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PubMed2002

Articulating silences: experiential and biomedical constructions of hypertension symptomatology.

In this article, we explore the flexible configuration of a local knowledge system about hypertension symptoms, foregrounding it against prevailing biomedical assertions regarding the asymptomatic or "silent" nature of hypertension. The complex and coherent knowledge system held by older African Americans living in a southern, rural community stands in contrast to the current scientific discourse and local biomedical perspectives on hypertension symptomatology. The older African American participants in this study apply local knowledge of hypertension symptomatology to make health decisions nearly every day. Despite this, most biomedical practitioners maintain a distance from these lay sources of knowledge, often remaining stalwart in their refusal to recognize the existence or influence of symptoms. We conclude that authoritative knowledge ultimately lies in the minds and bodies of the elders, who have encountered symptoms as guideposts that direct action, rather than with a biomedical "reality" that is yet unresolved.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and use of emergency postcoital contraception by female students at a high school in Nova Scotia.

PURPOSE: This study was performed in the context of a sexual health promotion project in a Nova Scotia community. Community members wanted information about adolescent females' knowledge and use of emergency contraception (EC). The study was done to meet this need. METHODS: Female high school students aged 14 to 19 were administered a self-completion survey asking about their knowledge of EC, the time frame for its use, its effectiveness, their personal use of EC, unsuccessful attempts to obtain EC, and sources of knowledge of EC. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of 411 female students participated. Eighty percent knew about EC, though few (8%) knew the time frame for EC use. Most (42%) heard of EC at school. Eighteen percent used no contraception at last intercourse. Only 2% ever had used EC. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent women know about EC but use it infrequently, even though they frequently lack contraception. These findings raise questions about alternative methods for providing EC to young women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Public knowledge of hospices: a street survey in Glasgow.

A street survey was conducted in Glasgow to find out the level of public knowledge of and attitudes to hospices generally and two local hospices. The level of knowledge was not high, though attitudes to hospices were positive. Those few respondents with unfavourable attitudes had little knowledge of hospices generally and knew little about the local hospices. The factors associated with level of knowledge and attitudes were different for the two local hospices. The media and the collection of money for hospices were the main source of knowledge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Authoritative knowledge and single women's unintentional pregnancies, abortions, adoption, and single motherhood: social stigma and structural violence.

This article explores the sources of authoritative knowledge that shaped single, white, middle-class women's unintentional pregnancies and child-bearing decisions throughout five reproductive eras. Women who terminated a pregnancy were most influenced by their own personal needs and circumstances. birth mothers' decisions were based on external sources of knowledge, such as their mothers, social workers, and social pressures. In contrast, single mothers based their decision on instincts and their religious or moral beliefs. Reproductive policies further constrained and significantly shaped women's experiences. The social stigma associated with these forms of stratified maternity suggests that categorizing pregnant women by their marital status, or births as out-of-wedlock, reproduces the structural violence implicit to normative models of female sexuality and maternity. This mixed-method study included focus groups to determine the kinds of knowledge women considered authoritative, a mailed survey to quantify these identified sources, and one-on-one interviews to explore outcomes in depth.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1997

Travel advice: a study among Swiss and German general practitioners.

Travelling to tropical and subtropical destinations is common among European citizens. Many of them consult their general practitioners (GPs) for pre-travel advice. Little is known about the knowledge, the sources of information and the needs of physicians. One hundred and fifty Swiss and I50 German GPs giving travel advice were interviewed using pretested telephone interviews and questionnaires to assess their knowledge about travel advice to be given for 2 frequent holiday destinations (Kenya and Thailand), and to ask which information sources were available to them. Ninety-six per cent and 89%, respectively, of GPs in 2 neighbouring areas of Switzerland and Germany gave travel advice to their clients. In telephone interviews, standard recommendations on malaria medication, as approved by the national travel advice committees, were stated by 45 and 25% of Swiss GPs, and 22 and 9% of German GPs for Kenya and Thailand. The figures for correct advice on vaccination requirements were 23 and 47% for the Swiss GPs, and 2 and 25% for the German GPs. Half of the GPs wanted to consult their documents before giving advice. The main source of information used by Swiss GPs was the monthly updated Bulletin of the Federal Office of Public Health (BFOPH). A variety of different sources was recorded among German practitioners. Regular, concise information on travel advice tops the list of requested information material in both countries. The extent of correct pre-travel advice is unsatisfactory in both study groups. Use of standardized, regularly updated and readily available sources of information on travel advice for the GP could avoid uncertainties of both the provider and the recipient of advice.

Family Practice↗
PubMed1975

Commentary: Patient package inserts. I. Nature, notions, and needs.

