Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Human Reproductive Indexes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Strong mothers bear more sons in rural Ethiopia.

In humans, there is evidence that the physiological cost to the mother of bearing sons is greater than of bearing daughters. Parents should manipulate the sex of offspring born in response to resource availability to maximize their reproductive success. Here, we demonstrate that, within a rural food-stressed community in southern Ethiopia, there is a strong association between the sex of the most recent birth and maternal nutritional status, measured either by body mass index or mid-upper arm muscle area (AMA) (measures of fat and muscle mass). The effect of muscle mass is very marked: those women in the upper 25th percentile of AMA were more than twice as likely to have had a recent male birth than those in the lowest 25th percentile.

Ethiopia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical evaluation of the patient with a chronic snoring disease].

INTRODUCTION: Sleep disordered breathing patients usually undergo an ENT clinical examination before any therapeutic decision is taker. This clinical examination should be predictive about the occurrence of OSAS, reproductible and should determine the sites of obstruction in the upper airways. We have evaluated the clinical ENT examination and compared it with the bibliography in order to standardize it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have done the same clinical ENT examination to 181 patients. 127 had a standar polysomnography. RESULTS: The patient's mean age was 49.6 years, the mean BMI was 29.3 kg/m2. 92.7% had an abnormal palate, 4.5% a tonsilar hipertrophy, 66.5% high Modified Mallampati scores, 60.8% were clasiffied as Fujita IIb type and 39.2% had nasal obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Upper airway examination is important for the assessment of chronic snoring patients. Most of them have anatomical alterations that can be represented in visual scales to make it more reproductible. The obstruction area does not predict the severity of OSAS.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2001

Obstetric complications and risk for severe psychopathology in childhood.

The purpose of the study was to assess the association of obstetric complications with risk for mental disorders resulting in hospitalization before the age of 15. Records from all births in Denmark from 1973 through 1993 were linked to records of all psychiatric hospitalizations. Diagnoses were grouped into seven broad categories. A reference population of 10% of births in Denmark from 1973 to 1990 was used for comparison. Obstetric complications were associated with the range of mental disorders occurring in childhood. The strongest predictors were a variable indicating the interaction of birth weight with speed of growth and the 5-minute Apgar score. There was no diagnostic group that stood out as different with respect to obstetric complications. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of the continuum of reproductive casualty.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reduced fertility among overweight and obese men.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obese men have been reported to have lower sperm counts and hormonal changes, but data are lacking regarding effects on couple fertility. METHODS: We examined the relationship between male body mass index (BMI) and infertility in couples enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study in the United States. The analysis sample was limited to couples (wife <40 years old) with an attempt at pregnancy in the last 4 years based on pregnancy and fertility data provided by wives. Infertility was defined as not conceiving a pregnancy after at least 12 months of unprotected intercourse regardless of whether or not a pregnancy ultimately occurred. Self-reported weight and height were used to calculate BMI (kg/m). Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for infertility associated with increases in male BMI were calculated with logistic regression. RESULTS: Adjusting for potential confounders, a 3-unit increase in male BMI was associated with infertility (aOR = 1.12; 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.25; n = 1329). There was a dose-response relationship, and the BMI effect was stronger when the data were limited to couples with the highest-quality infertility data. The association between BMI and infertility was similar for older and younger men, suggesting that erectile dysfunction in older men does not explain the association. CONCLUSIONS: This report of lower fertility in overweight and obese men needs replication. If the findings are robust, programs to prevent obesity may improve men's reproductive health and save medical costs for infertility treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Ectopic pregnancy in uterosacral ligament.

Two cases of ectopic pregnancy in the uterosacral ligament are presented. The cases are reported not only because of its rarity but also to arouse the thought of primary aetiology. With the increasing incidence of ectopic pregnancy due to assisted reproduction, gynaecologists are posed with the diagnostic challenge. The golden rule of management in extra-tubal pregnancy is to maintain high index of suspicion.

Adnexa Uteri↗
PubMed2000

[Psycho-emotional profile of personality among teenage girls living in the Volgograd industrial region].

Social, economic and other factors appeared to form psychoemotional personal profile of teenager girls living in significant industrial region subjected to pollution with chemicals varying in jeopardy. The studies proved that ecologic factors may play an important role in formation of psychoemotional personal profile. All this could be a pathogenetic basis for endocrine disorders among teenagers and subsequent reproductive disturbances and birth of diseased children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Association between hepatic steatosis index and female infertility: a cross-sectional study using NHANES 2013-2018.

