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PubMed1992

Hair dye use and multiple myeloma in white men.

In recent reports, multiple myeloma has been linked to use of hair coloring products containing mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals. A population-based case-control study in Iowa of 173 White men with multiple myeloma and 650 controls obtained information on hair dye use. Risk of multiple myeloma was significantly elevated (OR = 1.9) among hair dye users and was greatest among those using hair dyes at least once a month for a year or more (OR = 4.3). These data, along with results from other studies, suggest that use of hair dyes contributes to the development of multiple myeloma.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hair dyes and aplastic anemia.

Reports linking the use of hair dyes with bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia have appeared sporadically over the past 45 years. For the most part these clinical cases are difficult to evaluate but appear to rely heavily for support on a single report in 1935. The infrequency of these reports and the wide-spread use of hair color products argue strongly against a primary toxic action on bone marrow in humans. The results of studies in three species of animals support this conclusion, giving no indication that chronic exposure to hair dyes causes adverse effects on hematopoiesis. Although it cannot be dismissed as a possibility, invoking idiosyncrasy seems on equally shaky grounds since any rational basis for continued association of a substance with individual sensitivity should find increasing numbers of cases with increasing population exposure. Clearly this has not been the case.

Anemia, Aplastic↗

PubMed1991

Benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) detection in hair samples of jail detainees using radioimmunoassay (RIA) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Benzoylecgonine (BE) was detected in hair samples using nonproprietary extraction methodology and modifications of well-established radioimmunoassay (RIA) screening/quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation procedures. Samples collected anonymously from a population of 48 jail detainees weighed between 5.3 and 61.2 mg. All of the 22 hair samples which had RIA results indicating the presence of BE or immunologically similar substances above a cutoff amount of 1.25 ng/sample (50 ng/mL) were confirmed by GC/MS. Several varieties of hair color and texture were tested, although in each general category there were samples which contained BE as well as other samples which did not reveal detectable amounts of BE. The range of concentrations in 22 hair extracts that screened positive were 0.26 to 18 ng/mg hair as determined by GC/MS. In comparison with other reports of cocaine-related substances in hair, these data show consistent concentrations.

Cocaine↗

PubMed2001

Risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: a case-control study in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Although cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is still a relatively rare neoplasm, incidence rates are increasing in many white populations worldwide. A case-control study was performed in Argentina to estimate the risk factors for CMM. METHODS: The study group comprised 101 hospital cases with histologically verified melanoma and 246 controls, frequency matched by age, sex, and hospital. Individuals were interviewed about demographic and constitutional factors and sun exposure history. RESULTS: The following risk factors were significant in the logistic analysis: nevi on arms (odds ratio (OR) = 6.3 for 20 or more), skin phototype (OR = 4.1 for type l or ll), holidays spent at the beach (OR = 4 for more than 6 weeks lifelong), fair skin tone (OR = 3.4), light eye color (OR = 2.8), sunburn before the age of 15 years (OR = 2.4), and participation in outdoor sports (OR = 3.2 for more than 5790 h accumulated in a lifetime). Occupational sun exposure was not related to CMM risk. Educational level, hair color, and the presence of freckles were not independent risk factors for CMM. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors found for the studied population, with nearly 90% of the individuals born in Argentina and with nearly 50% with four southern European grandparents, were consistent with those described for other countries. This investigation has resulted in findings that may be of use in preparing actions to prevent CMM in Argentina; these should be directed at those individuals who present the above mentioned risk factors. These actions should include instructions to avoid excessive sun exposure, with the aim to reduce melanoma incidence.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Combination radiofrequency and light energies: electro-optical synergy technology in esthetic medicine.

