Classification of Material on Military and Naval Medicine In the Rudolph Matas Medical Library.
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Journal Article↗
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Providing health information to the general public: a survey of current practices in academic health sciences libraries.
A questionnaire was mailed to 148 publicly and privately supported academic health sciences libraries affiliated with Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC-accredited medical schools in the United States and Canada to determine level of access and services provided to the general public. For purposes of this study, "general public" was defined as nonaffiliated students or health care professionals, attorneys and other nonhealth-related professionals, patients from affiliated or other hospitals or clinics, and general consumers. One hundred five (71%) libraries responded. Results showed 98% of publicly supported libraries and 88% of privately supported libraries provided access to some or all of the general public. Publicly supported libraries saw greater numbers of public patrons, often provided more services, and were more likely to circulate materials from their collections than were privately supported libraries. A significant number of academic health sciences libraries housed a collection of consumer-oriented materials and many provided some level of document delivery service, usually for a fee. Most allowed the public to use some or all library computers. Results of this study indicated that academic health sciences libraries played a significant role in serving the information-seeking public and suggested a need to develop written policies or guidelines covering the services that will be provided to minimize the impact of this service on primary clientele.
Community Participation↗
The medical libraries of Vietnam--a service in transition.
The medical libraries of Vietnam maintain high profiles within their institutions and are recognized by health care professionals and administrators as an important part of the health care system. Despite the multitude of problems in providing even a minimal level of medical library services, librarians, clinicians, and researchers nevertheless are determined that enhanced services be made available. Currently, services can be described as basic and unsophisticated, yet viable and surprisingly well organized. The lack of hard western currency required to buy materials and the lack of library technology will be major obstacles to improving information services. Vietnam, like many developing nations, is about to enter a period of technological upheaval, which ultimately will result in a transition from the traditional library limited by walls to a national resource that will rely increasingly on electronic access to international knowledge networks. Technology such as CD-ROM, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and satellite telecommunication networks such as Internet can provide the technical backbone to provide access to remote and widely distributed electronic databases to support the information needs of the health care community. Over the long term, access to such databases likely will be cost-effective, in contrast to the assuredly astronomical cost of building a comparable domestic print collection. The advent of new, low-cost electronic technologies probably will revolutionize health care information services in developing nations. However, for the immediate future, the medical libraries of Vietnam will require ongoing sustained support from the international community, so that minimal levels of resources will be available to support the information needs of the health care community. It is remarkable, and a credit to the determination of Vietnam's librarians that, in a country with a legacy of war, economic deprivation, and international isolation, they have somehow managed to provide a sound basic level of information services for health care professionals.
Communism↗
Insecticidal lead identification by screening benzopyrano[4,3-c] pyrazol-3(2H)-ones library constructed from multiple-parallel synthesis under microwave irradiation.
A rapid library-generation via liquid-phase multiple-parallel synthesis of 2-(substituted)benzyl-1-benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol-3(2H)-ones, bearing two points of diversity, under microwave irradiation was successfully performed using chromenone-3-carboxylic acids as starting materials. Compared to an identical library generated by conventional parallel synthesis, microwave-assisted parallel synthesis dramatically decreased reaction times from an average of 16h to 13min, and the yields of products and intermediates were improved in most cases. A bioassay indicated that the compounds of the library exhibited excellent insecticidal activity against T. cinnabarinus at the dosage of 250mgL(-1), and some compounds still exhibited insecticidal activity when the dosage was reduced to 50mgL(-1). This shows that 2-(substituted) benzyl-1-benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol-3(2H)-ones might be used as lead structures for further optimization. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the application of solution-phase multiple-parallel synthesis under microwave irradiation to construct libraries of benzopyrano-[4,3-c]pyrazol-3(2H)-ones with insecticidal activity. The coupling of microwave technology with liquid-phase parallel synthesis constitutes a novel and particularly attractive avenue for the rapid generation of structurally diverse libraries for lead discovery.
Animals↗
Global Health Learning Materials Programme.
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Allied Health Personnel↗
[Construction of chicken hypothalamus cDNA library and primary analysis of ESTs sequences from partial clones].
