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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Left-right pattern of cardiac BMP4 may drive asymmetry of the heart in zebrafish.

The first evident break in left-right symmetry of the primitive zebrafish heart tube is the shift in pattern of BMP4 expression from radially symmetric to left-predominant. The midline heart tube then 'jogs' to the left and subsequently loops to the right. We examined 279 mutations, affecting more than 200 genes, and found 21 mutations that perturb this process. Some cause BMP4 to remain radially symmetric. Others randomize the asymmetric BMP4 pattern. Retention of BMP4 symmetry is associated with failure to jog: right-predominance of the BMP4 pattern is associated with reversal of the direction of jogging and looping. Raising BMP4 diffusely throughout the heart, via sonic hedgehog injection, or the blocking of its action by injection of a dominant negative BMP4 receptor, prevent directional jogging or looping. The genes crucial to directing cardiac asymmetry include a subset of those needed for patterning the dorsoventral axis and for notochord and ventral spinal cord development. Thus, the pattern of cardiac BMP4 appears to be in the pathway by which the heart interprets lateralizing signals from the midline.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

EMG analysis of peroneal and tibialis anterior muscle activity prior to foot contact during functional activities.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pre-activity of the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), and peroneus brevis (PB) prior to foot contact during three conditions. Twenty-six subjects (age 22 +/- 2 yrs; 15 male, 11 female) with no lower extremity injuries reported for data collection. Data were collected from each subject's dominant leg using surface electromyography (EMG). EMG electrodes were applied over the test muscles using a standard protocol. A heel-toe strike transducer was affixed to the bottom of the subject's shoe. The subject completed two randomized trials of walking on a treadmill (5.6 kph), jogging on a treadmill (9.3 kph) and drop landing from a 38 cm box. Isometric reference positions (IRPs) were recorded for the TA, PL, and PB. Muscle data were normalized to IRPs and the average processed EMG for the 200 ms prior to heel strike during walking and jogging and prior to toe strike when dropping from the box was used for analysis. A one-way repeated measures MANOVA was used to detect differences in pre-activity of the muscles between the three conditions. Univariate tests were used to determine differences for each muscle and Tukey's was applied post hoc to determine individual effect differences. The MANOVA revealed significant differences among the three conditions (F2.50 = 10.770; P < .0005). Average TA activity was significantly higher during jogging (Tukey's; P < .0005). Significant differences existed between each condition for the TA. Average PL and PB activity was significantly higher when drop landing (Tukey's; P < .0005). There was no significant difference between walking and jogging for the PL and PB. The amount of muscle pre-activity occurring before heel or toe strike provides useful information for the examination of reaction times to unexpected inversion during dynamic activities.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Popliteus function in ACL-deficient patients.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries commonly result in anterolateral instability, resulting in a "pivot shift" phenomenon. Given that popliteus muscle stimulation results in a pivot shift, others have postulated that the popliteus muscle has a role in the pivot shift phenomenon. We hypothesized that patients with instability from ACL injuries may have excessive popliteus muscle activity. Therefore, we studied the EMG activity (using fine wire electrodes) of the popliteus muscle in sixteen normal subjects and ten ACL-deficient subjects. We recorded the EMG in six activities (level walking and jogging, ascending walking and jogging, and descending walking and jogging). Person's Product Moment Correlations were above 0.7, except in the case of ascending the treadmill (r = 0.427) and ascending jogging (r = 0.645), suggesting that the timing of the signals was similar for injured and uninjured limbs. Variance ratios for the injured and uninjured limbs were statistically similar, suggesting similar variability of patterns. Thus, we observed only minor popliteus EMG signal differences in this group of patients. We conclude that the popliteus muscle does not contribute to instability in the studied activities.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries↗
PubMed1981

The effect of different treadmill speeds on the variability of VO2 max in children.

