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PubMed1980

Lithium-induced polyuria: effect of lithium on adenylate cyclase and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase in medullary ascending limb of Henle's loop and in medullary collecting tubules.

We investigated the effects of hyperosmolality, chronic treatment with lithium chloride (LiCl), and the addition of LiCl in vitro on vasopressin-sensitive (VP) adenylate cyclase (AdC) and cAMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDIE) activities in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (MAL) and medullary collecting tubule (MCT) microdissected from the outer medulla of the rat kidney. A hyperosmolar medium (800 mosmol) markedly enhanced AdC activity stimulated by 10(-6) M VP specifically in MCT, while having little effect or slightly decreasing VP-stimulated AdC in MAL, compared to activities under standard isotonic conditions. Hyperosmolality decreased cAMP-PDIE activity to about the same degree in MAL and MCT. Inclusion of LiCl in the incubation medium (15-20 mM) caused a significant dose-dependent inhibition of VP-stimulated AdC activity in both MAL and MCT, but had no effect on CAMP-PDIE in either segment. AdC and cAMP-PDIE activities in MAL and MCT from chronic LiCl-treated polyuric rats did not differ from controls when assayed under standard isotonic conditions. However, when assayed in a hyperosmolar (800 mosmol) medium, VP-sensitive AdC activity was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in MCT from LiCl-treated rats compared to control levels, while VP-sensitive AdC in MAL did not differ in LiCl-treated and control rats. The present results suggest that lowered VP-sensitive AdC activity in MCT of LiCl-treated polyuric rats may contribute to the observed lower concentrating ability and collecting tubule resistance to VP. Inhibition of VP-sensitive AdC in MAL as well as MCT by the acute addition of LiCl in vitro may explain the decreased urinary diluting ability observed with acute infusions of Li salts in vivo in the rat.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1990

Lithium acetate gastrointestinal diffusion system. Part 1: Lithium acetate single-unit gastrointestinal diffusion system: preparation and release rate studies.

The gastrointestinal diffusion system (GDS), containing lithium acetate (1), releases the drug by a controlled source of diffusion energy. The unit can possibly be used for all soluble drugs in which solubility is independent from the pH of the gastrointestinal contents as is the case with 1. The one-compartment unit is obtained by tabletting the drug and coating the tablets with a membrane of cellulose acetate to which soluble porofores-gum arabic, sodium chloride, 1-are added. When the pore-creating substance is dissolved out of the coating, there remains a porous film, which controls the rate of release of the drug. The release characteristics depend on membrane composition and mass. The systems reported here provided for zero-order drug delivery in vitro.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current hypotheses on the mechanism of action of lithium. I. Lithium and neuromediators].

This paper intends to survey, clarify and organize the recent advances of research on the central action mechanism of lithium. A brief introduction relates the cation's "medical history" and analyses the evolution of what is known and hypothesized about various categories of psychotropics. In this article the metabolism of neuromediators and its disturbances are the subject of a detailed study. First reviewed is recent work concerning the aminergic theories of depression. Most of the other neuromediator systems are the subject of specific research projects and of these, the GABAergic hypothesis seems the most promising to date.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1976

[The distribution of lithium between erythrocytes and plasma: in vitro studies on the transport of lithium in human erythrocytes].

Distribution ratiors of intracellular lithium (Lii) and extracellular Li (Lie) were determined in vitro after incubation of Li-free or Li-loaded red cells in media containing varying Li-concentrations (37 degrees C, pH 7.4). The distribution ratios Lii/Lie obtained in vitro after 24 h of incubation corresponded to those found in vivo. The results indicate that Li can be extruded from red cells against an electrochemical gradient. This Li extrusion is inhibited by replacing extracellular Na+ with K+ or choline+, but is not affected by ouabain or by glucose depletion.

Biological Transport, Active↗
PubMed2004

NMR studies of structure and reorganization dynamics of an [6Li]-allylic lithium compound complexed to [14N,15N]-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: inversion and ligand lithium exchange.

Proton, 13C, 6Li, and 15N NMR line-shape studies of exo,exo-1-trimethylsilyl-3-(dimethylethylsilyl)allyllithium-6Li complexed to [14N,15N]-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) 2 as a function of temperature and of added diamine reveal the dynamics of three fast equilibrium reorganization processes. These are (with DeltaH values in kilocalories per mole and DeltaS values in entropic units): mutual exchange of lithium between two 2 molecules (6.3, -21), exchange of TMEDA between its free and complexed states (5.0 and -22), and first-order transfer of complexed ligand between the allyl faces (7.0 and -20). Intermediates that are dimeric in TMEDA are proposed for the first two of these reorganization processes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Lithiation of 2-chloro- and 2-methoxypyridine with lithium dialkylamides: initial ortho-direction or subsequent lithium ortho-stabilization?

The lithiation pathway of 2-chloro and 2-methoxypyridine with LDA and LTMP has been investigated using deuterated probes. The availability of both H-6 and H-3 protons on the pyridine nucleus was found to be critical to ensure complete C-3 lithiation. We thus concluded that the C-3 lithiation was not a straightforward process. A mechanism involving precomplexation of lithium dialkylamides near the H-6 proton and formation of a 3,6-dilithio pyridine intermediate is proposed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Effect of lithium chloride on the palisade layer of the Triton-X-100 micelle: two sites for lithium ions as revealed by solvation and rotational dynamics studies.

Dynamic Stokes' shift measurements using coumarin 153 as the fluorescence probe have been carried out to explore the effect of added electrolyte, lithium chloride (LiCl), on solvation dynamics in the Triton-X-100 (TX-100) micelle and thus to understand the changes in micellar Palisade layer, especially the entrapped water structures in the Palisade layer. At all concentrations of LiCl, the spectral shift correlation function shows biexponential decay. At lower LiCl concentrations, the longer solvation time is seen to decrease, although the shorter solvation time is not affected much. At higher LiCl concentrations, both longer and shorter solvation times increase with electrolyte concentration. The present observations have been rationalized assuming two possible modes of interaction of the Li+ ions in the micellar palisade layer. For LiCl concentrations below about 1.5 M, the Li+ ions appear to bind preferably to the ether groups of surfactant molecules, and the increased micellar hydration with the added salt effectively makes the solvation dynamics faster. At higher LiCl concentrations, available ether binding sites for the Li+ ions seem to get occupied effectively and the excess Li+ ions start remaining in the Palisade layer as strongly hydrated free ions. Because of strong hydration of the Li+ ions, the mobility of the entrapped water molecules in the micellar Palisade layer decreases significantly, causing the solvation dynamics to slow at higher LiCl concentrations. The fluorescence anisotropy results in the present systems are also in support of the above inferences drawn from solvation dynamics results. The present results with LiCl salt are found to be substantially different than those obtained in our earlier study (Kumbhakar et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 14168) with salts such as NaCl, KCl, and CsCl. These differences are attributed mainly to the binding of the Li+ ions with the surfactant ether groups, which seems to be unlikely for the other alkali cations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Lithium-nitrogen and lithium-boron-nitrogen cage compounds formed using the phenylhydrazido backbone.

Two rare examples of the crystal structures of large molecular clusters formed from the lithium salts of multianions are reported; the first is the dilithium salt of phenylhydrazine, which forms a tetrameric cage with a core of eight Li and eight N centres; the second is a 32-membered cage which forms from the aggregation of two [B(NNPh)3]6- hexaanions, two [NH-NPh]2- dianions and 16 Li+ cations.

Journal Article↗