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PubMedDate not supplied

Indocyanine green angiography in high myopia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate indocyanine green imaging of choroidal changes in pathologic myopia and to compare it with fluorescein angiography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The angiograms of all consecutive patients with pathologic myopia photographed with confocal indocyanine green angiography using a scanning infrared laser or ophthalmoscope from March 1997 to December 1999 were reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (35 eyes) were included. Indocyanine green angiography was performed in 35 eyes and immediate sequential fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography in 25 eyes. The lacquer cracks were demonstrated to radiate from the disc, at the papillomacular bundle, through the macula, and around the macula. Lacquer cracks were identified in 89% and 28% of the eyes, respectively. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was demonstrated in 57% of eyes by indocyanine green angiography and in 56% by fluorescein angiography. All of the CNVs were classic and were located within 300 microm of the foveal center. Seventy percent of the CNVs were delineated in lacquer cracks by indocyanine green angiography. Overall, 124 lacquer cracks were identified by indocyanine green angiography and only 14 by fluorescein angiography. Lipids or serous detachment were not observed. Retinal hemorrhages were noted in 22% and 28% of eyes with indocyanine green angiography and fluorescein angiography, respectively. CONCLUSION: Confocal indocyanine green angiography offers better delineation of lacquer cracks and the localization of the CNV in lacquer cracks than does fluorescein angiography.

Choroidal Neovascularization↗
PubMed1992

Heat treatment of Japanese lacquerware renders it hypoallergenic.

Japanese lacquer is made from the sap of the Japanese lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), a member of the Anacardiacae plant family. Objects painted with this material are described collectively as lacquerware. Both fresh lacquer and lacquerware may evoke allergic contact reactions ascribable to the urushiols contained therein. In this study, we have examined the effects of heating on the ability of lacquerware to elicit an allergic contact reaction. Lacquer films prepared with and without heat treatment were tested on urushiol-sensitive subjects. Patch test reactions were strongest to untreated film and decreased with increasing level of heat treatment. Assays for free urushiol in the lacquer films demonstrated that free urushiol content decreased with increasing heat treatment and that urushiols with saturated and monounsaturated alk(en)yl chains predominated.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A study of dermatitis in the lacquerware industry.

Contact dermatitis from lacquer has been documented. The causative agent is a resin from a lacquer tree that can induce either irritation or sensitization. Thai and Japanese lacquer trees are 2 distinct species but are both members of the Anacardiaceae family. We report 3 cases of contact dermatitis from Thai lacquer resin. Observation and study of the lacquer plantation and working process at the factory were made to elucidate the aetiology of the dermatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Keeping quality of hard boiled eggs].

Only a few and contradictory results are available on the storage stability of hard boiled eggs which are of considerable importance for institutional feeding. Therefore four storage experiments on about 500 hard boiled eggs each were carried out and chemical and sensorial changes occurring during storage investigated. The one-day-old eggs of the same origin were boiled for 17 minutes under standard conditions and subsequently stored in air at a relative humidity between 73 and 85% at 4 degrees C (experiment No. 1), at 20 degrees C (experiments No. 2 and 3) and in pure carbon dioxide at 20 degrees C (experiment No. 4). Immediately after boiling, the eggs used for experiments No. 3 were dipped into coloured resin for egg shells (natural Manila-Kopa; dissolved in ethanol and stained with "Acillantechtgrün). Losses in weight during storages were distincly lower in the lacquered eggs than in the non-lacquered samples otherwise treated in the same manner. The weight decrease caused by the loss of water was extraordinarily high in pure CO2 and is due mainly the the decrease of the pH in the egg whites caused by the uptake of CO2. A few days after boiling the concentration of the free amino acids reached approximately the same level in albumen and yolk and remained practically constant over the following 3 weeks. For the breakdown of lecithine in yolk determined according to Grossfeld and Peter, a "deterioration quotient" of 6, like in unboiled eggs, was fixed as the limit value for unspoiled condition. Accordingly a possible storage time of 3 to 4 weeks resulted for the eggs stored at 4 degrees C and for the eggs treated with stained resin. The non-lacquered eggs stored in air or in CO2 at 20 degrees C reached the critical value in about 10 days. From the vitamins A, B1 and B2 only vitamin A showed considerable losses during storage. On the basis of the microbiological (3) and chemical findings and of the sensorial evaluation of colour, consistency, odour and taste of egg whites and yolks, the following storage times were determined for eggs in the quality class "saleable" requiring an overall rating not lower than 6 (satisfactory): 14 to 16 days, for non-lacquered eggs stored at 4 degrees C and for lacquered eggs at 20 degrees C whereas 5 days were found to be the maximum storage time for untreated eggs stored at 20 degrees C. If boiled eggs are stored in pure carbon dioxide at 20 degrees C, a distinct quality loss is observed already after a few days.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tripropylene glycol diacrylate but not ethyl acrylate induces skin tumors in a twenty-week short-term tumorigenesis study in Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) mice.