Eight boys aged 10-12 years performed three tests on each of three treadmill protocols. Each test was a continuous, progressively graded performance to exhaustion, but protocols differed in speed--(walk: 90 m . min-1, jog: 110 m . min-1, run: 130 m . min-1). The walk protocol was found inappropriate for VO2 max determination in children. Compared to the faster speeds, the walk test elicited a lower VO2 at exhaustion, and had lower reliability (0.56) and a high coefficient of variation (8%). For the Vo2 at exhaustion on the jog and run protocols the coefficient of variation was 3-5% and the reliability coefficient averaged 0.90, comparable to values seen for repeated trials in adults. The usually accepted VO2 max criterion of a plateau of VO2 with increasing work levels was inappropriate for use with children. Attempts to derive plateau criteria suitable for use with children proved unsuccessful. Plateau criteria may be difficult to achieve with children in light of their apparently weaker glycolytic energy capacity. Nevertheless, the highest VO2 measured at jog or run speeds has a consistency similar to that found for Vo2 max measurement in adults.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Biomechanical evidence supporting a differential response to acute ACL injury.

OBJECTIVE: To describe movement patterns in people with complete anterior cruciate ligament rupture objectively identified as good candidates for non-operative management of the injury. DESIGN: Involved side kinematics and kinetics were compared to the uninvolved side and to uninjured subjects. BACKGROUND: High-level athletes with anterior cruciate ligament rupture and poor dynamic stability (non-copers) have movement alterations, including less knee flexion and a decreased internal knee extensor moment during loading response, that are not seen in those with excellent knee stability (copers). Our screening exam can identify people with good rehabilitation potential for non-operative management of anterior cruciate ligament injury (potential copers), but the movement strategies of these individuals are unknown. METHODS: Sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking and jogging were collected from 11 subjects who had an acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture and met the criteria of the screening exam, and were compared to 10 uninjured subjects, who we studied previously. Variables were those in which non-copers differed from uninjured subjects. RESULTS: The potential copers flexed their involved knee less than uninjured subjects and their uninvolved side during walking. Potential copers, compared to uninjured subjects, also had a lower vertical ground reaction force during loading response, a lower knee support moment, and an increased ankle support moment during walking. In jogging, the involved knee angle at initial contact was more extended compared to uninjured subjects, and the amount of knee flexion was less than the uninvolved side. No differences in kinetics were present during jogging. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that the potential copers identified by the screening examination have movement patterns that are consistent with people who have more knee stability than non-copers. RELEVANCE: Although potential copers have developed some characteristics of a successful stabilization strategy, the presence of kinematic alterations indicates that they may benefit from training programs designed to enhance dynamic knee stability.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The differential and temporal effects of antecedent exercise on the self-stimulatory behavior of a child with autism.

The effects of two levels of exercise (walking versus jogging) in suppressing the self-stimulatory behavior of a five-year-old boy with autism were examined. The exercise conditions were applied immediately before periods of academic programming. Maladaptive self-stimulatory behaviors were separately tracked, enabling identification of behaviors that were more susceptible to change (e.g., physical self-stimulation and "out of seat" behavior) versus those that were more resistant (e.g., visual self-stimulation). Examination of temporal effects indicated a decrease in physical self-stimulation and "out of seat" behavior, but only for the jogging condition. In addition, sharp reductions in these behaviors were observed immediately following the jogging intervention and gradually increased but did not return to baseline levels over a 40 min period. Implications for further research and clinical intervention are discussed.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1991

Effects of 7 successive days of unaccustomed prolonged exercise on aerobic performance and tissue damage in fitness joggers.

The effects of 7 successive days of prolonged jogging on aerobic performance and biochemical markers of muscle and red blood cell damage were examined in 10 moderately fit men, ages 27 +/- 2 yr (mean +/- SE). The subjects jogged for 2 h per day at 78 +/- 4% of maximal heart rates and covered a total of 129 +/- 2 km, nearly eight times their regular weekly training distance. At baseline, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during treadmill tests averaged 3.45 +/- 0.24 L/min, or 44.7 +/- 1.4 ml/kg/min. On follow-up tests 2d after the week of increased training, VO2max (3.56 +/- 0.17 L/min) and treadmill performance were not significantly improved. Body weight declined from 79.5 +/- 4.6 kg to 77.8 +/- 4.4 kg (p less than 0.05) because of reduced body fatness (16.8 +/- 2.3% to 13.6 +/- 1.7%, p less than 0.05). Weight-adjusted VO2max increased to 46.4 +/- 2.0 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.05). However, heart rate and systolic blood pressure were not significantly changed at rest, or during submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise. Mean hemoglobin concentration at treadmill testing declined from 14.9 +/- 0.3 g/dl to 13.3 +/- 0.3 g/dl (p less than 0.05). Leg muscle soreness, especially in the thigh region, persisted in all subjects after 3 d. Soreness was accompanied by chronic elevations (p less than 0.05) in serum levels of myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LD), aminoaspartate, and the isoenzymes CK-MB and LD1,2. Serum haptoglobin levels after jogging fell from 86 +/- 9 mg/dl to 60 +/- 8 mg/dl (p less than 0.05), suggestive of footstrike hemolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Heart-rate response to a conditioning program for young, alcoholic men.

