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PubMed1999

Serotonin2A receptor modulation of D1 dopamine receptor-mediated grooming behavior.

We have previously observed that intracerebroventricular infusion of a 5-HT2A receptor antisense oligonucleotide for 8 days results in an increase in cortical 5-HT2A receptor sites and an increase in central 5-HT2A receptor function as measured by quantitation of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated headshake behavior (28). Because lesioning serotonergic neurons or chronic administration of 5-HT2A receptor antagonists does not result in an increase in 5-HT2A receptor density or function in the brain, we have taken advantage of this unique upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors following 5-HT2A receptor antisense oligonucleotide infusion to study the modulation of D1 receptor-mediated behaviors by 5-HT2A receptors. Grooming behavior, elicited by acute injection of SKF 38393, was attenuated after chronic ICV infusion of a 5-HT2A receptor antisense oligonucleotide. There was also a reduction in vacuous chewing behavior induced by SKF 38393, which did not reach statistical significance. Other oral behaviors (i.e., tongue protrusions and gnawing at the cage bottom) were not attenuated. An increase in the density of cortical, as well as striatal 5-HT2A receptor sites was observed following chronic antisense oligonucleotide administration. There was no change in striatal D1 dopamine receptors following 5-HT2A receptor antisense oligonucleotide administration. SKF 38393-induced grooming behavior was also attenuated in naive rats pretreated acutely with the 5-HT2 receptor agonist DOI. These results suggest a role for the 5-HT2A receptor in the modulation of D1 receptor function.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1987

Age- and sex-related induction of excessive grooming and "wet-dog" shakes by the codeinone RX 336-M in the rat.

Peripheral administration of the dihydrocodeinone RX 336-M (6 mg/kg) stimulated vigorous "wet-dog" shakes and excessive grooming in young drug-naive rats. The effects of RX 336-M were greater in younger than in older animals of both sexes, and were greater in 39-day-old male rats than in female rats of the same age. In a second experiment, female rats were pretreated with testosterone benzoate (1 mg/kg/day) for 1 week prior to testing the effects of RX 336-M at 39 days of age. The sex hormone pretreatment enhanced the ability to RX 336-M to induce "wet-dog" shakes and excessive grooming in female rats. The results suggest that both sex- and hormone-dependent developmental status are critical in the display of the so-called "quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome." The results imply, and are consistent with previous studies which suggest, that different neural mechanisms underlie the behavioral responses induced by ACTH and RX 336-M.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Progressive degradation of serial grooming chains by descending decerebration.

Rule-governed behavioral chains occur predictably within the grooming sequences of rats. Descending levels of decerebration were used to identify the minimum brain substrate needed to generate the sequential structure of a chain that connects up to 25 actions into a stereotyped grooming pattern. Full brain transections in the coronal plane isolated the decerebrate brainstem of rats at one of 3 different levels: mesencephalic (above the midbrain), metencephalic (above the hindbrain), and myelencephalic (above the medulla oblongata). Complete chain sequences were produced successfully by higher decerebrates, demonstrating that brainstem circuitry suffices for the basic generation of this sequential pattern. The pattern of sequential degradation across lower transection levels was gradual and continuous, raising the possibility that the generating circuitry for this chain may not be localized at a single level within the brainstem but rather may be distributed across the hindbrain as a degenerate or parallel network. The competence of this network appears to be reduced merely in increments by descending transections. This possibility is compared to localized generator alternatives.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mediation of the photoperiodic effect on grooming reflexes by glucocorticoid hormones and serotonin.

The role of serotonin and glucocorticoid hormones in the mediation of the effect of photoperiod on the size of the receptive field for grooming reflexes was determined in cats with pontile lesions. Nineteen adult male cats with pontile lesions were used to form four groups. One group of cats with pontile lesions was adrenalectomized, another group received 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine injections in the superior colliculi, and the other two groups of cats with pontile lesions were used to provide the baseline response to photoperiod. Then, for all four groups, the receptive fields for the grooming bite, lick, and scratch reflexes were determined under different photoperiods. Both adrenalectomy and 5,7-DHT treatment blocked the effect of photoperiod. After the photoperiodic manipulations, the efficacy of intramuscular injections of hydrocortisone and 5-hydroxytryptophan in abolishing the receptive fields was demonstrated. The data indicate a modulatory effect of serotonergic neurons on the photoperiodic regulation of glucocorticoid hormones. Comparisons of this study with previous photoperiodic studies established that a complex seasonal rhythm exists which is controlled by the annual rhythm in photoperiod.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1985

Grooming reflexes and Brown-Séquard epilepsy in cats with pontile lesions.