Using hypothalamus as material and lambda gt10 as vector, chicken hypothalamus cDNA library has been constructed. The results showed that the titration of the cDNA library we constructed was 3.8 x 10(6), and the fragment length of inserted DNA ranged mainly from 1.0-3.0 kb. The ESTs was sequenced and primarily analyzed for ten clones randomly selected from above library. After analysis with BLASTn and FASTA3.1, it was found that four ESTs developed matched homologous sequence in chicken, four also had similar sequences in human and other species, have other two sequences were function-unknown gene. The sequences of ten ESTs we studied have been loaded into GenBank.
Animals↗
Role of the medical museum in teaching medical students.
We describe the Educational Museum of Modern Medicine of Kawasaki Medical School of Kurashiki, Japan, and its use in medical education. The extraordinary speed of recent medical advances confronts medical educators with many difficulties. With the aim of improving medical education at our school, we have imposed some roles of medical education, especially regarding pathology, on the medical museum, because it has attracted students to a greater extent and facilitated their independent learning in a more fruitful way than the audiovisual materials previously available in our library. We hope to provide some insights for the improvement of medical education and lead to enthusiastic discussion of this matter.
Education, Medical↗
Multigroup discrete ordinates modeling of 125I 6702 seed dose distributions using a broad energy-group cross section representation.
Our purpose in this work is to demonstrate that the efficiency of dose-rate computations in 125I brachytherapy, using multigroup discrete ordinates radiation transport simulations, can be significantly enhanced using broad energy group cross sections without a loss of accuracy. To this end, the DANTSYS multigroup discrete ordinates neutral particle transport code was used to estimate the absorbed dose-rate distributions around an 125I-model 6702 seed in two-dimensional (2-D) cylindrical R-Z geometry for four different problems spanning the geometries found in clinical practice. First, simulations with a high resolution 210 energy groups library were used to analyze the photon flux spectral distribution throughout this set of problems. These distributions were used to design an energy group structure consisting of three broad groups along with suitable weighting functions from which the three-group cross sections were derived. The accuracy of 2-D DANTSYS dose-rate calculations was benchmarked against parallel Monte Carlo simulations. Ray effects were remedied by using the DANTSYS internal first collision source algorithm. It is demonstrated that the 125I primary photon spectrum leads to inappropriate weighting functions. An accuracy of +/-5% is achieved in the four problem geometries considered using geometry-independent three-group libraries derived from either material-specific weighting functions or a single material-independent weighting function. Agreement between Monte Carlo and the three-group DANTSYS calculations, within three standard Monte Carlo deviations, is observed everywhere except for a limited region along the Z axis of rotational symmetry, where ray effects are difficult to mitigate. The three-group DANTSYS calculations are 10-13 times faster than ones with a 210-group cross section library for 125I dosimetry problems. Compared to 2-D EGS4 Monte Carlo calculations, the 3-group DANTSYS simulations are a 100-fold more efficient. Provided that these efficiency gains can be sustained in three-dimensional geometries, the results suggest that discrete ordinates simulations may have the potential to serve as an efficient and accurate dose-calculation algorithm for low-energy brachytherapy treatment planning.
Brachytherapy↗
Evaluation of vector-primed cDNA library production from microgram quantities of total RNA.
cDNA sequences are important for defining the coding region of genes, and full-length cDNA clones have proven to be useful for investigation of the function of gene products. We produced cDNA libraries containing 3.5-5 x 10(5) primary transformants, starting with 5 mug of total RNA prepared from mouse pituitary, adrenal, thymus, and pineal tissue, using a vector-primed cDNA synthesis method. Of approximately 1000 clones sequenced, approximately 20% contained the full open reading frames (ORFs) of known transcripts, based on the presence of the initiating methionine residue codon. The libraries were complex, with 94, 91, 83 and 55% of the clones from the thymus, adrenal, pineal and pituitary libraries, respectively, represented only once. Twenty-five full-length clones, not yet represented in the Mammalian Gene Collection, were identified. Thus, we have produced useful cDNA libraries for the isolation of full-length cDNA clones that are not yet available in the public domain, and demonstrated the utility of a simple method for making high-quality libraries from small amounts of starting material.
Animals↗
A moderate form of hemophilia B is caused by a novel mutation in the protease domain of factor IXVancouver.