The purpose of this study was to determine 1) if our young alcoholic men, like subjects in other studies, had high resting heart rates, high heart-rate responses to exercise, and prolonged cardiac recovery time after exercise and 2) if a jogging program conducted five days a week for four weeks could improve these physiological factors. Heart rates were compared between the group of joggers and a similar group of alcoholics who did not jog. Unlike the subjects of other studies, the young, alcoholic men in our study did not have high resting heart rates. Significant decreases in resting heart rate and heart-rate response to one-minute and three-minute step tests were found in the jogging group.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Characteristics of joggers among Japanese men in Hawaii.

In a population-based cohort of Japanese American men in Hawaii, the 450 joggers differed from 6,171 nonjoggers in being younger, taller, heavier, and more obese; in having larger vital capacity, higher socioeconomic status, and a higher prevalence of certain electrocardiographic abnormalities; and in being more health conscious as demonstrated by less smoking and a higher frequency of special diets. Blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, hematocrit and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Multiple regression analysis showed HDL-C to be inversely related to obesity and cigarettes, and directly related to alcohol consumption but to have no relationship to jogging or age. Temporal analyses suggested that initiation of jogging was followed by a reduction in heart rate, but there was no significant change in other measured parameters. Coronary heart disease (CHD) prevalence was increased in joggers, perhaps because the diagnosis of CHD predisposes to this activity. We conclude that jogging has probably had little impact on the health of this cohort.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

The effects of mild, moderate, and severe exercise on intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) from many means of exertion, ranging from walking to exhausting exercise in both normal and glaucoma subjects. The variability in their results may be due to several variables that can affect IOP significantly. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of common means of exertion on IOP in normal and glaucoma subjects, after elimination of factors that can affect IOP. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The effects of walking, jogging, and running fast until exhaustion on IOP were noted in seven normal and seven open-angle glaucoma subjects. Intraocular pressures were measured with the Goldmann applanation tonometer during and after exercise. RESULTS: The mean differences between before and after walking, jogging, and running exercises were -2.43 +/- 0.30, -3.85 +/- 0.55, and -4.0 +/- 0.37 mmHg in normal subjects. In glaucoma patients these differences were -7.72 +/- 1.25, -10.86 +/- 2.12, and -12.86 +/- 2.05 mmHg, respectively. After 5 min of walking and jogging, in all subjects, IOP decreased significantly (by 56 to 61% of total decreases). CONCLUSION: Regardless of the means of exertion, in every subject tested there was a drop in intraocular pressure. Glaucoma patients had a greater drop and longer duration of post-exercise recovery as compared to normal subjects. It would seem reasonable, at present, not to discourage patients who have glaucoma from light exercises such as walking; perhaps, on the contrary, it should be encouraged.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Relations of moderate physical exercise to scores on hostility, aggression, and aggression, and trait-anxiety.

100 male subjects were selected from a midwestern university and categorized into 5 jogging groups, advanced, intermediate, beginning, drop-out joggers and nonexercisers, who were administered the Commitment to Running Scale, the Buss-Durkee inventory measuring hostility and aggression, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Analysis of covariance with age as a covariate was performed using a 5 x 2 design with the 5 levels of jogging and status of the jogger (student/nonstudent) as independent variables. Fisher's LSD was used for multiple comparisons. Joggers scored higher than drop-outs or nonexercisers on the Commitment to Running Scale. Nonexercisers had higher mean scores on trait anxiety than advanced, intermediate, and drop-out joggers; advanced joggers had a lower mean trait-anxiety score than any other group. Nonexercisers had higher mean aggression and hostility scores than drop-out or advanced joggers; drop-out and advanced joggers did not differ significantly but their scores were significantly lower than those of other groups of joggers. These findings confirm that jogging affects trait anxiety, hostility, and aggression positively, which supports use of exercise preventively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Validation of several methods of estimating maximal oxygen uptake in young men.