The toxicity of the esters of acrylic acid are poorly understood even though significant human exposure occurs. To conduct rapid comparative short-term bioassays, we used the Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) transgenic mouse model to determine the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) alone and in a reference formulated ultraviolet radiation curable lacquer (Lacquer A), which is used in the ultraviolet radiation curable surface coatings. For comparison, ethyl acrylate (EA) was used as a reference acrylate. Insertion of the zeta-globin promoted v-Ha-ras transgene into the FVB mouse genome (Tg.AC) introduced a defined genetic lesion, which is critical but insufficient by itself to induce benign or malignant tumors in the skin unless activated. Activation and expression of the transgenic ras oncoprotein in this mouse line induces a dose-related increase in papillomas (skin reporter phenotype) within weeks. Based on dose-related increases in skin hyperplasia following dermal exposure to EA, TPGDA, or Lacquer A (applied equimolar for TPGDA concentration), the dosing regimen was selected. Starting at 12 wk of age, the agents were administered topically (200 microliters of acetone vehicle) 3 times/wk for 20 wk to the shaved dorsal skin of female Tg.AC mice (n = 10/group). TPGDA and reference Lacquer A (equimolar for TPGDA) at 5 or 10 mumoles/mouse but not EA (60, 300, or 600 mumoles/mouse) or TPGDA or Lacquer A at 1 mumole/mouse induced a dose-related increase in papillomas between 6 and 12 wk of treatment that reached a maximum number of papillomas per mouse between 19 and 20 wk of treatment. These results indicate that TPGDA is significantly more potent than EA for inducing the skin reporter phenotype and may be predicted to be carcinogenic in long-term cancer bioassays at the site of contact.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1989

Disinfection with gaseous formaldehyde. Second Part: Influence of test materials on formaldehyde residues and the bactericidal and sporicidal effectiveness.

The pararosaniline method for the determination of formaldehyde residues on test surfaces after exposure to gaseous formaldehyde was standardized as well as the methods of collection, preparation and desorption from the samples. The analysis of residues on plates of 5 different materials yielded the following amounts of residues after 60 minutes exposure to 3.2 mg HCHO1-1 air at 45 degrees C and a relative humidity (RH) of about 90%; silicon rubber 287.2 micrograms, lacquered polyurethane foam 109.6 micrograms, lacquered aluminium 30.3 micrograms, plexiglass 13 micrograms and stainless steel 4 micrograms HCHO 100 cm-2. The residues of formaldehyde on lacquered aluminum after an HCHO exposition with condensing layer at 20 and 30 degrees C were 10(3)-fold higher than after an exposition to gaseous formaldehyde without a condensing layer at a relative humidity of about 90% and a temperature of 40 degrees C. The inactivations of S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis spores on carriers of 5 different materials were determined under the same conditions (60 min, 3.2 mg HCHO 1-1 air, 45 degrees C and a RH of about 90%). The decimal reductions showed that Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 was more readily inactivated on non porous plexiglass with a D-value of 0.7 min or stainless steel D = 1.1 min than on porous silicon rubber D = 3 min. For spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger DSM 675, D-values of 1.6 min for plexiglass, 2.3 min for stainless steel, 2.7 min for lacquered aluminium, 3.2 min for lacquered polyurethane foam and 4.1 min for silicon rubber were registered.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1997

Absence of systemic in vivo genotoxicity after dermal exposure to ethyl acrylate and tripropylene glycol diacrylate in Tg.AC (v-Ha-ras) mice.

