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PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of pharmacological agents on the rate of lymph outflow and on blood and lymph toxicity in acute myocardial infarct].

In experiments on rabbits it was found that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was associated with a disorder of the drainage function the lymphatic system and a drastic increase of the lymph toxicity. The administration of propranolol (obsidan), amiodaron (cordaron), lidocaine (xycaine), trimecaine (mesocaine), nitroglycerin, panangin and heparin exerted the pronounced stimulating action on the lymph outflow rate. Strophanthin-K, corglycon and digo in possessed the moderate lymphogenic effect. Novocainamide (procainamide), verapamil (isoptine) and panangin exerted no influence on the lymph outflow rate. The administration of the above mentioned drugs in the initial period of AMI sharply increased the toxic properties of the lymph; subsequently the lymph toxicity gradually decreased and was less than in control (in AMI treated with drugs).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Erythrophagocytosis of the lymph node macrophages caused by autotransplantation of the splenic tissue into the lymph nodes of rat.

The rat splenic tissue, autotransplanted into the mesenteric lymph node, regenerated about three months. The recipient lymph node became reddish because of the increase of erythrocytes in the lymphatic sinuses and medullary cords. The macrophages in the lymphatic sinus showed an active erythrophagocytosis. In electron microscopy, these macrophages contained the graded degradation of erythrocytes and closely contacted with lymphocytes. These observations represent the splenic autotransplants in the lymph node changes the recipient lymph node into the hemolymph node, and the lymph node macrophages do not recognize the self-erythrocytes as self-ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of the composition of rat central lymph on the pharmacokinetics (the steady state during infusion, bioavailability, absorption) of diazepam, studied in the blood and lymph.

Diazepam was administered by infusion to three groups of rats with an induced differentiated total lipid content in their lymph (unfed, fed, oil-fed) and its lymph/blood concentration ratios in the steady state were determined. Ratio values were highest in the group with the highest lymph lipid content (the oil-fed group, 2.20 +/- 0.08) and fell significantly in the other groups (fed group 1.46 +/- 0.09, unfed group 1.15 +/- 0.05). The areas under the blood and lymph concentration curves after the intravenous (i.v.) and intraduodenal (i.d.) administration of diazepam were used to determine absolute (F) and lymphatic (FL) bioavailability. The F value in the blood can be raised by increasing the amount of lipids, whereas in the lymph, under the same conditions, it falls. During the i.v. and i.d. administration of diazepam, FL always rises with an increase in the amount of lipids in the lymph. The role played by the lymphatic system in total diazepam absorption was determined from the experimental results of its i.d. administration. The absolute values are very low (0.043-0.316%), but are significantly influenced by the presence of lipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with fibrosis of bone marrow, lymph node, liver and spleen, and proliferation of epithelioid cells in lymph nodes].

We report a 47-year-old man diagnosed as angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD) with fibrosis of the bone marrow, lymph node, liver and spleen, and proliferation of epithelioid cells in lymph node. He was admitted to a hospital in May, 1980 because of general fatigue, cough, fever and systemic lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of AILD was based on a biopsy of right cervical lymph node. His symptoms were improved but recurred with the addition of icterus and progressive pancytopenia with decrement of prednisolone. He was referred to our hospital in July, 1980 and his physical examination revealed generalized lymphadenopathy, icterus and hepatosplenomegaly. Hemogram showed pancytopenia, and needle biopsy of the bone marrow disclosed fibrosis. Sections from the lymph node showed AILD with proliferation of epithelioid cells. Administration of 60 mg/day of prednisolone improved the fever, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. However he died suddenly of acute respiratory failure on July 30. Autopsy showed fibrosis of bone marrow, lymph node, liver and spleen with infiltration of abnormal lymphocytes, and pulmonary aspergillosis.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1990

[Study of para-aortic lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer subjected to superextensive lymph node dissection].

Para-aortic lymph nodes (n4), were dissected out to the technical extreme (superextensive lymph node dissection) from 129 gastric cancer cases, and were subjected to the histological study for metastasis. Following observations led us to the conclusions in reference to the significance of n4 node dissections on curability of surgery. 1) Among 25 cases with n4(+) metastasis n3 was free [n3(-)] in 11 cases (44.0%). 2) ps(+) cancer presented high rate of n4(+) (31.5%). 3) n4(+) occurred irrespective of the location of the cancer, with particularly high rate of occurrence among CMA and cancers. 4) The rate of the metastasized lymph nodes to the total number of the n4 lymph nodes, was found low (34.9%) in cases with n3(-), and high (90.1%) with n3(+). 5) The cumulative survival rate of the cases with n4(+) was found significantly high with n3(-), as compared to n3(+) cases. The lymphatic drainage from the stomach seems more direct and/or more abundant to the n4 than to the n3 nodes. Such observation coincides with our experience that the n4 nodes are involved in metastasis in earlier timing and in higher incidence than n3 nodes. These results warn the present evaluation of curability in which the n4 node dissection is not performed. It is our opinion that the thorough dissection extended to the n4 nodes (superextensive lymph node dissection) is warranted, particularly in order to improve the curability of n3(-)-n4(+) cases.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed1990

[Status of lymphatic vessels, lymph flow and lymph toxicity in patients with obliterating arterial diseases of the lower extremities].