A total of 137 completed questionnaires were obtained from several population samples in an attempt to assess drug knowledge, information sources, and views on drug information with particular attention to the possible role of a patient-oriented package insert. The results indicated that the study population was variably informed and could make fairly accurate assessments by this knowledge. Responders placed great importance on the doctor and pharmacist as preferred and actual drug information sources. The mass media were accorded little prominence. Great emphasis was placed on the adequate provision of information, and this appears to be a crucial function in an adequate doctor-patient relationship. The results appear to indicate a favorable climate for establishing a patient-oriented package insert that should have summarized as well as detailed information to complement the doctor and pharmacist as primary information sources.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Two dimensional inverse imaging (2DII) of current sources in magnetoencephalography.

A new magnetoencephalographic (MEG) technique for imaging the cortical distribution of neuronal activity is described. An iterative algorithm is employed, which successively alters an initial estimate of cortical source structure until it corresponds to the measured magnetic field data. In this new technique, the continuum of electrical activity across the cortical surface is modeled as a dense grid of thousands of single equivalent current dipoles. MEG imaging of both compact and extended sources is facilitated by a wavelet-like transformation of the source space into a sequence of successively smaller composite source structures. Two of these composite source structures are combined during each iterative step to generate an improved estimate of the cortical source structure. Thus, inversion of the complete gain matrix corresponding to thousands of cortical sources is not performed. The technique requires only moderate PC based resources even for very large source grids. In contrast to minimum norm MEG imaging methods, this new algorithm is insensitive to random noise in the data. If available, prior knowledge of source structure from other imaging techniques, such as PET, MRI and fMRI, is easily incorporated as additional constraints on the source structure solution. Source images solutions corresponding to simulated data are presented. In addition, the technique is applied to source imaging of real MEG data incorporating cortical structure from volumetric MRI data. These results demonstrate the capability of our new technique for imaging combinations of compact and extended source structures.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

[Population registration and censuses. The Chinese tradition].

"The case of China is in many ways exemplary, due to both its extremely long history and the fact that the Chinese approach influenced other countries over the course of the centuries, and can thus be viewed as a model. The first ¿censuses' were intended as an administrative tool, to manage lists of those subject to the corvee. As administrative regulations evolved, these lists were made obsolete and replaced, with the change of dynasty in 1644, by fiscal records. From 1740 to 1780, in order to link economic knowledge--especially grain prices--to the demographic situation, the central government urged local authorities to produce nominative records. Genealogies, rich in information, were another source of knowledge. With certain alterations, the Chinese model spread into the surrounding region, including Japan, Vietnam and Korea." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Asia↗
PubMed1990

[Methods of toxicologic evaluation--possibilities and limits].

Toxicological knowledge is founded on observation in humans consisting of casuistic presentations and epidemiologic research and on animal experiments. The possibilities and limitations of these sources of knowledge are presented with special reference to the problems of the dose and of toxic interactions. The limitations of toxicological knowledge primarily result from the impossibility to prove "no action". Therefore, it is not possible to prove the absolute safety of a substance but only the acceptability by assessing its advantages and risks.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Adolescents' communication styles and learning about birth control.

Adolescents have different communication styles for acquiring information about birth control from a mass medium--interactant or noninteractant, depending on whether they involve communication with others in the process of media use. Three interactant styles are identified: a home-oriented style, where communication is primarily with immediate members and friends; a peer-oriented style, where communication is primarily with own-age peers and personal friends; and multi-source user, where communication is with more than one cluster of sources and the majority of one's communication is not with any particular source. The noninteractant style identified is a media-oriented style, where the adolescent relies exclusively on the mass media for information acquisition without communicating with anyone about the content or process of learning. Data suggest that the interactant style, especially for the multi-source user, is most beneficial for new learning. Gender and the presence of siblings at home are important moderators of the relationship between communication styles and knowledge of birth control. For example, females with a media-oriented style know more about birth control than females with a home-oriented style. Implications of the findings for the delivery of birth control information to adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A comparison of food safety knowledge among restaurant managers, by source of training and experience, in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma.

The annual incidence of illness related to food consumption continues to present a challenge to environmental health management. A significant fraction of cases have been attributed to consumption of food in restaurants, and as the number of meals eaten away from the home continues to rise, the potential for large-scale foodborne-disease outbreaks will continue to increase. Food handlers in retail establishments contribute to the incidence of foodborne disease; therefore, it is essential that workers and management staff have a thorough understanding of safe food practices. Since the training, certification, and experience of food service managers vary greatly, it is also likely that managers' knowledge base may differ. In the study reported here, restaurant managers were administered a survey designed to measure their understanding of basic food safety principles. The sources of training, certification, and experience were found to significantly affect the level of food safety knowledge; however, increased hours of training did not increase knowledge. In addition, the time lapsed since training did not significantly affect the level of knowledge.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Factors influencing contraceptive use in Tehran.