Acrylates may be polymerized to stable surface coatings (paints, lacquers, inks, etc.) by alkylation via the Michaelis-type addition reaction. Thus, acrylates have an inherent potential as electrophiles to be genotoxic, limited in their biological activity by their physicochemical properties. To evaluate their systemic genotoxicity, ethyl acrylate (EA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), or Lacquer A, an ultraviolet radiation curable lacquer containing TPGDA as the active ingredient, were applied dermally to Tg.AC mice (3 times a week for 20 weeks). Peripheral blood leukocytes were evaluated for DNA damage (single-strand breaks, alkali labile sites, DNA crosslinking) at weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 by using the alkaline (pH: 13) single cell gel (SCG) assay. Peripheral blood polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were evaluated for the presence of micronuclei at week 20. The extent of DNA migration in leukocytes and the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes was not significantly altered by treatment with TPGDA when administered alone or in Lacquer A or with EA, at doses that induced cell proliferation in keratinocytes. The absence of genotoxicity in these two cell populations suggests that these acrylates are not genotoxic or that they are not absorbed systemically when applied dermally. However, a significant, dose-dependent increase in the percentage of PCE relative to the vehicle control was present in mice treated with TPGDA, while a dose-dependent, but nonsignificant, increase in the percentage of PCE was observed in mice treated with Lacquer A. This observed increase in the rate of erythropoiesis may reflect bone marrow/blood toxicity, a homeostatic mechanism in response to the treatment-induced tumor burden, and/or a hematopoietic response to epidermal keratinocyte cytokines induced by tissue injury.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2003

Enhanced econazole penetration into human nail by 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane.

This study determines the enhancing effects of 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane on the penetration of econazole, an antifungal drug, into the deeper layers of the human nail where fungal infection resides. Aliquots (10 microL) of Econail lacquer formulation containing 0.45 mg of [(14)C]-econazole with 18% 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane (test group) or without 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane (control group) were applied twice daily for 14 days to human nails that had been washed with ethanol before each morning's application. The hydration of the nail sample was well controlled to simulate normal physiological conditions. After 14 days of dosing, the inner ventral section of the nail plate was assayed for absorbed drug content, using a micrometer-controlled drilling and nail powder removal system. The mass balance values of [(14)C]-econazole in this study were 90.8 and 96.4% for the test and control groups, respectively. The weight-normalized econazole content in the ventral/intermediate nail plate center in the test group was 6-fold greater than that in the control (p = 0.008). The total econazole absorbed into the supporting bed cotton ball in the test group was nearly 200-fold greater than that in the control group (p = 0.008) over the 14-day period. The amount of econazole after dosing in the inner part of the human nail (potential diseased area) was 11.1 +/- 2.6 (SD) microg/mg of nail powder with 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane in the lacquer and 1.78 +/- 0.32 microg/mg without 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane (p = 0.008). The surface nail contained more econazole (p = 0.004), that is, nonabsorbed drug, where 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane was not part of the dosing solution. Econazole in the support bed under the nail (the total absorbed dose) was 47.5 +/- 22.0 mg in the lacquer with 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane and 0.2 +/- 0.1 mg in the lacquer without 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane (p = 0.008). Moreover the concentration in the deep nail layer in the test group is 14,000 times higher than minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) believed necessary to inhibit the growth of infecting fungi (Dermatophytes species). In a subsequent study, [(14)C]-dioxolane did not penetrate the nail well. Therefore, the mechanism of enhancement of econazole penetration is at the formulation/nail interface.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

Ciclopirox delivery into the human nail plate.

The human nail penetration of the antifungal ciclopirox was determined for marketed gel containing 0.77% of ciclopirox, an experimental gel containing 2% of ciclopirox, and a marketed lacquer containing 8% of ciclopirox. After 14 days dosing, unabsorbed drug remaining on the surface, drug within the infection-prone area, and the amount that had penetrated through the nail were determined. Ciclopirox delivery into and through the nail was significantly greater from the marketed gel, than from either the experimental gel or the nail lacquer (p < 0.05). In addition, the surface nail contained more unabsorbed drug from the lacquer. Further, the drug penetrating into and through the nail was also greater from the marketed gel, leading to a higher Calculated Efficacy Coefficient for the marketed gel, than from the marketed lacquer or the experimental gel. The formulation plays an important role in the enhancement of ciclopirox permeation into and through the human nail plate, and the concentration of ciclopirox in the formulation was not a factor in determining penetration.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗
PubMed2000

Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of ethyl acrylate and tripropylene glycol diacrylate to normal human skin and lung cells.

The potential for occupational exposure to the esters of acrylic acid (acrylates) is considerable, and, thus, requires a greater understanding of the their toxicity. Confluent (70-90%) cultures of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). or bronchial epithelium (NHBE) were exposed to the monofunctional ethyl acrylate (EA), the multifunctional tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), or TPGDA monomer in a radiation curable lacquer (Lacquer A) at equimolar dosages in order to determine human in vitro cytotoxicity. Viability of the cells after 2-24-h exposure to the representative monofunctional or multifunctional acrylate or solvent control was used to calculate an index of acute cytotoxicity (50% inhibitory dose; ID50) and to determine the shape of the dose-response curves. TPGDA, Lacquer A, and EA were equally cytotoxic (ID50 is approximately equal to 0.1 micromol/cm2) to NHEK at equimolar doses. TPGDA or Lacquer A were more cytotoxic (is approximately equal to 100X) to NHDF or NHBE than EA. Sequential exposure of UV(A) and TPGDA to NHEK indicate the potential for a synergistic cytotoxic response. These findings are consistent with observed decreases in free sulfhydryl groups (e.g., glutathione or cysteine) that parallel the dose-response-related decreases in viability. logether, these data suggest possible differences in toxicity between the monofunctional EA and multifunctional TPGDA to NHEK, NHDF. or NHBE, possibly due to the difference in the number of functional acrylate groups and/or physicochemical differences (e.g., vapor pressure) between the acrylates investigated.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2005

