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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Effects of cesarean delivery on parental depression, marital adjustment, and mother-infant interaction.

To further our understanding of the effects of cesarean delivery on maternal and paternal depression, marital adjustment, and mother-infant interaction during perinatal and three-month postpartum feeding, data were prospectively collected on 80 primiparous married women and their infants, and 76 of their husbands. There were 56 vaginal deliveries and 24 cesarean section deliveries. Data were collected by interview at the latter part of the second trimester and three months post-partum by examination of the mothers' and infants' medical records, and by observation of mother-infant feedings at two days and three months postpartum. The infants' birthweight, weeks of gestation, and Apgar scores at five minutes, maternal age at delivery, and maternal and child health index risk scores were not significantly different between the two groups. Mothers who had cesarean delivery had significantly higher labor index risk scores than those with vaginal birth. The mothers and fathers were not significantly different on levels of depression or marital adjustment prenatally or at three months postpartum. There were no significant differences in mother-infant behaviors during the feedings observed. That we found no differences after cesarean and vaginal delivery would support the theory that mothers respond to infants' behavioral repertoire and not to the mode of delivery.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1999

Nursing care and the development of sleeping and waking behaviors in preterm infants.

The relationship between nursing care and the development of sleep-wake behaviors of 71 medically high-risk preterms was examined. The development of preterm infants' sleep-wake states, jitteriness, and negative facial expressions were influenced not only by the presence of the nurse, but also by the type of caregiving the nurse provided. The infant was awake more often when with caregivers than when alone. Waking states increased over time only when the infant was with caregivers, whereas quiet sleep increased only when the infant was alone. Infant behaviors and sleep-wake development were related to the intrusiveness of care. For example, negative facial expressions and sleep-wake transitions increased over time during the most intrusive caregiving. The development of sleeping and waking in preterm infants appears to depend not only on biological maturation but also nursing stimulation. As long-term developmental effects of nurse caregiving are unknown, additional research is needed.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1981

Pretend play and patterns of cognition in Down's syndrome children.

This study was designed to examine the relationship between cognitive functioning of Down's syndrome subjects as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and their symbolic play level. Subjects ranged in chronological age from 20 to 53 months and in mental age from 12 to 26 months. Each child was seen at home with the mother or primary caretaker present. A 1/2-hour play session was videotaped, followed by administration of the Bayley Mental Scale and Infant Behavior Record. Analysis of play behavior supported a 4-level scale. Symbolic play level was more highly correlated with mental age than with chronological age. Performance on the Infant Behavior Record was also highly correlated with symbolic play level.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2005

Explanation for cessation of breastfeeding in mothers of twins.

This study used content analysis to examine reasons for cessation of breastfeeding of twins by 2 time points: 9.4 weeks and 28.3 weeks of age. From a convenience sample of 123 mothers, 110 initiated breastfeeding for their twins. Thirty women had stopped breastfeeding by time 1, with an additional 37 women stopping by time 2. Three major themes were identified regarding weaning: factors related to breastfeeding process, to mother's role and health, and to infant behavior and health. Subcategories were identified for each theme, with additional subcategories emerging at time 2. Cited reasons are similar to those given by singleton mothers; however, mothers of twins identified unique issues related to infants' behaviors, challenges presented by growth and development, and time commitments that interfered with breastfeeding continuation. Implications of the study suggest the need for continued lactation support as the twins grow and develop and new breastfeeding issues arise.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of health and medical undertreatment on the clinical status and social behavior of infants and small children in a Romanian orphanage].

The homage of 135 abandoned children in the city of Resita, south west Rumania, has been checked by a medical team from the University of Innsbruck for social, clinical and hyginical situation. The local government had applied for such an investigation. Most of the infections and other diseases are based on a dramatically bad hygienical situation. 52% of checked sera were HIV positiv by RIA and Western Blot, moreover 60% Hepatitis B antigen positiv. We assume a high rate of horizontal transmission of the HIV virus. One of the main clinical symptoms was maternal-deprivation syndrome, with an incidence of 80%. Consequences in personal policy of the homage as well as medical strategies have to follow.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed2004

Automated EEG-sleep analyses and neonatal neurointensive care.

Clinical applications of neonatal EEG-sleep studies can improve neurointensive care for preterm and fullterm infants. Behavioral and physiologic assessments of neonatal sleep by nursing and physician personnel can result in more developmentally appropriate state regulation for infants, particularly for those who require medical care for many weeks to months in the intensive care unit. Secondly, prediction of altered expressions of EEG-sleep patterns for those children at higher risk for neurological sequelae can anticipate the need for aggressive interventional strategies. The application of digital analyses of specific cerebral and noncerebral physiologic measures for long-term monitoring periods can utilize efficient and novel strategies of automated EEG and sleep state identification which can also assist in daily medical care and prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Effects of infant risk status and maternal psychological distress on maternal-infant interactions during the first year of life.

