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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

William T. Bovie and electrosurgery.

For thousands of years human beings have used heat in the form of cautery to treat trauma and disease. By the late nineteenth century, as technology advanced, heat could be produced by electric current. In 1920 William T. Bovie, an eccentric inventor with a doctorate in plant physiology, developed an innovative electrosurgical unit that Harvey Cushing, the founder of modern neurosurgery, introduced to clinical practice. The Bovine unit passes high frequency alternating current into the body allowing the current to cut or coagulate. After 75 years this basic device remains a fundamental tool in the practice of surgery.

Electrosurgery↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Was Dom Perignon really blind?

Many sources perpetuate the tripartite myth that Dom Perignon was the blind inventor of champagne, whose senses of taste and smell were enhanced by his loss of vision. This myth, however, is seemingly contradicted by historical fact. Not only do ancient references suggest that sparkling wine existed long before Perignon's time, but the making of champagne was a scientific process that required careful measuring, weighing, and record keeping, and it is unlikely that Perignon was blind when he was perfecting champagne. While the truth regarding Dom Perignon's blindness has disappeared during the more than two and a half centuries since his death, it is interesting to speculate why he may have lost vision at some stage of life. A brief history of Perignon's discovery of the secret of champagne and the blindness myth is traced, and a differential diagnosis is given, including cataracts, uncorrected refractive error, alcohol toxicity, and champagne-related ocular/cerebral trauma.

Blindness↗
PubMed2002

Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan.

The Beck Depression Inventory has undergone substantial revision recently as the BDI-II to correspond to DSM-IV criteria. We developed the Japanese version of the BDI-II and examined its psychometric properties. The linguistic equivalence was verified by a back-translation method. The final translation was administered to the visitors at a public health care center, and the responses of 766 adults (age = 24-82 years, women = 40%) were analyzed. Half of the participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as well. A high level of internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87) and item homogeneity was confirmed. Exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor structure (cognitive and somatic-affective), which was almost identical to the original model demonstrated by Beck et al. (1996, Manual for the Beck Depression Inventor Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA). The following confirmatory factor analysis also supported the two-factor structure. Adequate correlation (r = 0.69, P < 0.001) between the total score of the BDI-II and that of the CES-D was observed. A higher score for women compared to men, without significant age differences, was consistent with the results of previous reports. We conclude that the Japanese version of the BDI-II is psychometrically robust and can be used to assess depressive symptoms in Japanese people.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Positive versus negative foot inclination for maximum height two-leg vertical jumps.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a negative foot inclination can increase vertical jump height; to determine if an optimal degree of foot inclination exists; to design an athletic shoe based on our findings and determine the effect of the design on jump height. BACKGROUND: A number of inventors claim that athletic shoes that incorporate a negative foot inclination (the heel being lower than the fore-foot) can enhance athletic performance. METHODS: This study was conducted in three phases. Using an adjustable wooden platform to vary the foot inclination, phase one tested standing two-leg jumps at +4, 0, -2, -3, -4 degrees of inclination. Using the same procedures, phase two tested running two-leg jumps comparing +4 degree inclination (standard shoe) with -3.5 degrees ('optimal' angle from phase one). In phase three, actual -3.5 degree prototype shoes were fabricated and compared to +4 degree standard athletic shoes. DESIGN: Since each subject was tested at all angles, the appropriate statistical design was repeated measures. In phase one, since there were five angles, F-testing was used in the analysis, while in phases two and three, since only two angles were used, paired t-tests were used. RESULTS: The results of phase three showed that all ten jumpers improved their jump height when using the -3.5 degree prototype shoe. The average increase was 4.8cm, a 10% increase on average, with the minimum increase being 2.4cm. Similar results were found for both phase one and for phase two testing. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we have found convincing evidence that negative foot inclination increases jump height in two-leg vertical jumps. RELEVANCE: Coaches and athletes may want to pursue any findings that suggest they might improve performance and athletic trainers will want to know what negative effects might be introduced by an athletic shoe using this design. Besides the possibility of negative effects, clinicians will also be interested in whether musculo-skeletal adaptations will negate the effect. Finally, biomechanists will want to know what mechanism is causing the increase in jump height.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Could nitroglycerine poisoning be the cause of Alfred Nobel's anginal pains and premature death?

