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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

An experimental study on the pathway of iron transfer from macrophages to erythrocytes in rat liver.

In order to reveal the pathway of iron release from macrophages, a 59Fe-labelled ferric hydroxide-potassium polyvinyl sulfate complex (Fe-PVS) was injected intravenously into anemic rats and the level of radioactivity in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, blood plasma and red blood cells (RBC) was estimated at various time intervals after the injection. Histochemical observation of ferric iron and ferritin in the liver was also made on anemic rats treated using unlabelled Fe-PVS. Fe-PVS injection promoted the recovery of anemia causing a rapid increase in the RBC number, with activated erythropoiesis occurring in the spleen and bone marrow. Soon after the injection, most of the radio iron was found in the liver with a small amount in the circulating erythrocytes, bone marrow and spleen. The iron level in the liver decreased gradually with a rapid increase in the iron level of the erythrocytes which reached a very high level 6 days after the 59Fe-PVS injection. Histochemical observations showed a heavy deposition of ferritin in the Kupffer cells 3 days after Fe-PVS injection. This deposition was minimized after 6 days with an increase in the level of ferritin in the parenchymal cells in the central area of acini. The level of radioferritin estimated biochemically in the nonparenchymal cell fractions of the liver revealed that the level dropped by about one third approximately 3.5 days after the Fe-PVS injection, showing the stimulated ferritin release at this stage. Results indicate that Kupffer cells in the liver play an important role in ferritin synthesis from the phagocytized iron compounds and that the iron is supplied for erythroid cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in a black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis): evidence for impaired antioxidant capacity compounded by iron overload.

Two weeks before dying of congestive heart failure, a juvenile black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) received a single low dose of doxorubicin as part of combination chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Diffuse hemosiderosis was present at necropsy in a pattern indicative of dietary iron overload, but unique iron-positive degenerative lesions were found in isolated myocardiocytes. Serum analyses revealed hyperferremia, 87% transferrin saturation, and 5- to 10-fold elevations in ferritin concentration, reflecting markedly increased tissue iron stores. Since both toxic and therapeutic effects of anthracyclines are mediated by formation of reactive free radicals via iron-catalyzed reactions, these observations suggest that iron overload may have enhanced myocardial susceptibility to cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin. Impairments in other myocardial antioxidant defenses, such as deficiencies in catalase and glutathione S-transferase that are known to exist in rhinoceros erythrocytes, may have been underlying factors contributing to an inherent sensitivity of rhinoceros tissues to oxidant-induced injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Ultrastructural localization and in situ analysis of iron, bismuth, and gold inclusions.

The purpose of this article is to review ultrastructural and electron probe X-ray analytical studies on metallic deposits in cells. The metals that will be dealt with are iron, bismuth, and gold, mainly because they have been extensively studied in recent years. The nature and chemical composition of endogenously (e.g., from breakdown of autologous blood) and exogenously (e.g., after a transfusion or injection of iron compounds) produced hemosiderin (i.e., iron deposits) has been the subject of time-hallowed controversies. Quite a few of these have now been resolved by ultrastructural studies and the atomic composition of such deposits has been determined by electron probe X-ray analysis. The interest in bismuth centers around the fact that this is one of the two metals (the other being lead) that produces quite large intranuclear inclusions. Here again much has been learned by ultrastructural and X-ray analytical studies. The interest in gold stems from the fact that soluble salts of this metal are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and current studies with the above-mentioned techniques indicates how gold produces its beneficial and toxic effects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The composition and antianemia efficacy of the iron-containing waters of the Skhodnitsa spring].

Slight-mineralized chalybeate waters of the Skhodnitsa deposit containing organic matters are distinguished by high-molecular organic iron complexes present in waters. It is shown that such natural complex iron compounds are characterized by high biological accessibility making these mineral waters very useful for posthemorrhagic anemia due to their therapeutic action.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed2003

Safety in iron management.