Female infertility is a major reproductive health concern. Hepatic steatosis index (HSI), a non-invasive marker of liver-related metabolic burden, has not been well studied in relation to infertility across its distribution. We analyzed women aged 20-49 years from three NHANES cycles (2013-2018). HSI was examined as both a continuous variable and in quartiles, and restricted cubic spline models were used to assess potential nonlinearity. Sensitivity analyses using alternative infertility definitions and exploratory interaction analyses were also performed. Among 3,007 women, 416 (13.8%) were classified as having infertility. In the fully adjusted model, women in the highest HSI quartile had higher odds of infertility than those in the lowest quartile (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.08-2.57; P = 0.031), with a significant trend across quartiles (P for trend = 0.010). Restricted cubic spline analysis showed a nonlinear association between HSI and infertility (P for overall association = 0.005), which was more evident at higher HSI levels. Higher HSI was associated with greater odds of infertility among reproductive-aged women.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Ecotoxicological evaluation of municipal sludge.

Municipal wastes originating from urban and industrial areas have become a major source of soil, ground and surface water pollution. These undesirable agents in our environment significantly interact with our flora and fauna. The aim of this study was to test samples of municipal sludge (MS) for their ecotoxicological potential by using sensitive bioassays involving a plant, Vicia faba, and the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. A 10% leachate of MS was prepared for the experiments, and V. faba seedlings were exposed to three leachate concentrations (2.5%, 5% and 10%) for 5 days. The findings revealed chromosome aberrations during the metaphase as well as the anaphase of cell division, and inhibition of the mitotic index, which reflects that MS originating from domestic and other human activities may be genotoxic to the living organisms of the ecosystem. Abnormalities in chlorophyll content, plant growth, root length, shoot length and root/shoot length ratio in V. faba clearly indicated the toxicity of the sludge. Behavioural and reproduction studies with E. foetida also provided evidence for the toxic nature of the MS.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Recent oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (United States)

We examined the association between recent oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of breast cancer in data from a large population-based case-control study in the United States. Cases (n = 6,751) were women less than 75 years old who had breast cancer identified from statewide tumor registries in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire. Controls (n = 9,311) were selected randomly from lists of licensed drivers (if aged under 65 years) and from lists of Medicare beneficiaries (if aged 65 through 74 years). Information on OC use, reproductive experiences, and family and medical history was obtained by telephone interview. After adjustment for parity, age at first delivery, and other risk factors, women who had ever used OCs were at similar risk of breast cancer as never-users (relative risk [RR] = 1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-1.2). Total duration of use also was not related to risk. There was a suggestion that more recent use was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer; use less than two years ago was associated with an RR of 1.3 (CI = 0.9-1.9). However, only among women aged 35 to 45 years at diagnosis was the increase in risk among recent users statistically significantly elevated (RR = 2.0, CI = 1.1-3.9). Use prior to the first pregnancy or among nulliparous women was not associated with increased risk. Among recent users of OCs, the risk associated with use was greatest among non-obese women, e.g., among women with body mass index (kg/m2) less than 20.4, RR = 1.7, CI = 1.1-2.8. While these results suggest that, in general, breast cancer risk is not increased substantially among women who have used OCs, they also are consistent with a slight increased risk among subgroups of recent users.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

C-reactive protein in nipple aspirate fluid: relation to women's health factors.

BACKGROUND: Proteins expressed in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) have been associated with breast cancer risk and may serve to detect inflammatory or premalignant states. Obesity, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome are associated with increased rates of breast cancer and are systemic markers of chronic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine if one NAF protein, C-reactive protein (CRP), associated elsewhere in the human with cancer, relates to reproductive, nutrition, and body composition and activity factors. METHODS: Women (n = 59) aged 30 to 64 years from the midwestern United States and Kenya were evaluated regarding the relation between reproductive (age, pregnancy, and breast-feeding indices), nutrition (serum lipids, serum, or NAF carotenoid), body composition and activity (activity, waist-hip ratio, fat percentage (% fat), and body mass index [BMI]) factors and CRP in NAF. RESULTS: Age at first pregnancy (p < .05), gravidity (p < .05), wean time from breast-feeding last baby (p < .05), serum triglycerides (p = .01), % fat (p < .05), and BMI (p < .05) were related significantly to CRP levels in NAF. A model derived from selective women's reproductive, nutritional, and body composition and activity factors significantly (p < .05) accounted for the variance in breast microenvironment inflammation as measured by CRP in NAFs. DISCUSSION: Detecting CRP in NAF may indicate local mammary inflammation, which has been associated with carcinogenesis. Specific NAF risk modeling that addresses reproductive, nutritional, and body composition and activity factors may be used for further advances in the prevention of breast cancer and the early detection and treatment of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A clinical study comparing PureSperm and SpermFilter for density gradient separation of human spermatozoa in assisted reproduction.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a new density gradient medium, SpermFilter, for purifying spermatozoa in assisted reproduction with the more established medium, PureSperm. DESIGN: Part 1, a multicenter study on 225 semen samples purified using either PureSperm (115 semen samples) or SpermFilter (110 semen samples). Part 2, a retrospective, single center study on a total of 898 assisted reproductive cycles (245 insemination cycles using husband semen, 58 insemination cycles using donor semen and 595 in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles. SETTING: Part 1, three fertility clinics in Denmark (two university-affiliated fertility clinics and one private clinic). Part 2, one university-affiliated fertility clinic in Denmark. MAIN OUTCOME PARAMETERS: Part 1, purity of purified spermatozoa (% motile), motility index and recovery of motile spermatozoa. Part 2, malformation and baby take-home rates (insemination cycles), fertilization, cleavage, implantation, malformation and baby take-home rates (IVF/ICSI cycles). RESULTS: No statistical differences were observed in any of the parameters investigated. CONCLUSION: SpermFilter is a valid alternative to PureSperm in assisted reproduction technology (ART).