The life of 19th century Swedish chemist cum inventor Alfred Nobel can be conveniently divided into two equal phases: pre-nitroglycerine phase (1833-1863) and nitroglycerine phase (1864-1896). According to the records of Ragnar Sohlman, his assistant during his last year of life, Nobel's physical condition began to decline towards the end of the 1870s, and for the last 16 years he suffered from deep depression and anginal pains. Based on Nobel's descriptions of his condition, on his prolonged experimentation with explosives, his strenuous work habit and some recent knowledge about nitroglycerine poisoning, I hypothesize that nitroglycerine poisoning was an aggravating factor which contributed to Nobel's deteriorating health and premature death at the age of 63.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed2002

Process chromatography: current constraints and future options for the adsorptive recovery of bioproducts.

A contemporary review of adsorption chromatography must embrace aspects of fixed-bed, batch suspension and fluidised-bed contacting of complex feedstocks with adsorbents chemically derivatised with ligands with binding specificities for target bioproducts. Advances in the design of adsorbents, ligands and contactors have facilitated opportunities for integrated processing of unclarified feedstocks to benefit purity and yield of macromolecular products. In the face of competition from apparently simpler, yet productive, technologies (e.g. precipitation, crystallisation and aqueous solvent extraction), further advances in chromatographic purification of macromolecules and nanoparticulates demand close collaboration between inventors and/or manufacturers of new products and the suppliers of chromatographic hardware and consumables.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

Robin Ganellin gives his views on medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Interview by Stephen L. Carney.

Robin Ganellin was born in East London and studied chemistry at Queen Mary College, London, receiving a PhD in 1958 under Professor Michael Dewar for his research on tropylium chemistry. He joined Smith Kline & French Laboratories (SK&F) in the UK in 1958 and was one of the co-inventors of the revolutionary drug cimetidine (Tagamet(R)) He subsequently became Vice-President for Research at the company's Welwyn facility. In 1986 he was awarded a DSc from London University for his work on the medicinal chemistry of drugs acting at histamine receptors and was also made a Fellow of the Royal Society and appointed to the SK&F Chair of Medicinal Chemistry at University College London, where he is now Emeritus Professor of Medicinal Chemistry. Professor Ganellin has been honoured extensively, including such awards as the Royal Society of Chemistry Award for Medicinal Chemistry, their Tilden Medal and Lectureship and their Adrien Albert Medal and Lectureship, Le Prix Charles Mentzer de France, the ACS Division of Medicinal Chemistry Award, the Society of Chemical Industry Messel Medal and the Society for Drug Research Award for Drug Discovery. He is a past Chairman of the Society for Drug Research, was President of the Medicinal Chemistry Section of IUPAC, and is currently Chairman of the IUPAC Subcommittee on Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Development.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2001

The gif paradox.

This Account summarizes research work on the structural aspects and functional features encountered in all major branches of the Gif family of hydrocarbon-oxidizing reagents. Despite assertions by the inventor of Gif chemistry, D. H. R. Barton, to the effect that nonradical pathways could better explain the behavior of Gif systems, detailed experimental investigations provide compelling evidence to support the preponderance of oxygen- and carbon-centered radical chemistry.

Hydrocarbons↗
PubMed2003

Patent protection for structural genomics-related inventions.

Recently there have been some important developments with respect to the patentability of inventions in the field of structural genomics. The leaders of the European Patent Office (EPO), Japan Patent Office (JPO) and the United States Patent Office (USPTO) came together for a trilateral meeting to conduct a comparative study on protein 3-dimensional (3-D) structure related claims in an effort to come to a mutual understanding about the examination of such inventions. The three patent offices were presented with eight different cases: 1) 3-D structural data of a protein per se; 2) computer-readable storage medium encoded with structural data of a protein; 3) protein defined by its tertiary structure; 4) crystals of known proteins; 5) binding pockets and protein domains; 6) and 7) are both directed to in silico screening methods directed to a specific protein; and 8) pharmacophores. The preliminary conclusions reached at the trilateral meeting provide clarity regarding the types of inventions that may be patentable given a specific set of scientific facts in a patent application. Therefore, the guidance provided by this study will help inventors, attorneys and other patent practitioners who file for patent protection on structural genomics-based inventions both here and abroad comply with the patentability requirements of each office.

Europe↗
PubMed2004

Fair drug prices and the patent system.