A genomic phage library was constructed using lymphocyte DNA from a patient with cross-reacting material-positive, moderately severe hemophilia B. The library was screened by using a full-length factor IX cDNA as a hybridization probe. DNA sequence analysis of the factor IX exons and intron/exon junctions revealed a single point mutation at nucleotide 31,311 of the gene. This mutation occurs in the protease domain of factor IXa and changes the codon for isoleucine 397 (ATA) to a threonine codon (ACA). The resulting abnormal protein has been named factor IXVancouver. Factor IXVancouver was isolated from the patient's plasma by barium citrate adsorption, affinity chromatography on a Ca2+-dependent antibody bound to agarose, and anion-exchange chromatography. On gel electrophoresis, the purified protein exhibited a normal molecular weight and a normal pattern of activation cleavages with bovine factor XIa. Kinetic studies on the purified protein indicated that the Km of factor IXaVancouver for human factor X was 3.4 times higher than that of normal factor IXa. The kcat of factor IXaVancouver was 12.5% of the kcat of normal factor IXa. Structural models of the protease domain of human factor IXa and of factor IXaVancouver were constructed, based on the homology of factor IXa with related serine proteases of known structure. The factor IXaVancouver model suggests that hydrogen bonding between the side chain hydroxyl group of threonine 397 and the carbonyl oxygen of tryptophan 385 reduces the ability of factor IXaVancouver to bind factor X in a configuration favoring catalysis.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A survey of organizational practices in North Carolina schools of nursing libraries.
Prompted by the apparent unavailability of published information regarding the cataloging practices in North Carolina schools of nursing libraries, this study was conducted using a questionnaire sent to the thirty-eight schools of nursing in the state. The "average" North Carolina school of nursing library is an autonomous facility administered by nonprofessional personnel or by a person with an undergraduate degree in a nonlibrary field. The materials are organized by the National Library of Medicine Classification and Medical Subject Headings in combination with the Library of Congress classification and subject headings, except for bound journals which are shelved alphabetically by exact title. It is recommended that separate school of nursing and hospital or medical school libraries be consolidated under a trained librarian in order to standardize and unify cataloging practices on the local level and to gain the advantages available through regional and national cooperation of health sciences libraries.
Cataloging↗
The Osler Library: today and tomorrow.
The Osler Library's purpose is to build a collection capable of supporting research in the history of medicine. The major acquisition area is material published from 1960 to 1968. Out-of-print material is acquired on microfilm. The Library contains all pre-1850 monographs, transferred from the Medical Library, and all new monographs from 1850 to 1899 are housed there. The catalogs are described, together with special files, including chronological, journal article index, and publishers' lists index.The place of the original Osler collection is discussed, as are methods by which the collections are preserved. The Library hopes to become a deposit center in Eastern Canada for historical medical material.The administration and organization of the Library are described.
History of Medicine↗
Health care machine-readable data files: secondary analysis, access, and the role of the library.
Access to health care machine-readable data files (MRDF) is becoming increasingly important to students and researchers in the health care field who use the data in secondary analysis. Health sciences libraries must play a role in providing such access, and this role should consist primarily in providing users with information about the identity and contents of available MRDF and about how they may be obtained. Libraries should therefore collect extensive materials containing information about the MRDF that may be of interest to their users. Many such materials are available in print, and their quality may be expected to improve as newly developed methods and procedures for constructing bibliographic citations, abstracts, and catalog entries for MRDF are put into practice. Also, it is now feasible to incorporate data file abstracts into existing online bibliographic databases.
Health Services Research↗
Enhancing marine natural product structural diversity and bioactivity through semisynthesis and biocatalysis.
In the last several decades the plants, animals and microbes from the marine environment have revealed a portion of what is clearly a tremendous resource for structurally diverse and bioactive secondary metabolites. Many of these extraordinarily sophisticated and bioactive natural products can be isolated in significant quantities without great difficulty. As a result these readily available bioactive natural products provide valuable starting materials for the rational generation of libraries of compounds prepared through semisynthesis and biocatalysis. A review of our work using marine natural products to generate rationally designed compound libraries and their biological activity against infectious diseases, cancer and neurological targets is presented. The marine natural products utilized to date as starting materials consist of compounds from a variety of structural classes and include: aureol, puupehenone, sarcophine, palinurin, and the manzamine alkaloids. The possibility to generate diverse bioactive products beginning with a marine natural product scaffold is a direct result of improvements made in the technologies to harvest samples from the ocean, purify and characterize complex natural products quickly and complete chemical reactions and biotransformations in parallel. As a result the vast resources of the ocean can now be utilized routinely to design and produce countless products to be evaluated as part of drug discovery and development programs.