BACKGROUND: In the past decade, there has been an astonishing insurgence in the number and variety of commercially available nonablative resurfacing devices. This is related in part to a continually increasing market demand for noninvasive cosmetic procedures that are associated with minimal recovery time and fewer complications than the traditional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. OBJECTIVE: The goal of nonablative devices is to selectively heat the target tissues without injuring surrounding tissue. This article reviews the mechanism, results of clinical studies, and treatment parameters for a combination optical and radiofrequency (RF) energies system. METHODS AND MATERIALS: To see modest clinical improvement, the patient often requires a series of treatments over the course of several months (sometimes up to 18 months). RESULTS: Preliminary studies with combination optical and RF energies have shown promising results in different dermatologic applications, including skin rejuvenation, hair removal, and leg vein treatment. CONCLUSION: A new technology that integrates bipolar RF and optical energies, ELOS (Syneron Medical Ltd, Yokneam, Israel), is based on the premise of a synergistic activity between the two forms of energy. The bipolar RF component enables the use of lower levels of the optical component, reducing the risk from optical energy and potentially improving its use across different skin types and hair colors. The optical component is believed to drive the bipolar RF energy to concentrate where the optical energy has selectively heated the target.

Hair Removal↗

PubMed2005

Determination by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of p-phenylenediamine in hair dyes after conversion to an imine derivative.

In this paper we describe an analytical method for the determination of p-phenylenediamine (PPDA) in hair dyes. In the adopted methodology the analyte is transformed into the corresponding imine derivative by treatment with benzaldehyde, and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) combined to mass spectrometry (MS), operating in SIM conditions. The direct and simultaneous chemical derivatization of the two amino functions of the analyte with benzaldehyde enhances the instrumental responses enabling the use of a sensitive and accurate method. Concentrations of PPDA in a set of commercial hair coloring creams are determined making use of N-benzylidene-4-methylbenzene-amine as a very stable internal standard which is easily prepared by condensation of 4-methylbenzene-amine with benzaldehyde. The regression calibration curves for PPDA in hair dyes are linear within 0.1 +/- 25 mg/ml with 0.99 as a typical correlation coefficient.

Acetic Anhydrides↗

PubMed2001

Contact leukoderma of the scalp or an unusual variant of vitiligo?

Contact leukoderma due to hair dyes is strongly suspected in patients presenting with depigmented patches sharply localized to the scalp. We describe three patients with a striking pattern of depigmentation, which stopped abruptly at the hair margins. However, no definite correlation with the use of hair dyes could be made in any of them. Our cases represent an unusual pattern of vitiligo of the scalp, which seems to have been previously attributed mainly to hair colorants. Careful examination of the lesions on the scalp may reveal more cases with this pattern.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

A measurement of human hair oxidation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Human scalp hair samples were oxidized to determine the sulfonic acid absorption peak. This peak was monitored at 1044 cm-1 by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in hair samples from 135 whites and found to provide a degree of discrimination in treated and untreated hairs. The effects of moisture, laboratory storage, natural hair color, and variation over time were also studied.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mapping technique based on elemental hair composition data.

The content of 24 elements has been determined in 2000 hair samples of the inhabitants of Uzbekistan. INAA was used for analysis. Reference material IAEA HH-1 and laboratory standards were used. Measurements were done using a Ge(Li) detector and a multi-channel analyzer. No correlation was found between the element content and hair color and ethnic group, whereas the content of some elements depended on sex, hemoglobin content, blood group, and occupation. Arithmetical and geometrical means and medians were calculated. Cumulative histograms show mainly lognormal distributions. Maps of selected regions, based on the elemental hair composition data, were made. The element content was shown to depend on the location of large cities and biogeochemical anomalies. The relationship between the death rate and the element content in hair in some countries has been shown.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Assessment of chronic exposure to MDMA in a group of consumers by segmental hair analysis.

The suitability of segmental hair analysis of MDMA to monitor past chronic exposure to the drug was investigated in a follow-up study of ecstasy consumers. The purpose, among others, was to look for an objective biomarker of the history of drug consumption. Thirteen naturally colored hair samples were used to assess possible association between hair concentration of MDMA in 1-, 5-, and 9-cm segments and self-reported use in the last 1, 6, and 12 months. Agreement between the self-reported data given by the subjects on their "ecstasy" use in the previous month and MDMA hair concentration was good (r = 0.92) in all the examined subjects, with the exception of 2 individuals who declared a high consumption of the drug (12 tablets in the last month). When comparing the subjects' declaration of tablets consumed per month within the last 6 months, concordance with the hair MDMA values decreased and no correlation seemed to exist between the mean number of tablets consumed in the last 12 months and the concentration of MDMA in hair. However, when grouping subjects with a similar level of declared drug use (independently of whether in the previous month, last 6 months and last 12 months) and comparing the data with the mean MDMA concentrations found in the corresponding hair segments, an excellent level of agreement was found in groups of subjects consuming <5 tablets of MDMA per month (r = 0.93). Although the present findings were obtained from a small group of individuals and are intended as preliminary results, we can conclude that a cutoff of 0.5 ng MDMA per mg hair seems reasonable to assess drug consumption, unless the level of consumption was once per month in the last 12 months. Doubling the monthly consumption increases hair MDMA by around 1 ng/mg hair up to a level of 4 consumed tablets a month. It does not seem possible to draw definitive conclusions from higher concentrations in hair samples.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Long-term photoepilation using a broad-spectrum intense pulsed light source.