Determination of bisphenol diglycidyl ethers in topical dosage forms.

A method involving extraction and LC-ESI-MS-MS detection of BADGE, BFDGE, BADGE*H2O, BADGE*2H2O, BADGE*HCl, BADGE*H2O*HCl, BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE*2HCl in aqueous cream was developed and validated. Initially, empty internally lacquered aluminum container closure systems were extracted with isopropanol as an attempt to estimate the upper limit of extractable bisphenol diglycidyl ethers present in lacquer. Six of the eight potential bisphenol diglycidyl ethers were quantified. In an accelerated experiment, on aqueous cream stored in lacquered aluminum tubes at 70 degrees C, all derivatives except BADGE*2HCl and BFDGE*2HCl were extracted from cream samples and quantified as an attempt to estimate the upper limit of compounds leaching to the cream. Detection limits were from 0.3+/-0.2 to 3.4+/-0.7 microgl(-1). Recoveries were determined for all compounds at three concentration levels (mean 63+/-6%). Mean inter-day and mean intra-day precision was 7+/-2 and 13+/-6%, respectively. Three commercially available creams were obtained from a local community pharmacy and analysed for bisphenol diglycidyl ethers. BADGE, BADGE*H2O, BADGE*2H2O and BADGE*H2O*HCl were detected and quantified. In conclusion, the developed method allows for the extraction and detection of bisphenol diglycidyl ethers originating from the epoxy phenol lacquer used in aluminum tubes. This study does not indicate that they leach into aqueous cream in significant amounts under normal storage conditions.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in an older population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in an older community-based population sample. DESIGN: Population-based epidemiologic study. PARTICIPANTS: Eligible residents aged 49 years or older (n = 3654) who attended the Blue Mountains Eye Study, west of Sydney, Australia. METHODS: Participants had a detailed eye examination including measurement of logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity, standardized refraction, and retinal stereophotography. All patients were invited to attend follow-up examinations after 5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Myopic retinopathy was defined to include staphyloma, lacquer cracks, Fuchs' spot and myopic chorioretinal atrophy. beta-peripapillary atrophy was assessed separately. RESULTS: Signs of myopic retinopathy were found in 67 eyes from 44 participants (1.2%), a prevalence of 1.4% in women and 1.0% in men; this increased from 1% in right eyes with myopia <3 diopters to over 50% in right eyes with myopia > or =9 diopters. There was a nonsignificant age-related trend in prevalence. The average spherical equivalent refraction was -6.1 diopters and the average visual acuity was 20/40 in eyes with myopic retinopathy. Visual impairment (<20/40) was present in 38.8% of affected eyes. Myopic retinopathy was bilateral in 52% of cases. Staphyloma was present in 26 participants (0.7%), bilateral in 35%, with a strong concordance of staphyloma location. Lacquer cracks were seen in 8 participants (0.2%), Fuchs' spot in 3 (0.1%), and chorioretinal atrophy in 7 (0.2%). Forty-six eyes (68.7%) with myopic retinopathy were reexamined after 5 years; 8.7% had new or increased numbers of lacquer cracks and 15.2% had new or expanded areas of chorioretinal atrophy. In those eyes developing lacquer cracks or chorioretinal atrophy, best-corrected visual acuity decreased by a mean of two LogMAR lines. CONCLUSIONS: This study documented the age and sex-specific prevalence of myopic retinopathy and 5-year progression in an older white population.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

Paint and tape: collection and storage of microtraces of paint in adhesive tape.