Animals↗
Combining EL4-B5-based B-cell stimulation and phage display technology for the successful isolation of human anti-Scl-70 autoantibody fragments.
Scl-70 is the major antigen recognised by autoantibodies in the sera of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The autoantibodies that specifically react with Scl-70 are highly characteristic of the disease and represent valuable markers for the diagnosis of SSc. We describe a novel strategy for cloning autoantibody fragments starting with a small blood sample from an SSc patient. B cells isolated from the collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in vitro using the EL4-B5 system. Anti-Scl-70 IgG-producing cells were pooled for RNA preparation followed by the generation of phagemid libraries of approximately 10(7) independent single-chain Fvs (scFvs). The screening of these libraries by phage display allowed us to isolate four anti-Scl-70 scFvs following three rounds of biopanning. About 10 times more starting blood material was needed to generate scFv libraries of similar size from PBMCs of an SSc patient and only two anti-Scl-70 scFvs were isolated after three rounds of phage selection. Together, this work shows that functional autoantibody fragments can be advantageously cloned after in vitro expansion of B cells. The isolated anti-Scl-70 autoantibody fragments represent useful tools for calibrating SSc diagnostic assays.
Autoantibodies↗
High speed development work by preparation of an "in-hand" library of NMR-quantified degradation products.
Standard materials of impurities are needed in pharmaceutical development such as for validating impurity analytical methods. Most often the impurities possess structures, which are difficult and very time consuming to synthesize. In the present work, we demonstrate that a library of degradation products of ragaglitazar--a novel tricyclic-gamma-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acid with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity--observed in stability indicating samples of a solid dosage formulation by LC-MS can be produced in a one pot oxidation reaction. The library entities were isolated in small quantities (microg-mg) by preparative HPLC and structurally characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the library entities were determined in solution by NMR using an internal standard method. The library was successfully used in the validation work of a newly developed purity method for the drug product providing useful response factors and relative retention times (RRTs) of the degradation products.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
Becoming ADEPT (Applying Diagnosis, Etiology, Prognosis, and Therapy Programme): delivering distance learning on evidence-based medicine for librarians.
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) brings new challenges and opportunities for librarians. However, their ability to respond to this agenda is constrained by their difficulties in acquiring the requisite new skills and techniques while continuing to work in a busy information practice setting. The authors describe a joint initiative, between a specialist evidence-based healthcare information unit and a regional library network, to deliver training materials using a mixed workshop and distance learning format. The Applying Diagnosis, Etiology, Prognosis, and Therapy filters (ADEPT) Programme draws upon research conducted at McMaster University, Canada and, using techniques adapted from the teaching evidence-based medicine paradigm, seeks to equip health care librarians with the skills and techniques required to support evidence-based practice locally. The authors describe the thinking behind the programme, its main features, the extensive evaluation mechanisms incorporated into the course, the results of the evaluation and the lessons learnt. They conclude with a description of the way forward for participants on the programme who are adapting their newly acquired knowledge to their work situations. Further planned developments from the course's designers are also outlined briefly.
Cooperative Behavior↗
Providing consumer health information via health professionals.
The Health Education Center in Pittsburgh, a community-based health promotion agency which provides library services to health professionals, students, and the lay public, received a resource grant in 1981 from the National Library of Medicine to study professionals' awareness of consumer health information (CHI) materials for their patients and clients. A survey of telephone patrons and on-site library patrons provided details on health professionals' use of the CHI resource center: their areas of interest, the material formats they preferred, and the intended use of the materials. Health professionals' demand for information about consumer-oriented materials and their satisfaction with the HEC library suggest that such a resource can be a valuable asset to a community.
Area Health Education Centers↗