BACKGROUND: The goal of laser or flashlamp photoepilation is to produce long-term, cosmetically significant hair removal. We document the long-term efficacy achieved with an intense pulsed light source for photoepilation. DESIGN: Prospective study comparing long-term results of single vs multiple treatments, and effects of anatomic site and skin type on efficacy of photoepilation with a device emitting broad-spectrum, noncoherent (nonlaser) radiation from 550- to 1200-nm wavelengths, in macropulses divided into 2 to 5 minipulses. SETTING: Private dermatology practice. PATIENTS: Thirty-four patients (8 men, 26 women) with hirsutism. INTERVENTIONS: Parameters for the study were wavelength of 615 to 695 nm, pulse duration of 2.6 to 3.3 milliseconds, fluence of 34 to 42 J/cm(2), 10 x 45-mm exposure field, and application of 1 degrees C cooling gel. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hair removal efficiency, calculated as percentage ratio of the number of hairs present compared with baseline counts, and patient satisfaction questionnaire completed at last follow-up. RESULTS: The mean hair removal efficiency achieved was 76% after a mean of 3.7 treatments. More than 94% of the sites reached mean hair removal efficiency values greater than 50%. Hair removal efficiency was not significantly related to skin type, hair color, anatomic site, or number of treatments. Side effects were mild and reversible and occurred in a minority of patients (hyperpigmentation in 3 and superficial crusting in 2). CONCLUSIONS: Our data document the long-term clinical efficacy of intense pulsed light source-induced hair removal in light and dark skin phenotypes. Maximal photoepilation was achieved from the initial 1 to 3 treatments; only a small added benefit was seen after more treatments.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Hair removal with long pulsed diode lasers: a comparison between two systems with different pulse structures.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim was to study hair removal efficacy, and possible side effects of two commercially available long pulsed diode lasers. The radiant exposure was selected to a value of 35 J/cm2, which is frequently used in the clinic in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective clinical study was performed on twenty-nine patients with hair color ranging from light brown to black on the upper lip. One half of the upper lip was randomly selected for treatment with the MedioStar laser; the contralateral half of the lip was treated with the LightSheer laser. Three treatments were performed at 6-8 week intervals. Percent hair reduction and acute- and long-term side effects were evaluated after treatment. RESULTS: The average hair reductions 6 months after the first treatment were 49% with the MedioStar laser and 48% with the LightSheer laser. No scarring or pigmentary change of the skin was observed after any of the treatments with either laser. However, differences in acute side effects such as degree of erythema and burned hairs were observed. CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant differences in hair removal efficacy were observed. These results agree with mathematical modeling, which also offers a method to estimate hair removal efficacy and adverse effects for a range of hair characteristics and laser parameters.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Pelage color cycles and hair follicle tyrosinase activity in the Siberian hamster.

Hair follicle tyrosinase levels and melanin content, together with serum tyrosine levels have been studied in relation to annual pelage color changes in the Siberian hamster. Tyrosinase levels were found to peak not only at the spring moult when pigmented hair is produced but also at the autumn moult when the hair produced is unpigmented. The melanin content of hair follicles was high in summer and low in winter but serum tyrosine levels did not differ at the spring and autumn moults. These results suggest that some factor must exist to prevent the raised tyrosinase levels of the autumn moult being expressed as melanogenesis and that this factor must be photoperiodically modifiable, being controlled through a neuroendocrine mechanism.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Hair removal by lasers and intense pulsed light sources.

