratification trees identifying subgroups with different breast cancer incidence. The usefulness of these stratifications for screening with optimal coverage, sufficiency and efficacy, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[An economical method for research on serum triacylglycerols in mass screening].

A method with thin layer chromatography on alufoil of the firm "Merck" was developed for the needs of mass screening in the studies on lipid metabolism. Serum lipids extract is divided at a liquid phase benzine-diethyl ether 4:1. After carbonization, lipid spots are observed. The fourth of them is of TAG. The intensity of the spot is compared with the standard triolein. In this way the sera with hypertriglyceridemia are separated and only a small part of the mass screening (5-8%) are further studied by enzyme or other methods. In this way time and means are largely saved. Because of the small quantity of serum necessary for the investigations, the method is recommended for the pediatric practice as well.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of a mass screening program for stomach cancer with a case-control study design.

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of a mass screening program for stomach cancer, a case-control study was conducted in Nose town in Osaka, Japan. The case series consisted of all deaths from stomach cancer during the period 1969-1981 (54 in males and 37 in females). For each case, 3 controls of the same sex and from the same precinct as the case, and born within 5 years of the case birth-year, were selected at random from Nose town residents alive at the date of death of the relevant case. We then investigated whether each case and corresponding controls had ever had screening tests before the date of diagnosis of the case. From the matched analysis of the distribution of screening in case-control combination, the odds ratio of screened vs. unscreened among those who died from stomach cancer compared to those who did not was calculated as 0.595 (90% confidence interval: 0.338-1.045) among males and 0.382 (0.185-0.785) among females. When the screening tests conducted within 12 months of diagnosis were ignored on the presumption that they were symptom-related, the odds ratio was calculated as 0.519 (0.297-0.905) among males and 0.486 (0.239-0.986) among females. These data strongly suggest that the mass screening program is effective in reducing stomach cancer mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Mass screening for neuroblastoma targeting children age 14 months in Sapporo City: a preliminary report.

BACKGROUND: In Sapporo City a mass screening program for neuroblastoma targeting children age 6 months (6-MS) was initially introduced in 1981. Since April 1991, an additional program has been implemented, aimed at children age 14 months (14-MS). METHODS: High performance liquid chromatography was employed in the 14-MS. Identification of cases was dependent on the Registry of Childhood Malignancies in the Hokkaido Prefecture. RESULTS: Of the 85,783 live births in Sapporo City during the period 1990-1994, a total of 56,444 participated in the 14-MS (compliance rate, 65.8%). By the end of 1996, of 48,448 children who had previously taken part in the 6-MS, 6 cases were identified in the 14-MS, and 1 additional case screened negative but was later diagnosed clinically. Two more cases were detected in the 14-MS among the 7996 children who had not participated in the 6-MS. Though the incidence of cases identified by the 14-MS was much higher than expected, several true-positive cases had unfavorable histology (as defined by Shimada's classification), a high dopamine level, and/or a high homovanillic acid/vanillylmandelic acid ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Mass screening of children age 14 months for neuroblastoma detects cases missed or unscreened at age 6 months, though the detection rate appears to be in excess of what would be expected from natural incidence.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1993

Mass screening for endometrial cancer directed in risk groups of patients with diabetes and patients with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The interest in mass screening programs for the early detection of endometrial cancer (EC) has grown with the rising incidence of this disease. Preliminary programs directed at asymptomatic women with only one risk factor, i.e. age, have not been cost-effective. METHODS: In the current study, 597 asymptomatic women from 45-69 years of age with diabetes and/or hypertension were screened by Vabra (Berkeley Medevices Inc., Berkeley, CA) aspiration. RESULTS: Among the women with diabetes, 6.3% preinvasive lesions of the endometrium were found. This is significantly more than the rate among women with hypertension, which was 1.3% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Regular mass screening programs for the early detection of EC should be directed at asymptomatic diabetic women 45 years of age or older. This study does not indicate that similar screenings would be effective for women with hypertension.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Contribution of HPLC mass screening for neuroblastoma to a decrease in mortality.

The aim of this study is the estimation of the contribution of HPLC mass screening for neuroblastoma to the decrease in deaths due to this disease. The mortality rates of malignant neoplasms of the adrenal glands (ICD 9, 1940; ICD 10, C74; virtually all the cases of these codes are neuroblastoma during childhood) at 1-4 years of age in cohorts born in 1979-1984, 1985-1988, and 1989-1992 in the whole of Japan were calculated, using data obtained from the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The numbers of infants screened by HPLC in the cohorts were estimated through the reports of the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the database of the Japanese Society for Mass-screening. The mortality of the cohort born in 1989-1992, in which 77.8% of the live births were screened by HPLC, was 1.73 per 100,000 live births. This is about half of that (3.26) of the cohort born in 1979-1984, in which few infants were screened. On the assumption that cases of the 1985-1988 and 1989-1992 cohorts died according to the mortality rate of the 1979-1984 cohort, the expected numbers of deaths were estimated; that for the 1985-1988 cohort was 178.51 (of them, that for the infants screened by HPLC was 39.65), and that for the 1989-1992 cohort was 159.78 (of them, that for the infants screened by HPLC was 124.33). The observed numbers of deaths were 145 and 85, respectively. Assuming that non-HPLC methods have no effects and using 2 unknown quantities x (contribution of HPLC) and y (other factors), simultaneous equations (1) 178.51 - 39.65x - 178.51y = 145 and (2) 159.78 - 124.33x - 159.78y = 85 were made. Solving them, x = 0.5041 and y = 0.0757 were obtained. In conclusion HPLC screening targeting infants aged 6 months reduces death of adrenal neuroblastomas at 1-4 years of age by about 50%.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1984

Mass screening for control of breast cancer.

The serious import of breast cancer lies in its potential for metastatic spread, which probably starts early in the course of the disease. Detection of the lesion when immunocompetence can control the metastases leads to long-term survival. This usually involves detection of unsuspected, preclinical disease. This is the important lesson learned from the large screening program of the Health Insurance Plan of New York, where they used palpation and mammography. The substantial reduction in mortality over a matched control group has continued in a 15-year follow-up. Improved mammography techniques at the Guttman Institute, a mass screening project in New York, New York, conducted in cooperation with the American Cancer Society and in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, which used the Guttman Institute program as a prototype, have led to substantially improved yield from mammography in screening. Three important factors in mass screening are discussed: (1) benefits versus hazards in mammography, (2) correct age to start screening, and (3) costs of screening.

Adult↗