This paper uses John Rawls' theory of justice to defend the patent system against charges that it has an unfair effect on access to medications,from the perspective of national and international justice. The paper argues that the patent system is fair in a national context because it respects intellectual property rights and it benefits the least advantaged members of society by providing incentives for inventors, investors, and entrepreneurs. The paper also argues that the patent system is fair in an international context, provided that developed nations take steps to help disease-stricken countries secure internal justice. Fairness in a national or international context also requires that the patent system should include emergency exceptions to deal with short-term inequities.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed2003

[Venous stents].

The continuous development of stents in the past 20 years has facilitated the widespread use of stents in the arterial and venous system. The idea of stents is tightly related to the name of Charles Dotter, the inventor of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Stents can be placed for various causes of obstruction, both benign and malignant, throughout the venous system either, primarily, in combination with fibrinolysis, or as adjunct to PTA or surgical intervention. Stent placement is a minimal invasive method associated with a low complication rate and a high clinical success mainly due to differences of the properties and of the pressure between veins and arteries. Special cases of veinous stents are hemodialysis shunts, where patency rates are not improved but critical situations can be managed, and transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunts (TIPS), which have high rates of complication and restenosis requiring frequent reinterventions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Coping strategies of children with asthma. Testing the applicability of the German version of the Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory (SCSI)].

Little is known about how children suffering from bronchial asthma assess their own capabilities to cope with the asthmatic symptoms. This descriptive study is designed to record how frequently and effectively children with bronchial asthma (n = 29) make use of coping strategies. An American self-assessment instrument, the Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventor, (SCSI), was used in its German translation to test whether or not it is appropriate for use with German children. The German Inventory is appropriate for use (alpha-coeffizient Frequency 0.72, Effectiveness 0.71). There are only two strategies that should be changed in the German translation in order to help German children understand it better: Our study shows that the five strategies "Watch TV or listen to music", "Draw, write or read something", "Do something about it", "Play a game or something" and "Talk to someone" that are used most frequently are also considered to be the most effective ones. In addition, we observed that there are strategies that are rarely used by the children but which are still considered to be effective. A comparison of the studies performed in the USA and in Germany reveals that good strategies to take the minds of both American and German children off things are watching TV and listening to music. Aggressive behaviors do not play any major role.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Structural genomics in North America.

Structural genomics in North America has moved remarkably quickly from ideas to pilot projects. Just three years ago, the field was only a concept, independently being discussed by its many inventors. Now it is already a well-organized, increasingly-funded, consortium-based effort to determine protein structures on a large scale.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

From Bright's disease to modern nephrology: Pierre Rayer's innovative method of clinical investigation.

Pierre Rayer, in a day of purely descriptive medicine, devised a method for the scientific study of diseases affecting the kidney and urinary tract. He first assembled vivid illustrations of a wide range of disorders of the kidney found in specimens obtained at autopsy. The resulting Atlas won him widespread praise and is still often cited. His Treatise (Traité des Maladies des Reins et des Altérations de la Sécrétion Urinaire), in which he integrated data from pathological anatomy with urinary biology and clinical manifestations, was ahead of its time. Hence it was poorly understood and, like the work of many other innovators, was largely ignored. Nevertheless, his 2100 page Traité which begins with a description of his innovative and highly disciplined method of study, most unusual at this time, is by no means lacking in interest for today's nephrologists. Rayer's was a landmark contribution, affording, as it did, a comprehensive approach to the clinical problems of nephrology a century before the diseases themselves could be understood. Could a contemporary of Rayer tell that he was an inventor of scientific methodology before the proof of his rigorous demonstrations was carried out? That has been the achievement of clinical nephrology in the past forty years...one century later.

Glomerulonephritis↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of POSSUM and the Portsmouth predictor equation for predicting death following vascular surgery.

BACKGROUND: The Physiological and Operative Severity Score for enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) scoring system has been proposed as an accurate predictor of death which takes account of case mix. It appears to overpredict death, and may have drawbacks which prevent accurate individual or subgroup analysis. An alternative system, the Portsmouth predictor equation for mortality (P-POSSUM) may have overcome these problems, but its apparent advantage could be related to inappropriate analysis of POSSUM predictions. METHODS: Some 312 patients having arterial procedures were studied. POSSUM and P-POSSUM scores were used to predict death and compared with actual outcomes. The observed:predicted (O:E) mortality ratios were calculated by two methods for each of the scoring systems. First the analysis devised by the inventors of POSSUM was used and second the method devised for P-POSSUM. RESULTS: The O:E ratio for POSSUM using its recommended 'exponential' method of analysis was 1.14, but it was 0.59 if the P-POSSUM 'linear' analysis was used. The O:E ratio for P-POSSUM using its correct method of analysis was 0.89, but it was 0.67 if the method of analysis devised for POSSUM was used. CONCLUSION: The O:E ratios for POSSUM and P-POSSUM were close to unity when the appropriate analysis was performed. Both POSSUM and P-POSSUM overpredicted death if the incorrect analysis was used.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Denis Browne: maverick or master surgeon?