Intravenous (IV) iron therapy has become an integral part of hemodialysis management during the past several decades, and the National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines recognize that most patients undergoing hemodialysis will require IV iron therapy on a regular basis to reach target hemoglobin (Hgb) levels. There now are three IV iron compounds available in the United States: iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, and iron sucrose. Although all have been proven effective for increasing Hgb/hematocrit levels, recent data show differences in their relative safety profiles. During the past two decades, more than 30 deaths have been attributed to the use of IV iron dextran. The two newer compounds available in the United States, sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose, have more favorable safety profiles, with the largest prospective safety comparison to date showing sodium ferric gluconate to be similar to placebo in the incidence of serious anaphylactoid-type reactions. This article reviews safety data surrounding the IV iron therapies.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1985

Utilization of iron complexes in an animal cell.

The ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila was grown in synthetic nutrient medium in the absence of the iron chelator citrate. Utilization and toxicity of various iron compounds or complexes in iron-starved cells were assessed from the number of cell doublings obtained within a standard time. The compounds tested included complexes formed between ortho-phosphates and two forms of ferric hydroxides, native and cationized ferritin, and tris-acetylacetonato Fe(III). The ferric hydroxo ortho-phosphate particles are toxic and can be removed from the medium by Millipore filtration. Uptake of ferritin and tris-acetylacetonato-Fe(III) is independent of food vacuole formation and seems to occur by micropinocytosis and by plasma membrane translocation, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Chemical and Mössbauer spectroscopic evidence that iron-containing concanavalin A is a ferritin.

We report here the preparation of iron-containing concanavalin A. It has a protein-to-iron ratio of 2.0, and the iron compound it contains is particulate with an average diameter of 85 A. Iron-containing concanavalin A interacts reversibly with dextran and with methyl alpha-D-glucoside. The molecular basis of these findings is discussed and a possible mechanism suggested where one of the molecular forms of concanavalin A has the structure of an apoferritin into which iron is deposited in the form of ferrihydrite.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1982

Fungistatic capacity of sera from guinea pigs injected with various iron solutions: differences between Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Rhizopus oryzae.

The fungistatic capacity and serum ion levels (SI) of guinea pigs given subcutaneous injections of various iron solutions were examined. The administration of 2.0 ml of 0.1 M ferric ammonium sulfate, ferric sulfate, or ferric chloride subcutaneously had no significant effect on the SI 3 h after administration, whereas ferric ammonium citrate, ferric citrate, or ferrous sulfate elevated the SI to 50 to 140 times that necessary to saturate the unbound transferrin in normal sera. The sera from 11 of 15 guinea pigs with an elevated SI remained fungistatic for Trichophyton mentagrophytes, whereas 3 of 15 guinea pigs with an elevated SI remained fungistatic for Rhizopus oryzae. The sera from normal guinea pigs were consistently fungistatic for Rhizopus oryzae. The sera from normal guinea pigs were consistently fungistatic for both T. mentagrophytes and R. oryzae. These data suggest that subcutaneous administration of certain iron compounds can significantly elevate the SI without completely abolishing the fungistatic capacity of the serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Toxic drug effects associated with oxygen metabolism: redox cycling and lipid peroxidation.

Various endogenous and exogenous compounds exert cytotoxic effects via oxygen reduction. In general, these are reduced by intracellular enzymes (reductases of various kinds) in one-electron transfer reactions, before they in turn reduce O2 to O2, the superoxide anion radical. Thus, a cycle is formed of O2 uptake at the expense of cellular reducing equivalents, notably NADPH, generating further active oxygen species (figs 1,2). Structures capable of 'redox cycling' include catechols and other quinone compounds, iron chelates, and aromatic nitro compounds. Several anticancer agents, and also some mutagens, operate on this principle, and their toxic effects may be explained by redox cycling. The particular importance of hypoxic conditions for deleterious O2 effects is given by the concomitant flux through reductive as well as oxidative pathways. Toxic effects include membrane damage resulting from peroxidative reactions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (lipid peroxidation), as well as the attack of reactive oxygen species on proteins (enzymes) and nucleic acids; thus O2 metabolism is linked to carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Lipid peroxidation is also induced by various halogenated compounds such as carbon tetrachloride. Again, hypoxic conditions are particularly critical because, on the one hand, metabolic activation leading to the free radical is enhanced and, on the other hand, oxygen required for the maintenance of lipid peroxidation is still available. - Powerful antioxidant systems of the cell maintain low steady state concentrations of oxygen metabolites, and toxic effects may, in part, also be explained by the constant drain of reducing equivalents resulting from redox cycling.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1997

Strategies for the prevention of iron deficiency through foods in the household.