The literature on the relation between the scratch reflex and Brown-Séquard epilepsy in the guinea pig indicates that the scratch reflex is a stimulus-induced myoclonus that is the first component of a complete seizure. Cats with pontile lesions and cats with frontal neocortical lesions exhibit the scratch reflex and other grooming reflexes. The grooming reflexes in cats with pontile lesions develop over a period of a year or more into complete seizures that are similar to Brown-Séquard epilepsy as described for the guinea pig by Brown-Séquard and others. Cinematographic analyses revealed that the scratch reflex in cats with pontile lesions and in cats with frontal neocortical lesions has the same frequency and the same complex spatial and temporal pattern as normal scratching behavior. In addition, the myoclonus of the complete seizures is identified as the scratch reflex, representing a very vigorous and long-lasting afterdischarge. Reconstruction of the pontile lesions indicate that the lateral and rostral portions of the paralemniscal tegmental fields were destroyed along with portions of the pontile gray and pyramidal tract.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Grooming, alliances and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys.

Reciprocal altruism refers to the exchange of beneficial acts between individuals, in which the benefits to the recipient exceed the cost to the altruist. Theory predicts that cooperation among unrelated animals can occur whenever individuals encounter each other regularly and are capable of adjusting their cooperative behaviour according to experience. Although the potential for reciprocal altruism exists in many animal societies, most interactions occur between closely related individuals, and examples of reciprocity among non-kin are rare. The field experiments on vervet monkeys which we present here demonstrate that grooming between unrelated individuals increases the probability that they will subsequently attend to each others' solicitations for aid. Vervets appear to be more willing to aid unrelated individuals if those individuals have behaved affinitively toward them in the recent past. In contrast, recent grooming between close genetic relatives appears to have no effect on their willingness to respond to each other's solicitations for aid.

Altruism↗
PubMed1988

Rhythmometric analyses of circadian variations of grooming behavior in the mouse: research perspectives in behavioral chronobiology.

A circadian biologic time structure of grooming behavior may be detected on the basis of chronobiologic procedures. Results are presented and discussed in the broader scope of a series of behavioral chronobiologic studies with comparison of standard biometric and rhythmometric analyses. Moreover, such experiments provide a quantitative approach for a better functional understanding of psychophysiological mechanisms regulating the stress-related grooming behavior. Such circadian studies show also that chronobiology raises some working hypotheses in experimental psychology and permits the development of new heuristic concepts in the field of behavioral neuroscience.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Isolation of mutations affecting neural circuitry required for grooming behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

We have developed a screen for the isolation of mutations that produce neural defects in adult Drosophila melanogaster. In this screen, we identify mutants as flies unable to remove a light coating of applied dust in a 2-hr period. We have recovered and characterized six mutations and have found that they produce coordination defects and some have reduced levels of reflex responsiveness to the stimulation of single tactile sensory bristles. The grooming defects produced by all six of the mutations are recessive, and each of the mutations has been genetically mapped. We have also used our assay to test the grooming ability of stocks containing mutations that produce known neural defects.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Influence of ACTH1-24 on grooming and sociosexual behavior in the rat.

The effects of intraventricular administration of ACTH 1-24 on grooming, exploratory and socio-sexual behaviors in male rats were studied. The various behavioral elements were analyzed in terms of latency, frequency, and duration, which provided a multivariate behavioral profile. Behaviors that occur early during the test procedure had decreased, whereas behaviors displayed after the animal had spent some time in the test situation increased. Sociability, sexual approaches, and sexual preference in a sociosexual test situation were not altered by this treatment. The extinction of the response after removal of the incentive animals was delayed, however. It is concluded that ACTH1-24 did not specifically influence goal-directed behaviors. The obtained change in the behavioral profile, including the grooming pattern, rather suggest that ACTH1-24 affects mechanisms associated with attention and habituation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Acute shifts in baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity induced by REM sleep and grooming in rats.

The present study aimed to determine the impact of REM sleep and grooming on the baroreflex stimulus-response curve for renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). At least 3 days before study, Wistar female rats (n= 12) were chronically implanted with catheters to measure systemic arterial pressure (P(a)) and to intravenously infuse vasoactive drugs. In addition, electrodes were placed for measurements of RSNA, electroencephalogram, trapezius electromyogram and electrocardiogram. The baroreflex curve for RSNA was determined by changing P(a) using rapid intravenous infusions of phenylephrine and nitroprusside and then fitted to an inverse sigmoid function curve. REM sleep induced a vertical suppression of the P(a)-RSNA baroreflex curve, which was characterized by significant decreases in the maximum response (by 72.0%, P < 0.05) and the maximum gain (by 4.02% mmHg(-1), P < 0.05) compared with NREM sleep level. Grooming shifted the P(a)-RSNA baroreflex curve upward and to the right, which was associated with increases in the maximum response (by 45.2%, P < 0.05), the minimum response (by 20.7%, P < 0.05) and the pressure at the centering point (by 11.1 mmHg, P < 0.05). These data suggest that the P(a)-RSNA baroreflex curve was shifted acutely and differently in a state-dependent manner during natural sleep and wake cycle in rats.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1994

Intergroup grooming relations between alpha females in a population of free-ranging rhesus macaques.