The current generation of surgeons may remember Denis Browne only as an inventor of surgical instruments which few people use, an innovator of procedures condemned as inadequate, and a personality bristling with controversy: a maverick indeed. And yet this assessment belies his influence as the founder of modern paediatric surgery in the development of British surgery. Further, his innovative operations in a range of paediatric lesions were revolutionary in the context of the time. Browne was born in 1892 and educated in Australia, although his whole surgical career was in England. He had a remarkable family background; unique Australian experiences in childhood, when he commenced to display independence and individuality of spirit, through University, where he gained 'Blues' in tennis and shooting, to war, where he served in Gallipoli and France; and to controversies that surrounded him in his battle to establish paediatric surgery as a legitimate surgical discipline. He certainly had a prickly personality and a particular venom reserved for orthopaedic surgeons and anatomists, but his achievements may have been possible only by one possessed of such a strong and towering character.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Metazoan parasites of Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) (Teleostean Sparidae) in the "Golfe du Lion", faunistic and ecology (author's transl)].

A global study of the Metazoan parasites of Boops boops (L., 1758) have been made in the "golfe du Lion". Fourteen different species (eight Platyhelmintha, one Nematoda and five Crustacea) have been inventorized. Their respective localisation on the hosts, globals and specifics corresponding prevalences as well as their variations according to the size of the fish, and their abundance have been precised. Parasitics associations have also been examined.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the larynx in the history of medicine].

BACKGROUND: FIRST CLINICAL APPROACHES. Bozzini in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1806 constructed the first endoscope, by which cavities of the human body could be inspected through a tube, but he was hardly able to demonstrate the larynx. His attempts were continued by Avery in London in 1840 with special view to the larynx but were not successful. Babington in London in 1829 constructed a glottiscope combining an angled mirror with a depressor for the tongue. He will probably have been able to inspect the larynx in some cases, but he did not continue these studies. Liston in London in 1837 reported that he had seen pathological findings of the larynx in a few cases by means of an angled mirror. FIELD OF RESEARCH: PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VOICE. Ferrein in Paris in 1741 was the first to carry out experiments on human larynges. These were continued in a systematic way by the physiologist Johannes Müller in Berlin in 1837 analysing the movements of the vocal cords. Manuel Garcia, a Spanish singing teacher, first in Paris, later in London, had studied the anatomy of the larynx very carefully, especially the muscle fibres. In 1855 he succeeded in inspecting his own larynx by means of an angled mirror and observed and described the movements of the vocal cords in great detail. At first his discovery did not arouse great attention, but later he was honoured very much as the inventor of laryngoscopy. SYNTHESIS OF PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINIC: Vienna 1857/58: The physiologist Carl Ludwig was preparing the second edition of his textbook on physiology, in which he extensively referred to Garcia's technique of laryngoscopy. His collegue Ernst Brücke was working on the physiological basis of phonetics. Johann Nepomuk Czermak, also a physiologist, was a guest of Brücke's and Ludwig's in Vienna during the winter 1857/58 and was inspired by the research work of his hosts. The neurologist Ludwig Türck had made experiments to visualize the human larynx in bodies and patients without knowing of Garcia's achievements. Since he used sun light only he had interrupted his studies in autumn 1857 and had lent his instrument, a mirror similar to that used by Garcia, to Czermak. Czermak used artificial light and the perforated concave mirror that had recently been introduced into ophthalmology. He was at once successful in inspecting his own larynx. He reported on this as early as March 1858 without informing Türck, although he mentioned him and the mirror that he had lent him. There was a public dispute about the priority between Türck and Czermak which drew wide attention to the invention of laryngoscopy which now was readily introduced in practical medicine forming the new discipline of laryngology. This development is delineated with many anecdotal details.

Europe↗