The condition of the lymph vessels, the lymph flow, and the toxicity of peripheral lymph were studied in 46 patients with obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower limbs. The results of the study showed the severity of the destructive changes in the peripheral lymphatic system to be directly dependent on the severity of the arterial ischemia of the limb. Block of the lymphatic system, deceleration of the lymph flow, and changes in the lymph vessels themselves lead to deterioration of the tissue drainage function and intensification of regional endotoxicosis. In view of which correction of the peripheral lymphatic system should be included in the complex of measures for the treatment of patients with obliterating diseases of the lower limb arteries.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Fine structure of lymph pathways in nodes from the superficial inguinal lymph centre in the pig.

In the pig lymph node most lymph passes from afferent lymphatics to trabecular sinuses in centrally located dense nodular tissue. The lining of these sinuses is continuous adjacent to the trabecula but it is interrupted by numerous gaps adjacent to the parenchyma. Where the trabeculae end, their associated sinuses are continuous with the many interstitial spaces, up to 10 microns across, in the diffuse tissue. Lymph percolates through these spaces and is directly exposed to large numbers of macrophages with elaborate cytoplasmic veils and to reticular fibres which could be involved in antigen retention. Parts of the diffuse tissue are arranged into sinuses and cords in a manner similar to the medullary tissue in other species and a subcapsular sinus is also present over the diffuse tissue. There are gaps in the lining of these sinuses through which they communicate with the interstices of the parenchyma. Lymph flows from the sinuses in the diffuse tissue into efferent lymph vessels; these are usually in the capsule or along the plane of fusion of adjacent node anlagen.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Lymph node metastasis of early gastric cancer and lymph node dissection].

Five hundred and four cases of early gastric cancer and their status of lymph node metastases were analyzed. The patients were classified into 4 groups by age; Group A: Younger than 50 years, Group B: 50-59, Group C: 60-69 and Group D: Over 70 years. The tumors were divided into 2 histologic groups, differentiated type and undifferentiated type. The results are as follows. 1. The incidence of lymph node metastasis was 2.4% in mucosal cancer and 17.1% in submucosal cancer. 2. The incidence of lymph node metastasis in Group D was remarkably lower compared to that in other younger groups. 3. No lymph node metastasis was found in mucosal cancer of differentiated type. 4. Positive node was usually found in the regional nodes near the tumor and in the nodes adjacent to the left gastric artery. 5. Extended lymph node dissection is not necessary for the patient over 70 years and for mucosal cancer of differentiated type.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

[Lymph fistulae following lymph node dissections--prevention and treatment using fibrin gluing].

The fibrin sealing was employed in connection with lymph node dissections - on one hand intraoperatively in order to avoid lymph fistulae (n = 26), on the other hand postoperatively in treatment of manifest lymph fistulae (n = 9). Thereby lymph fistulae could be avoided in 96.2% (n = 25) resp. a quick successful treatment of the lymph fistulae could be achieved in 7 of 9 cases (77%). On the average a quantity of 1 ml of fibrin sealant was sufficient; a high concentration of aprotinin (3500 IU) and thrombin (500 IU) was chosen. No side effects on part of the fibrin sealing were noted.

Axilla↗
PubMed1985

[Rate of lymph flow and the protein-electrolyte composition of the lymph from the thoracic duct in experimental acholia].

Experimental acholia was reproduced by applying a biliary fistula to the choledochus in cats for 20 days. It was established that acholia was accompanied by considerable changes in the lymph flow and in the protein-electrolyte composition of the lymph. The rate of the lymph flow in animals with acholia was more than 2 times as decreased as compared with control. The electrolyte and protein shifts in the lymph during acholia were manifested by the reduction in the lymph protein and K+ content.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Lymph node staging in prostatic carcinoma Lymphography, pedal and intraprostatic lymphoscintigraphy, transcutaneous fine-needle lymph node biopsy and pelvic "guided" lymphadenectomy. Considerations on a series of 20 cases (1 September 1978-31 January 1980)].