Iron deficiency can be caused not only by diets deficient in iron but by poor absorption of available dietary iron. Extrinsically tagging foods with radioiron allows the exact measurement of iron absorbed from heme and nonheme iron foods. It has furthered the study of the effect of enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption. As a result, we have a greater understanding of why iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are prevalent in populations of low socioeconomic status and of which food vehicles and iron compounds are most suitable for iron fortification.

Absorption↗
PubMed1975

[Iron treatment by effervescent tablets (author's transl)].

In a randomized double-blind study the new effervescent iron tablet Loesferron was tested in 57 postpartum patients. Hgb and red blood count rose significantly with this treatment. It was found that on effervescent tablet daily was sufficient for a satisfactory result of the treatment. No side effects were noted to this well tasting iron beverage. The reason is probably the prior dilution of the iron compound which delivers lower local iron potentials to the gastric mucosa.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

Fe(III)-EDTA complex as iron fortification.

Fe(III)-EDTA as iron fortification presents several advantages over the other iron salts previously used including ferrous sulfate. This iron compound exchange completely with vegetable food iron in the lumen of the gut but with the characteristics that the absorption from both, extrinsic and intrinsic food iron, is higher than that expected from other iron salfs. The comparison between the iron absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA and ferrous sulfate as iron fortification indicates that the absorption form EDTA is about twice as high than that observed from ferrous sulfate. The data indicates that only 10 to 15 mg of iron as Fe(III)-EDTA as iron fortification would be necessary to prevent iron deficiency anemia in population relying their subsistence of vegetable food only and free of parastic infection producing blood loss.

Absorption↗
PubMed1979

Fe(III)-EDTA complex as iron fortification. Further studies.

The data presented confirm the advantages of Fe(III)-EDTA as a salt for iron fortification. This iron compound exchanges completely with intrinsic wheat iron in the lumen of the gut. The iron absorption data from this salt tested with six different food vehicles compared with the absorption of ferrous sulfate administered with the same vehicles indicate that while the mean absorption from ferrous sulfate varies from 2 to 30% according to the food vehicle mixed with the salt, the absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA remains practically the same. Apparently, the iron absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA complex is slightly or not affected by the presence of vegetable foods or milk. All these data suggest that only a small amount of iron from this salt, about 10 mg/day, would be necessary to prevent iron deficiency anemia even in those populations relying for their subsistence on vegetable food only.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

Labile iron in parenteral iron formulations: a quantitative and comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence of iron-mediated oxidative stress, neutrophil dysfunction and enhanced bacterial growth after intravenous (IV) iron administration has been ascribed to a labile or bioactive iron fraction present in all IV iron agents. METHODS: To quantify and compare the size of the labile fraction in several classes of IV iron agents, we examined iron donation to transferrin (Tf) in vitro. We added dilutions of ferric gluconate, iron sucrose and each of two iron dextran preparations to serum in vitro, passed the resulting samples through alumina columns to remove iron agent and free organic iron, and measured Tf-bound iron in the resulting eluates. Comparing results to serum samples without added iron, we calculated delta Tf-bound iron for each agent at each concentration. Finally, we compared delta Tf-bound iron to the concentration of added agent and calculated the percent iron donation to Tf. RESULTS: We found that Tf-bound iron increased with added iron concentration for each agent: delta Tf-bound iron was directly related to the concentration and type of iron agent (P<0.001). Mean percent iron donation to Tf ranged from 2.5 to 5.8% with the following progression: iron dextran-Dexferrum<iron dextran-INFeD<iron sucrose<ferric gluconate. Pairwise differences between agents for percent iron donation were statistically significant (P<0.05) only between ferric gluconate and both iron dextran agents, and between iron sucrose and iron dextran-Dexferrum. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 2-6% of total iron in commonly used IV iron compounds is available for in vitro iron donation to Tf. This fraction may contribute to evidence of bioactive iron in patients after IV iron administration.

Biological Assay↗