Laser and flash-lamp technology now offers the potential for rapid, safe, and effective treatment of unwanted hair. An ever-increasing number of published studies have confirmed the long-term efficacy of laser and flash-lamp treatment. The benefits of this technology have largely been limited to individuals with dark hair and relatively fair skin. The first studies using devices with a combination of longer wavelengths, longer pulse durations, and adequate epidermal cooling have shown that it is possible to safely and effectively treat individuals with darker skin types. The remaining challenge is to develop the means to eliminate light-colored hair as well. The increasing consumer demand for low-cost hair removal has driven the development of low-cost hair removal devices, such as small, pulsed flash lamps. The rapid pace of technologic advances and continued studies of hair follicle biology promise to improve this field over the years to come. In the future, small, low-cost laser-razors may replace all other means of hair removal.

Female↗

PubMed2004

Effects of G-protein mutations on skin color.

A new class of dominant dark skin (Dsk) mutations discovered in a screen of approximately 30,000 mice is caused by increased dermal melanin. We identified three of four such mutations as hypermorphic alleles of Gnaq and Gna11, which encode widely expressed Galphaq subunits, act in an additive and quantitative manner, and require Ednrb. Interactions between Gq and Kit receptor tyrosine kinase signaling can mediate coordinate or independent control of skin and hair color. Our results provide a mechanism that can explain several aspects of human pigmentary variation and show how polymorphism of essential proteins and signaling pathways can affect a single physiologic system.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Lack of relationship between hair lead levels and some usual markers (blood lead levels, ZPP, urinary ALA-D) in occupationally exposed workers.

Blood and hair samples collected from 54 male workers occupationally exposed to lead were assayed for this metal by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood ZPP and urinary ALA-D were also determined for most subjects tested. Blood and hair lead concentrations (PbB and PbH) ranged from 100 to 770 ng/ml (10 to 77 micrograms/100 ml) (mean +/- SD: 384.6 +/- 143.4 ng/ml (38.46 +/- 14.34 micrograms/100 ml)), and from 3 to 243 ng/mg (mean +/- SD: 102.4 +/- 72.6 ng/mg), respectively. No correlation was observed between the PbH and PbB values, nor between PbH and ZPP or ALA-D values. Neither hair coloration nor subjects' age were related to PbH levels. Results are discussed in the light of the existing literature.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Hair dye use and risk of leukemia and lymphoma.

Data from a population-based case-control study of incident leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among adult men in Iowa and Minnesota were used to evaluate risk associated with hair dye use. The relative risk for ever using hair dyes was 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-2.7) among leukemia patients, and 2.0 (CI = 1.3-3.0) among cases with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. There was a suggestion of increased risk with extent of hair dye use. Given the widespread use of hair coloring products, these observations deserve more detailed evaluation in populations where the exposure is relatively common.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Risk factors associated with the development of skin cancer after liver transplantation.

Skin cancer is a well-recognized long-term complication of transplantation and immunosuppression. Although risk factors for the development of skin cancer in the general population are well defined, risk factors for the development of these lesions have not been identified clearly in the liver transplant population. We surveyed 151 liver transplant (LTx) recipients for risk factors associated with cutaneous malignancies in the general population. Variables included were: demographics, primary liver disease, severity of disease at LTx, immunosuppression history, complexion, hair color, eye color, tanning profile, number of moles, occupational history, sun exposure history, sunburn history, family history of skin cancer, and any history of removed skin lesions. All skin cancers were confirmed histologically. There were 86 documented skin cancers in 34 patients: 56 squamous cell, 23 basal cell and 7 melanomas. Median follow-up was 1490 days. In a univariate analysis, age, male gender, red hair, brown eyes, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cirrhosis (protective), cyclosporine, number of second degree sunburns, and frequent lifetime sun exposure were associated with the development of new skin cancers. In a multivariate model, age, male gender, red hair, brown eyes, PSC, and cyclosporine remain the strongest predictors. The incidence of skin cancer after liver transplantation is underestimated. In particular, there is a higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma compared with the general population. Recipients with identified risk factors may be candidates for prophylactic treatment and should be followed more intensively after liver transplantation.

Adult↗