The collection and preservation of microtrace evidence with the aid of an adhesive tape is a method of choice in forensic science. This technique is rapid and easy and allows the concentration of microtraces on a carrier, which facilitates further investigations in the laboratory. Adhesive tapes are currently used to secure microtraces of fibers and glass, but hardly for traces of automotive paint and other lacquers for fear of interference with the analysis of binders. A collection of automotive paint consisting of original and repair lacquers collected by tape has been evaluated. After various times of storage within the tape, these samples were compared with untreated references by microscope FT-IR and microspectrophotometry (MSP). Another set of paints was collected in 1984, stored within the tape until 1995, and examined the same way. About 170 layers of lacquer with various types of binder were examined. With the exception of one clear lacquer no difference between treated samples and references was detected. This small difference observed could be correlated to the exposure to xylene (extractant) and was not caused by the storage within the adhesive tape.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Absorption of amorolfine through human nail.

The percutaneous absorption of a new antifungal agent, amorolfine, has been measured through both skin and nail using an in vitro technique. Application of a 5% concentration in either an ethanol or methylene chloride lacquer resulted in permeation rates through nail in the range of 20-100 ng/cm2/h and somewhat higher through skin. Absorption was greater from the methylene chloride lacquer than the ethanol lacquer.

Absorption↗
PubMed1981

Some stimulus properties of inhalants: preliminary findings.

Water-deprived rats allowed access to 0.1% saccharin during 10 min followed by a 15-min (Exp. 1A) or a 30-min (Exp. 1B) exposure to lacquer thinner (6,360 ppm) failed to show a conditioned aversion to the saccharin solution. However, when the solvent odor was paired with water drinking followed by a 0.6 M LiCl injection (Exp. 2) the rats developed an aversion to water associated to lacquer thinner, drinking less than when water was presented alone. The findings suggest that whereas lacquer thinner does not appear to function as an unconditioned stimulus, it may acquire properties of conditioned stimulus in this paradigm of conditioned aversion.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The use of topical therapies to treat onychomycosis.

The management of onychomycosis using topical agents has improved with the introduction of ciclopirox and amorolfine nail lacquers; other topical agents may be less effective. The combination of a nail lacquer with an oral antifungal agent may further improve efficacy rates in certain clinical presentations (eg, among those individuals with severe onychomycosis). Topical agents have a favorable adverse events profile. Further studies are required on the treatment of onychomycosis with nail lacquers.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

Clinical and immunologic features of systemic contact dermatitis from ingestion of Rhus (Toxicodendron).

Oral or parenteral exposure to certain contact allergens may elicit an eczematous skin reaction in sensitized individuals. This phenomenon has been called systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) and is relatively rare when compared with classical contact dermatitis. We reviewed and analysed the clinical and immunologic features of 42 patients with SCD caused by ingestion of Rhus (Toxicodendron), 24 males and 18 females, average age 44 years (range 24-72). Several of such patients (33%) had a known history of allergy to lacquer. The patients developed skin lesions such as generalized maculopapular eruptions (50%), erythroderma (29%), vesiculobullous lesions (14%) and erythema multiform (EM)-like lesions (7%). Many patients (57%) developed leucocytosis with neutrophilia (74%). In some patients (5%), abnormalities of liver function developed. We also analysed lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of 12 patients. The lymphocyte subsets studied were T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-CD16+/CD56+), helper/inducer cells (CD4), cytotoxic/suppressor cells (CD8) and helper/suppressor ratio (CD4/CD8). The lymphocyte subsets of all 12 patients studied were within the normal range. Moreover, there were no differences between patients with a history of allergy to lacquer and those without a history of allergy to lacquer. Therefore, rather than an immunologic response, the skin eruption seems to be caused by a toxic reaction because of Rhus.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Monitoring of taints related to printed solid boards with an electronic nose.

The main objectives were to combine knowledge gathered from the electronic nose (EN) with traditional analytical reference methods for measuring volatile compounds, such as sensory and headspace methods. The impacts of different colouring agents on the sensory properties of packaging materials when analysed by EN were determined. The first step in investigations using the EN was optimization of sample treatment and analysis parameters for the samples. The best resolution was achieved at 60 degrees C in 20 min, and the effect of humidity on the EN sensors was confirmed. A comparison was made of three sensory methods for analysing taints of packaging materials. The study showed that the odour of the packaging itself was often not a reliable indication of the taint perceived in the packed foodstuff and should be regarded only as indicative. Taints caused by pigments of printed solid boards were analysed by EN. Twenty samples were studied, representing unprinted solid board, lacquered solid board, offset printed solid board with 14 different colours and offset printed, lacquered solid board with four colours. The EN succeeded in grouping these materials according to their colouring agents or lacquering, despite slight overlapping of replicates, and the results appeared to reflect at least to some extent the off-flavours perceived in sensory evaluation. The results of this study are only indicative, because the analysis of results from different sources or equipment requires more extensive use of statistical methods.

Biosensing Techniques↗