The purpose of this study was to identify the most accurate predictor of VO2max from a variety of running tests. 32 young adult male undergraduates of (mean +/- SE) age 20.14 +/- 0.34 yr., height 179.4 +/- 1.8 cm, weight 73.7 +/- 2.8 kg, and VO2max 57.89 +/- 1.1 ml.kg-1.min.-1 were randomly tested on four different predictive VO2max running tests to assess their actual VO2max, based on a continuous, progressive treadmill protocol and obtained via gas analysis. The four tests consisted of a treadmill jogging test, 1.5 mile run, Cooper's 12-min. run, and the 20-m progressive shuttle-run test. An analysis of variance applied to means indicated significance. Post hoc analysis between the means with correction by Scheffé showed significant difference between the predictive submaximal treadmill jogging test and the 12-min. run but no other differences. The strength of the relationship between predictive tests and VO2max varied, with the 12-min. run having the highest correlation of .87, followed by the 1.5 mile run .87, 20-m progressive shuttle run .82, and the treadmill jogging test .50. The 12-min. run had the highest correlation of all tests with VO2max in young men, with active to trained levels of fitness. The 1.5 mile and 20-m shuttle run also provided accurate predictions of VO2max and so should be used for an accurate prediction of young men's VO2max.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Vehicle injuries to joggers. Case report and review.

A medico-legal case is presented where a jogger was struck by a car while crossing an intersection and later sought major damages in a civil court. This incident is reviewed in the context of overall information on injury to joggers by vehicles, and the possibility (raised by the defendant's counsel) that the euphoria generated by prolonged exercise may have created a sense of "invincibility" that predisposed the jogger to reckless actions. The defendants argued that the young man concerned was taking an amount of exercise that could have led to a jogging addiction and alteration of consciousness in a susceptible individual, and a history of alcohol, drug and video addiction was advanced as evidence that he may indeed have been a susceptible person. During the actual incident, the jogger recognised that the driver of the vehicle had not seen him, but nevertheless he proceeded to enter a crosswalk that had already been 75% traversed by the car, leaving himself only 0.6 metres of space, a half of the lane width normally required by a runner. A calculation of the relative velocities of the car and the jogger suggests that the latter must have veered 1-2 metres onto the main highway in order to pass in front of the care and be hit from the side. The behaviour of the jogger was plainly reckless, but more information is needed on the relative incidence of traffic injuries in joggers and walkers, on the prevalence of jogging addiction, and on diagnostic criteria for this condition before the accident could be categorically attributed to a jogging-related euphoria.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1986

[Epidemiology of running-induced complaints of joggers. Berne runner study '84].

In a sample of 4358 male joggers (= 76.1% of the participants in a popular 16 km race in Berne 1984) 45.8% of joggers sustained running-related injuries during a one year period. 14.2% sought medical help and 2.3% missed work because of jogging injuries. The most important factor in running-related injuries is (average) weekly mileage. Joggers see the doctor less often than the reference population, although this difference cannot be attributed directly to jogging. Increasing mileage is associated with more frequent visits to the doctor, and this increased frequency of medical consultations is due entirely to jogging-related injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A cinematographic analysis of overground and treadmill running by males and females.

Cinematography was used to biomechanically compare individually selected overground jogging and running velocities with equated treadmill jogging and running by adult males and females. All subjects were regular joggers but not competitive track or cross-country runners. No significant differences were recorded in stride length, stride rate, support time or non-support time for males or females when jogging at velocities of between 3.33 and 4.78 m/s (x = 3.70) or 3.45 and 4.80 m/s (x=3.97) respectively. However, it was demonstrated that at velocities of 4.82 - 6.2 m/s for males (x - 5.41) and 4.85 - 5.76 m/s for females (x = 5.29) significant differences did occur between overground and treadmill running. For both males and females stride length decreased, stride rate increased, and the period of non-support was also significantly less when running on a treadmill as compared to running overground.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effect of exercise and physical fitness on large intestinal function.