BACKGROUND: Despite reluctance to conceive, approximately 30% of couples do not use any method of contraception. Health concerns, side effects, failure of the method and some demographic issues such as education, age, residential region and number of living children have a major effect on contraceptive use. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine those factors which influence contraceptive use in Tehran. METHODS: Data from the project "The Study of the Effectiveness of Postpartum Consultation about Family Planning on Contraceptive Practice during 2 years after Parturition in University Hospitals of Tehran in 1996" were applied for the analysis of those factors which influence contraceptive use by Iranian couples. A total of 4177 women of reproductive age who gave birth in one of the 12 hospitals in Tehran during the 24 hours following the interview of the initial study and had at least one living child were enrolled in the present study. The questionnaire used included some questions about socio-demographic status, fertility history, knowledge of contraceptives and the source of this knowledge, and previous contraception practice and its effectiveness. RESULTS: Using a logistic regression model, it was found that age, women's level of education, their husbands' level of education and previous familiarity with contraceptive methods were the most significant factors influencing contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that health policy makers strengthen the family planning services through providing appropriate counselling in family planning clinics.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Survey on knowledge and attitudes on AIDS among administrative and medical staff and policemen].

This survey was conducted among administrative, medical staff and policemen at county level in Yunnan province of PR. China concerning knowledge and attitude on HIV/AIDS. The main statistics of this survey were about the characteristics of the three groups, the degree of being interested in knowledge on HIV/AIDS and the sources of the knowledge and their attitude.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Epistemological development in adolescence and adulthood: a multidimensional framework.

Theories of epistemological development are reviewed. A framework describing variations in adolescents' and adults' intuitive conceptions of knowledge is proposed. Within the proposed framework, naive epistemologies are conceptualized in terms of their assumptions concerning (a) the nature of the knowledge acquisition process, (b) the degree of correspondence between knowledge and reality, (c) the certainty of knowledge, (d) the commensurability of knowledge across individuals, (e) the degree to which knowledge forms or inheres in a coherent system of thought, (f) the nature of meaning, (g) the appropriate procedures for evaluating competing beliefs, (h) the nature and role of authorities as sources of knowledge and justification, and (i) the nature of reality. This framework is used to describe possible developmental changes in adolescents' and adults' concepts of knowledge and to suggest how future researchers might address core issues concerning epistemological development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A survey of the scientific data and training methods utilized by collegiate strength and conditioning coaches.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which scientific research influences college strength and conditioning coaching practices and to determine the training methods utilized. A total of 321 surveys were mailed to Division I strength and conditioning coaches, and the response rate was 42.7% (137 of 321 surveys). Results indicate that all subjects held a baccalaureate degree, the majority in a human performance-related field, and that 75% were Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) certified. The respondents' most widely utilized professional resources were the Strength and Conditioning Journal (94%) and other collegiate coaches and programs (93%). Forty-seven percent of respondents indicated that other collegiate coaches and their programs were the most important sources of knowledge outside of formal education. The majority indicated that they used a periodization protocol (93%) utilizing multiple sets (97%), plyometrics (90%), explosive movements (88%), and Olympic lifts (85%). Respondents tend to rely on sources of information that may not be defined as scientific, as evidenced by the low priority given to peer-reviewed literature. Respondents also tend to employ the methods they utilized as athletes. Reliance on these sources may not take advantage of advances made through scientific research in exercise physiology, biomechanics, and more specifically the area of strength and conditioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the need for evidence-based medicine.

Doctors always seek to base their decisions on the best available evidence. Often this evidence represents extrapolations of pathophysiological principles and logic rather than established facts based on data derived from patients. The advent and proliferation of randomized controlled trials have led to a rapid increase in the quantity and quality of clinically valid evidence concerning clinical history taking and physical examination, issues of diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and other important health care issues. As a result it is becoming possible to make explicit much of the implicit non-verbal reasoning of expert clinicians, making their clinical reasoning more comprehensible and accessible to trainees. The ability to track down, critically appraise and incorporate evidence into clinical practice has been named 'evidence-based medicine'. As the quantity of valid evidence increases so does the requirement for each of us to develop the skills necessary to assimilate, evaluate and make best use of that evidence for patients. Often we fail to identify or address our daily needs for clinically important knowledge, leading to a progressive decline in our clinical competency. When we do seek knowledge traditional sources of information such as journals and text-books are often either too disorganized or out of date and we often resort to asking colleagues. The need to maintain and expand clinically important knowledge has been partially addressed by increasing demands for continuing medical education but how might this be best achieved? Recent evaluations suggest that three evidence-based medicine strategies help fulfill these goals. They include; learning evidence-based medicine, seeking and applying evidence-based medical summaries generated by others, and accepting evidence-based protocols developed by others.

Community-Institutional Relations↗