Evaluation of lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the prostate is an essential step in staging when radical management is still possible. For this purpose, lymphography, lymphoscintigraphy, thin-needle transcutaneous lymph node biopsy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy have been variously combined since 1978 in 20 new cases (T1-T2-T3/Mo). Pedal lymphography displayed a good correlation with the histological data offered by adenectomy, and proved indispensable for the execution of transcutaneous biopsy under fluoroscopic control. Pedal lymphoscintigraphy is less invasive than lymphography. It provided suggestive morphological pictures of the lymph node chains, including those outside the pelvis; these, however, were difficult to interpret and must be regarded as of great, but complementary utility. Intraprostatic lymphoscintigraphy by injecting the radionuclide into the gland capsule permitted visualisation of the periprostatic nodes and confirmed previous experimental and clinical data. Lymph node metastases were seen in 50% of cases. Their frequency was inversely proportional to the degree of histological differentiation. In all cases, the external iliac and "obturator" (internal chain of external iliac group) notes were involved. Voluminous metastases were observed in two cases of "incidental" (To) carcinoma. The lymphography contrast medium was always found in the "obturators". It is suggested that these findings underscore the need for careful lymph node examination, even in the earliest stages of prostate cancer. They also raise further queries with regard to the treatment of incidental carcinoma.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1980

[Effect of osmotic shifts in cerebrospinal fluid on lymph flow and lymph formation].

Administration of 0.865 M sodium chloride, 0.1 ml, into the lateral ventricle of anesthetized dogs increased the drainage of lymph from the thoracic and jugular lymph vessels, increased blood plasma volume, and decreased the total protein content in the lymph, blood plasma and interstitial fluid. Within first minutes after the administration the ratio of protein fractions in blood plasma and lymph was altered and the osmotic blood and lymph pressure decreased. The data obtained indicate the reflex elimination of osmotic shifts in the C. S. F.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Lymphocyte recognition of lymph node high endothelium. I. Inhibition of in vitro binding by a component of thoracic duct lymph.

Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) adhere selectively to HEV when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed frozen sections of lymph node. The results presented demonstrate that thoracic duct lymph contains a factor capable of inhibiting this reaction. A crude preparation of inhibitory factor was isolated from cell and chylomicron-free lymph by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation (60 to 80% saturation). Sephacryl S-200 chromatography revealed 4 major peaks. The inhibitory factor was detected in peak I but not in the others. Similarly peak I but not peak II or III inhibited HEV binding of lymphocytes from lymph nodes and spleen. Peak I emerged near aldolase (m.w. 160,000) and was enriched approximately 50-fold compared to the crude preparation. In addition, experiments employing a rabbit peak I antiserum provided evidence that molecules responsible for inhibition were antigenically related to structures present on TDL but not on thymocytes. It is suggested that inhibitory factor possesses an affinity for lymphocyte binding sites of high endothelium and is derived from shed TDL surface components that play a role in adherence to HEV of lymph nodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Cholesteryl esters in lymph chylomicrons: contribution from high density lipoprotein transferred from plasma into intestinal lymph.

Most of the cholesterol in intestinal chyle and chylomicrons is derived from plasma. Our aim was to determine how much plasma low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins contribute to the cholesterol in chyle and chylomicrons, and to examine how plasma cholesterol becomes associated with lymph chylomicrons. Intravenous injection of radioiodinated plasma lipoproteins into two chyluric patients showed that 82% of the HDL plasma pool transferred daily to intestinal chyle, corresponding to 58% of lymph cholesterol; LDL contributed 18% of its plasma pool, corresponding to 18% of lymph cholesterol. When plasma HDL radiolabeled in both the protein and cholesteryl ester moieties was injected, the isotope ratios of plasma HDL and lymph lipoproteins were identical; 85% of the HDL cholesteryl esters transferred to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, while the apolipoproteins remained largely (70%) in the higher density lipoproteins of the chyle. Incubations of similarly labeled plasma HDL showed preferential transfer of cholesteryl esters to artificial chylomicrons mediated by a factor present in lipoprotein-free plasma. Thus, a sizable portion of plasma HDL enters intestinal lymphatics probably as intact HDL, and then transfers part of their cholesteryl esters to chylomicrons, possibly mediated by transfer proteins. Reverse cholesterol transport may therefore include an extravascular loop via lymph chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants to the liver.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Terminal endothelial cells of lymph capillaries as active transport structures involved in the formation of lymph in rat skin.