Intergroup affiliation among female rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, was examined in the captive free-ranging colony of Morgan Island, S.C., USA. The provisioned colony has many social groups (35) and is maintained at a relatively high population density (21 animals/ha) with a relatively low adult male to female ratio (1:8.8). Focal and ad libitum samples were collected on 32 adults (3 males and 29 females) from two groups. Although infrequent, grooming was observed between adult females from different groups, and alpha females were the main participants in these interactions. Colony records indicated that none of the intergroup grooms was between females formerly from a common group. Relations between familiar neighboring groups may be maintained by a combination of both affiliative and aggressive behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Regional vasoconstriction and excessive grooming induced by L-arginine injection into the cisterna magna of conscious rats.

Hemodynamic and behavioral changes caused by intracisternally injected L-arginine which has a pressor effect were studied in conscious rats. One week or more after inserting a cannula into the cisterna magna, electromagnetic flow probes were implanted around the superior mesenteric artery, renal artery, or terminal aorta under anesthesia. A catheter for measurement of blood pressure was inserted into the terminal aorta via a femoral artery or into the common carotid. After recovery from surgery, blood flow, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and behaviors were observed in the conscious state. Peripheral resistance, calculated as pressure divided by flow, increased an average of 80% in the superior mesenteric artery and 60% in the renal artery when the pressure was increased by 25% following intracisternal injection of 5 mumol of L-arginine. Hindquarter (terminal aortic) resistance showed an insignificant decrease of about 10%. The average heart rate showed no significant change. Grooming, moving, and eating all increased significantly after injection of L-arginine. Circulatory events and behaviors did not always synchronize after the injection. Intravenous chlorisondamine chloride, a ganglion blocker, significantly attenuated the pressor effect caused by intracisternal injection of L-arginine. These findings indicate that centrally injected L-arginine not only specifically triggers vasoconstriction in the viscera presumably through excitation of the regional sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers to raise blood pressure but also centrally induces excessive grooming. However, the relationship between circulation and behavior caused by intracisternal injection of L-arginine remains unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Graphic registration of grooming behavior and its parameters in rat ontogenesis].

Ontogenic development of grooming behaviour (washing, scratching, lacking, shake down) by using precise graphic recording was studied. For this reason actograph with crystal pickup and electroencephalograph were used. A rhythmic phase of grooming behaviour is formed gradually, reaching the adult level up to the period in 16-17 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Use of a grooming and foraging substrate to reduce cage stereotypies in macaques.

We examined the effects of a synthetic fleece pad on cage stereotypies in individually housed cynomolgus monkeys. Animals which received the fleece alone engaged in grooming which was associated with an increase in time spent resting. Monkeys given fleece pads sprinkled with morsels of food did not groom the fleece, but rather foraged for long periods (up to 27 min/h). Stereotyped behaviours were reduced by up to 73% by use of the fleece pad both alone and with foraging crumbles.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Cyclic analogs of ACTH fragments in self-stimulation and grooming behavior in rabbits].

In present study new cyclic fragments of ACTH EHFRWGKPVG--NH2 and KHFRWG--NH2 were investigated in organization of self-stimulation and grooming behaviour in rabbits. Intracerebroventricular injections of EHFRWGPVG--NH2 in doses of 0.1-2.5 g evoked significant increases of self-stimulation and in doses of 4-5 g suppressed self-stimulation in rabbits. The effect of other fragments KHFRWG--NH2 on self-stimulation was not statistically significant. Both fragments induced excessive grooming behaviour in rabbits. The effects of these fragments persisted of 48-72 hours.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1989

alpha-Melanotropin induced excessive grooming involves brain acetylcholine possible interaction in the ventral tegmental area.

Alpha-melanotropin (alpha-MSH) injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or intraventricularly (icv) elicits excessive grooming. The icv infusion of the peptide also induces the stretching-yawning syndrome (SYS). The present study demonstrates that intra-peritoneal, icv or VTA administration of atropine, suppresses alpha-MSH-induced behavior elicited by i cv or VTA injections of the peptide. Experimental evidence is presented suggesting that alpha-MSH may act specifically on a cholinergic afferent to the VTA. The results appear to indicate that a neural target distinct from the dopamine system may be formerly activated by the peptide to elicit behavioral changes such as excessive grooming.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Grooming and motor activity of rats during hyperbaric exposure].

An experiment was performed in which Wistar male rats were exposed to a N2-O2 atmosphere at 10 kgf/sm2 or He-O2 atmosphere at 10 and 40 kgf/cm2. During the experiment grooming and motor activity as well as plasma corticosterone were investigated. Irrespective of the atmosphere composition, behavioural and biochemical parameters were found to increase significantly. At 10 kgf/cm2, the grooming frequency returned to normal faster than at a higher pressure. These observations give evidence for a nonspecific effect of the above hyperbaric factors on the parameters taken under study.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sexual differences in the social behavior of lower catarrhine monkeys (exemplified by grooming in stumptail macaques)].

The structure of social relationships was studied in three groups of stumptail macaques: two groups consisted of macaques of different sexes and one group consisted of males only. In the all-male group, as compared to the groups with different sexes, the social hierarchy was less strict and the social status and resulting grooming depended to a great extent on the age. The attractiveness of individuals as objects was the most variable aspect of grooming. The attractiveness increased with age, while individual preferences were less distinct.

Aging↗