The associations of infant medical risk, prematurity, and maternal psychological distress with the quality of maternal-infant interactions during the first year of life were evaluated in a prospective, longitudinal follow-up from birth. A total of 103 high-risk very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 68 low-risk VLBW infants without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 117 healthy term infants were seen at 1, 8, and 12 months of age. Videotaped feedings at each age were rated using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale, and mothers completed the Brief Symptom Inventory as a measure of psychological distress. VLBW infant status was related to both maternal and infant behaviors as well as to maternal distress, and these relationships varied with infant age. Overall, VLBW infants displayed fewer responsive, clear interactions, with differences from term infants increasing over time. Maternal distress was related to less cognitive growth fostering for all mothers. Because maternal distress is more prevalent in mothers of VLBW infants postpartum, intervention efforts should focus on assessment of maternal distress and the challenges posed by the interactive behaviors of VLBW infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sustained attention during exploratory manipulation as a predictor of cognitive competence in preterm infants.

Recent reviews of research on individual differences in cognitive status during infancy have led to the conclusion that early test performances do not predict later IQ in any clinically useful way. These conclusions seem to be true for both normal children and for children born at developmental risk. In order to test an alternative strategy in prediction of later cognitive status from infant behavioral performance, 76 preterm infants were assessed with respect to differences in sustained attention when they were 8 months old. Scores on this measure were entered into a performance on 4 test scores at 2 years of age. The measure of sustained attention proved to contribute significantly to the prediction of later status on the Bayley Mental Scale and on the Gesell schedules. These sustained-attention scores were not significantly predictive of the scores on a Piagetian-based cognitive test, or on a assessment of receptive language. Subsequent analyses of these data for each gender separately revealed that increments in prediction were found for males only. The results are discussed in terms of current information-processing approaches to the study of stability of individual differences in cognitive functioning.

Attention↗
PubMed2003

Evidence of motor planning in infant reaching behavior.

When adults reach for an object, kinematic measures of their approach movement are affected by what they intend to do after grasping it. We examined whether such future intended actions would be reflected in the approach-to-grasp phase of infant reaching. Twenty-one 10-month-old infants were encouraged to either throw a ball into a tub or fit it down a tube. Kinematic measures of the approach phase of the reach toward the ball were obtained using a motion analysis system. Infants, like adults, reached for the ball faster if they were going to subsequently throw it as opposed to using it in the precision action. The perceptual aspects of the ball were the same and cannot account for these kinematic differences. Infants appear to be planning both segments of their actions in advance. Our findings provide evidence for a level of sophistication in infant motor planning not reported before.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1990

Effects of exposure to a pyrethroid insecticide during lactation on the behavior of infant and adult rats.

Cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was administered to female Wistar rats as a 0.02% solution plus 0.04% sucrose (w/v) in drinking water from whelping to pup weaning after 21 days of lactation. The pesticide did not change the maternal behavior of the dams as measured by the scoring system of Soderstein and Eneroth. The body weight of pups exposed to the pesticide and at age 90 days was not different from that of controls, and the motor activity of the pups measured in a simple photocell activity cage was not affected by pesticide treatment. Furthermore, no overt signs of neural toxicity were observed in the offspring. However, the treatment disrupted rat behavior in adulthood when assessed by using an inhibitory avoidance learning task. Thus, inhibitory avoidance tests carried out on rats at 90 days of age were capable of demonstrating neural toxicity of Cyhalothrin (0.02%) present only in the drinking water of dams during 21 days of lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Culture and early infancy among central African foragers and farmers.

Everyday infant experiences among the Aka hunter-gatherers and the neighboring Ngandu farmers were observed and compared. Twenty Aka and 21 Ngandu 3- to 4-month-olds and 20 Aka and 20 Ngandu 9- to 10-month-olds were observed for 3 hr on each of 4 days so that all 12 daylight hr were covered. The Aka infants were more likely to be held, fed, and asleep or drowsy, whereas Ngandu infants were more likely to be alone and to fuss or cry, smile, vocalize, or play. The amount of crying, soothing, feeding, and sleeping declined over time in both groups. Distal social interaction increased over time among the Ngandu but not among the Aka. Despite striking cultural differences on many variables, however, functional context systematically affected the relative prominence of the infants' behavior in both cultural groups.

Africa↗