The effect of exercise on large intestinal function has been determined in 14 healthy but normally sedentary men and women, aged 22-34 yr while on a constant diet. For an initial 3-5-wk period (control) no activity was allowed. Six subjects then undertook a 9-wk training schedule by the end of which they were capable of jogging for 1 h per day, 5 days a week. A further 6 subjects undertook a similar training schedule that lasted for only 7 wk, at the end of which they were jogging for 45 min per day. Finally, 2 subjects were studied continuously while taking light exercise for 6 wk and then jogging for a further 3 wk. Physical fitness was monitored and showed significant changes with maximum aerobic capacity increasing from 2.4 +/- 0.5 to 3.1 +/- 0.4 L/min, maximum heart rate after a step test falling from 152 +/- 8 to 129 +/- 5 beats per minute, and resting pulse rate also falling from 56 +/- 4 to 50 +/- 5 beats per minute. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol also increased significantly. Colonic function was assessed by measurement of stool weight and transit time, using the continuous radiopaque marker technique, fecal pH, nitrogen excretion, and ammonia concentration. No change was observed overall in mean daily fecal weight [124 +/- 39 (control) and 129 +/- 49 g/day (exercise)], transit time [55 +/- 20 (control), 54 +/- 23 h (exercise)], nor in fecal frequency, dry stool weight, pH, ammonia, or total nitrogen excretion. Significant changes did occur in 5 individuals with significant slowing of transit time in 2 and speeding up in 3. Overall transit time increased in 9 subjects and decreased in 5; hence, when diet is constant, exercise has marked effects on physical fitness but no consistent effect on large bowel function.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of long-term, self-monitored exercise on the serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profile in middle-aged men.

To study the effects of long-term, self-monitored exercise on the serum lipid profile and body composition of middle-aged non-smoking males, a controlled study was conducted in 61 sedentary, middle-class Swiss men. Thirty-nine men were randomly allocated to jog 2 h/wk for 4 months on an individually prescribed, heart rate-controlled basis, whereas 22 men served as controls. Despite varying adherence to the exercise regimen, the following 4-month net changes (effect in exercise group minus effect in control group) in lipids were seen: HDL cholesterol (C) +0.12 mmol/l (95% CI 0.02, 0.22; P = 0.028), LDL-C +0.08 mmol/l (ns), VLDL-C -0.26 mmol/l (-0.45, -0.07; P = 0.009), total triglycerides (TT) -0.21 mmol/l (ns), HDL-C/total C +0.02 (0.001, 0.05; P = 0.047). The net changes in endurance capacity and resting heart rate in favour of exercisers were significant as well, whereas no significant changes in apolipoprotein levels were seen. Exploratory analyses revealed, for example, associations of the increase in total physical activity with an increase in the HDL-C/total C ratio (r = 0.46; P less than 0.001), and of the change in estimated body fat content with an opposed change in the HDL-C/total C ratio (r = -0.40; P less than 0.001), or an inverse relationship of the change in subcutaneous fat with a change in the HDL2-C level (r = -0.39; P less than 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis suggested that much of the effect of jogging on HDL-C was apparently mediated through a decrease in body fat content. A change in the waist/hip ratio was unrelated to lipoprotein changes but was related to the change of TT level (r = 0.22; P less than 0.05). This study confirms that individually prescribed, unsupervised jogging can increase HDL-C levels and improve the serum lipoprotein profile in self-selected nonsmoking males. Although the effect is modest, it may be relevant to preventive cardiology, given the evidence for a reduction in cardiovascular risk even after apparently small decreases in risk factor levels.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

A southpaw joins the roster: the role of the zebrafish nodal-related gene southpaw in cardiac LR asymmetry.

The establishment of the left-right (LR) asymmetry of the zebrafish heart involves at least two discrete events: cardiac jogging and cardiac looping. The nodal-related gene southpaw is required for both aspects of heart LR asymmetry as well as for LR patterning of other visceral organs. Reductions in southpaw activity abolish the normal LR biases of jogging and looping and uncouple the normal correlation between jogging and looping polarities. These loss-of-function experiments also reveal that southpaw is required for organizing at least the initial phase of diencephalic LR asymmetry and suggest that heart and brain LR patterning may be coordinated by southpaw signaling originating within the anterior, left lateral plate mesoderm.

Animals↗