Electron microscopic examination of lymph capillaries of the dermal papillae of rat scalp skin revealed continuous extension of the lymph collection system into 4 to 10 micron diameter lumen capillaries with thin walls, scant basement lamellae (membranes), and blind-endings of 1 to 4 micron lumen diameter within endothelial-type cells. These terminal endothelial cells also displayed intracytoplasmic channels and pinocytotic vesicles, extensive cytoplasmic processes and a high cytoplasmic volume-percent of mitochondria suggesting active transport capabilities of lymphatic endothelia. The mitochondrial cytoplasmic volume-percent (mean 14.5%) exceeded that present in blood capillary endothelial cells of the rat brain (the anatomic substrate of the blood-brain barrier), that have a volume-percent of mitochondria of 10 to 12% (1). Active transport processes centered in such endothelial cells could account for a portion of lymph formation, and explain the continued accumulation of lymphedema distal to blocked lymphatic collection ducts when lymphatic intraluminal pressure is greatly increased. The small lumen diameter capillaries, which correspond spatially to the prelymphatics of other authors (2), typically converge in groups of three to form larger diameter lymph capillaries corresponding to the lymph "initials" previously described (2,3).

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Presence of human papilloma virus DNA in pelvic lymph nodes can predict unexpected recurrence of cervical cancer in patients with histologically negative lymph nodes.

Patients without any evidence of lymph node metastases are supposed to have a fair prognosis, but some of these patients develop recurrent disease unexpectedly after surgery. The object of this study is to examine whether the detection of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA could be used as a diagnostic marker to predict such recurrences. Two hundred and thirty-six patients undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for stage Ib and II cervical cancer at Okayama University Hospital (Japan) from 1988-1994 were reviewed, and only those cases positive for HPV-16 or HPV-18 in primary sites were included in this survey. The E6-E7 region of the HPV genome was amplified by a sensitive nested PCR from archival pelvic lymph node specimens. HPV sequences identical to those of the primary sites were detected in histologically confirmed negative lymph nodes, regardless of histological type or HPV type of the primary lesion, in 9 of 10 patients who recurred within 4 years of surgery. In contrast, histologically confirmed negative lymph nodes from 12 patients with stage IIb disease without evidence of recurrent disease were all negative for the presence of HPV, except for 1 lymph node. The presence of HPV DNA in histologically negative nodes implies the possibility of early nodal involvement or coexistence of undetectable hematogenic dissemination and could therefore be used as a diagnostic marker to predict the unexpected recurrence of these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Do cytokeratin-positive-only sentinel lymph nodes warrant complete axillary lymph node dissection in patients with invasive breast cancer?

The small number of nodes harvested with lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has allowed a more detailed pathologic examination of those nodes. Immunohistochemical stains for cytokeratin (CK-IHC) have been used in an attempt to minimize the false negative rate for SLN mapping. This study examines the value of CK-IHC positivity in predicting further lymph node involvement in the axillary basin. From April 1998 through May 1999, 519 lymphatic mappings and SLN biopsies were performed for invasive breast cancer. SLNs were examined by imprint cytology, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and CK-IHC. Patients with evidence of metastatic disease by any of the above techniques were eligible for complete axillary node dissection (CAND). The frequency with which these modalities predicted further lymph node involvement in the axillary basin was compared. Of the 519 lymphatic mappings, 39 patients (7.5%) had a CK-IHC-positive-only SLN. Five (12.8%) of these 39 patients had at least 2 SLNs positive by CK-IHC. Twenty-six of the CK-IHC-positive-only patients underwent CAND. Three of these 26 patients (11.5%) had additional metastases identified after CAND. The sensitivity levels with which each modality detected further axillary lymph node involvement were as follows: CK-IHC, 98 per cent; H&E, 94 per cent; and imprint cytology, 87 per cent. A logistic regression to compare the prognostic value of the three modalities was performed. All were significant, with odds ratios of 19.1 for CK-IHC (P = 0.015), 5.3 for H&E (P = 0.033), and 3.86 for imprint cytology (P = 0.0059). These data validate the enhanced detection of CK-IHC for the evaluation of SLNs. Detection of CK-IHC-positive SLNs appears to warrant CAND in patients with invasive breast cancer. However, the therapeutic value of CAND or adjuvant therapies based on CK-IHC-positive SLNs would be best answered by prospective randomized trials.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of two kinds of smallpox vaccine: CVI-78 and calf lymph vaccine. II. Clinical and serologic observations of response to revaccination with calf lymph vaccine.

Revaccination with standard calf lymph vaccine was performed on 26 children who had received a primary vaccination with an attenuated smallpox vaccine, CVI-78, and 22 children who had received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph. Revaccination resulted in a vesicular reaction in 96 percent of those who had been vaccinated previously with CVI-78 and 73 percent of those vaccinated previously with standard calf lymph. All children had a positive hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer either after primary vaccination or revaccination. Only 65 percent of those initially vaccinated with CVI-78 vaccine had positive neutralizing antibodies after revaccination. All children who received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph had postrevaccination neutralizing antibodies. The children who had neither a dermal nor a serologic response after primary vaccination responded as primary vaccinees on challenge with standard calf lymph.

Animals↗