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. XII. Biodemographic studies.

The Yyanomama Indians of Southern Venezuela and Northern Brazil are one of the largest, relatively unacculturated tribes of the tropical rain forest. Over a period of eight years data have been collected from a considerable portion of their territory on estimated age, sex ratio, fertility rates (as determined by physical examination and urine tests), and infant death rates. Although it has been impossible to collect direct data on infanticide, this subject can be approached indirectly through distortions of the sex ratio and anecdotal information. Some historical data are also available as a basis for estimating tribal expansion in the past 100 years. With this material it has been possible to construct Life Tables for the anomama,, and to explore the results of various perturbations of the input parameters. Data are also presented on patterns of mating and reproduction: number of spouses, mean and variance in number of surviving children, frequency of "extra-marital conceptions" based on the results of extensive blood group typings, and consanguinity rates as determined by observation and computer simulation. Although we do not present the Yanomama as typical, these data are seen as providing a basis for more realistic population models than have existed in the past. In addition, the data provide a basis for relatively precise estimates of such demographic measures as Fisher's Reproductive Value, Crow's Index of Total Selection, and Weiss' Index of Growth Regulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endothelin-1 and its receptors in human testis.

We have previously found the presence of endothelin (ET) receptor and ET-like immunoreactivity in rat testis. We now extend our studies from rat to human testis. We found expression of a specific transcript for ET-1 and ET-1-like immunoreactivity in human testis. Positive staining was confined to the Sertoli cells of the tubular compartment, although few peritubular and interstitial cells were also stained. We also identified specific ETA and ETB receptor transcripts in human testis; ETA expression was more abundant than the ETB expression. Mathematical analysis of multiple self- and cross-competition studies among [125I]ET-1, [125I]ET-3, and analogues confirmed the presence of the ETA and ETB isoreceptors. In testicular homogenates, the ETA receptor was sevenfold more concentrated than the ETB receptor. In order to localize the receptors, we performed [125I]ET-1 autoradiography. Binding sites were mostly concentrated into the seminiferous tubules, although interstitial and peritubular myoid cells were also positive. Within the seminiferous tubules, [125I]ET-1 binding sites were confined to primary and secondary spermatocytes and early spermatids, whereas Sertoli cells were negative. We were unable to demonstrate the presence of functional ET receptors in ejaculated spermatozoa. Because ET-like immunoreactivity was present in Sertoli cells, we next asked whether authentic ET-1 is present in human seminal fluid and represents a good index for Sertoli cell function. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of ET-like immunoreactivity in seminal fluid indicated that most of the detected peptides correspond to the ET-1 precursor, big-ET-1. The seminal concentration of ET-like immunoreactivity was similar in normospermic, oligospermic, azoospermic, and vasectomized men, indicating that ETs are produced in different parts of the male genital tract and that they do not represent an useful tool for the diagnosis of male reproductive diseases. In conclusion, this study demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of ET-1 and its receptors in human testis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Impact of infertility on quality of life, marital adjustment, and sexual function.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the hypothesis that infertility may result in a decrease in quality of life and an increase in marital discord and sexual dysfunction. The burden of infertility is physical, psychological, emotional, and financial. METHODS: Couples seeking treatment for infertility were asked to complete standardized validated questionnaires assessing quality of life (Quality of Well-Being Scale-Self Administered, version 1.04), marital adjustment (Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test), and sexual function (Brief Index of Sexual Functioning for Women and International Index of Erectile Function for men). Couples seeking elective sterilization served as the control subjects. RESULTS: Eighteen infertile couples and 12 couples seeking elective sterilization participated in the study. The mean age, years together, and household income were comparable. Infertile couples had made a mean of 14.5 office visits for infertility, and 83% of couples reported feeling societal pressures to conceive. The Marital Adjustment Test scores for the women of the infertile couples were significantly lower than the scores of the controls (P = 0.01); however no difference was noted in the men. A trend toward lower quality-of-life scores was noted in women (P = 0.09) but not in the men of infertile couples. No statistically significant impact on sexual functioning in women was noted; however, the men in the infertile couples had lower total International Index of Erectile Function scores (P = 0.05) and intercourse satisfaction scores (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Women in infertile couples reported poor marital adjustment and quality of life compared with controls. Men may experience less intercourse satisfaction, perhaps because of the psychological pressure to try to conceive or because of the forced timing of intercourse around the woman's ovulatory cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Luteal phase pregnancies in female sterilization patients.

Little is known of the incidence, predictors or outcomes of luteal phase pregnancies (LPPs) in women presenting for voluntary interval female sterilization. A series of 37 LPPs was identified from a large multicenter female sterilization data set. Each LPP case was matched with two nonpregnant (NP) controls for clinic, operator, surgical approach, tubal occlusion technique and date of surgery. The LPP cases did not have a distinct demographic or clinical profile, but were generally more fecund than NP controls. LPPs were further compared with a second unmatched group consisting of 123 true sterilization failures (TSFs), pregnancies conceived after sterilization. Women with LPPs were more likely to have their pregnancies confirmed and/or terminated in the second trimester than were women with TSFs. The majority of LPPs were carried to term; the majority of TSFs ended in induced abortion. There were 12 ruptured ectopic pregnancies among the TSFs and none among the LPPs. Programmatic implications of the results are discussed.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

Ultrasonographic predictors of implantation after assisted reproduction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of endometrial thickness, echogenic endometrial pattern, and uterine artery impedance measured as pulsativity index in predicting implantation. DESIGN: Prospective case-controlled study of infertile patients undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). PATIENTS: Four hundred five women undergoing ARTs were studied: 100 women after ET of thawed embryos in natural cycles (frozen ET), 107 women after standardized IVF-ET, 99 women receiving donor oocytes after controlled endometrial development with estrogen and P, and 99 women undergoing IUI with various ovarian stimulation regimens (none, 16; GnRH, 7; clomiphene citrate [CC], 29; hMG, 47). INTERVENTIONS: Transvaginal ultrasonographic examination performed on the day of hCG administration during stimulated cycles; on E2 day 15 during controlled endometrial cycles; and on the day of ovulation during natural, CC, and GnRH pump cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The endometrial thickness, echogenic pattern, and pulsativity index results in 170 conception cycles were compared with 235 nonconception cycles. RESULTS: When conception and nonconception cycles were compared, no difference in mean endometrial thickness and significant differences in the frequency of nonmultilayered pattern and pulsativity index > 3.3 were observed. Forty-seven percent of nonconception and 9% of conception cycles were associated with at least one of these factors. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonic measurements of pulsativity index, resistance index, and echogenic pattern are useful in predicting implantation after assisted reproduction.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2003

Physical exercise reduces risk of breast cancer in Japanese women.

To evaluate the effects of physical exercise on breast cancer risk, a large-scale case-referent study of 2376 incident breast cancer cases and 18,977 non-cancer referents was conducted using data from the hospital-based epidemiologic research program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC). To adjust appropriately for possible confounders, we examined the effects within subgroups of the study population. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.81 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-0.94) for twice a week or more regular exercise. We observed a decreased risk of breast cancer for women who regularly exercised for health twice a week or more, irrespective of menopausal status, and were able to detect greater risk reductions within particular subgroups, including women who were parous, without a family history or non-drinkers. Among premenopausal women, a particularly strong protective effect of physical exercise was observed (OR=0.57, 95%CI: 0.28-1.15) for those women whose body mass index (BMI) was high (BM > or = 25). In contrast, risk reduction was found (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.50-1.01) among postmenopausal women whose BMI was medium (BMI: 22-25). Stratification of history of stomach cancer screening to adjust modifying effects of healthy consciousness allows a more precise assessment of the protective effect of exercise twice a week or more, independent of stomach cancer screening history. This study provides evidence that physical exercise, especially exercise twice a week or more, reduces the risk of breast cancer among Japanese women.

Adult↗